Modulation of cardiovascular function by Adipokines

Cardiovascular and Hematological Disorders - Drug Targets

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 59-72

  DeClercq, V ^a   Enns, J E ^b,c   Yeganeh, A ^b,c   Taylor, C G ^b,c   Zahradka, P ^b,c  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^c ST BONIFACE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adipocyte; Adipokines; Adipose tissue; CVD; Obesity

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; ADIPONECTIN; ADIPONECTIN RECEPTOR 1; ADIPONECTIN RECEPTOR 2; CHEMERIN; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C1Q; GELATINASE A; GELATINASE B; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE KINASE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3; NICOTINAMIDE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PIOGLITAZONE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASPIN;

CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; HUMAN; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; REVIEW; VASODILATATION;

ADIPOKINES; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84876700205     PISSN: 1871529X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1871529X11313010007     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Zhang, Y.; Proenca, R.; Maffei, M.; Barone, M.; Leopold, L.; Friedman, J. M. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature, 1994, 372, 425-432.
2. Deng, Y.; Scherer, P. E. Adipokines as novel biomarkers and regulators of the metabolic syndrome. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2010, 1212, E1-E19.
3. Matsuzawa, Y. Adipocytokines: emerging therapeutic targets. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep., 2005, 7, 58-62.
4. DeClercq, V.; Taylor, C.; Zahradka, P. Adipose tissue: the link between obesity and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Disord. Drug Targets, 2008, 8, 228-237.
5. Hu, E.; Liang, P.; Spiegelman, B.M. AdipoQ is a novel adipose-specific gene dysregulated in obesity. J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271, 10697-10703.
6. Maeda, K.; Okubo, K.; Shimomura, I.; Funahashi, T.; Matsuzawa, Y.; Matsubara, K. cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (AdiPose Most abundant Gene transcript 1). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1996, 221, 286-289.
7. Nakano, Y.; Tobe, T.; Choi-Miura, N.H.; Mazda, T.; Tomita, M. Isolation and characterization of GBP28, a novel gelatin-binding protein purified from human plasma. J. Biochem., 1996, 120, 803-812.
8. Scherer, P.E.; Williams, S.; Fogliano, M.; Baldini, G.; Lodish, H.F. A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 26746-26749.
9. Das, K.; Lin, Y.; Widen, E.; Zhang, Y.; Scherer, P.E. Chromosomal localization, expression pattern, and promoter analysis of the mouse gene encoding adipocyte-specific secretory protein Acrp30. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2001, 280, 1120-1129.
10. Vionnet, N.; Hani, E.H.; Dupont, S.; Gallina, S.; Francke, S.; Dotte, S.; De Matos, F.; Durand, E.; Lepretre, F.; Lecoeur, C.; Gallina, P.; Zekiri, L.; Dina, C.; Froguel, P. Genomewide search for type 2 diabetes-susceptibility genes in French whites: evidence for a novel susceptibility locus for early-onset diabetes on chromosome 3q27-qter and independent replication of a type 2-diabetes locus on chromosome 1q21-q24. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 2000, 67, 1470-1480.
11. Yang, W.S.; Chuang, L.M. Human genetics of adiponectin in the metabolic syndrome. J. Mol. Med. (Berl), 2006, 84, 112-121.
12. Menzaghi, C.; Trischitta, V.; Doria, A. Genetic influences of adiponectin on insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes, 2007, 56, 1198-1209.
13. Jang, Y.; Lee, J.H.; Kim, O.Y.; Koh, S.J.; Chae, J.S.; Woo, J.H.; Cho, H.; Lee, J.E.; Ordovas, J.M. The SNP276G>T polymorphism in the adiponectin (ACDC) gene is more strongly associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk than SNP45T>G in nonobese/nondiabetic Korean men independent of abdominal adiposity and circulating plasma adiponectin. Metabolism, 2006, 55, 59-66.
14. Jang, Y.; Lee, J.H.; Chae, J.S.; Kim, O.Y.; Koh, S.J.; Kim, J.Y.; Cho, H.; Lee, J.E.; Ordovas, J.M. Association of the 276G->T polymorphism of the adiponectin gene with cardiovascular disease risk factors in nondiabetic Koreans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2005, 82, 760-767.
15. Heidemann, C.; Sun, Q.; van Dam, R.M.; Meigs, J.B.; Zhang, C.; Tworoger, S.S.; Mantzoros, C.S.; Hu, F.B. Total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin and resistin in relation to the risk for type 2 diabetes in women. Ann. Intern. Med., 2008, 149, 307-316.
16. Elisha, B.; Ziai, S.; Karelis, A.D.; Rakel, A.; Coderre, L.; Imbeault, P.; Rabasa-Lhoret, R. Similar associations of total adiponectin and high molecular weight adiponectin with cardio-metabolic risk factors in a population of overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a MONET study. Horm. Metab. Res., 2010, 42, 590-594.
17. Pischon, T.; Hu, F.B.; Girman, C.J.; Rifai, N.; Manson, J.E.; Rexrode, K.M.; Rimm, E.B. Plasma total and high molecular weight adiponectin levels and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Atherosclerosis, 2011.
18. Bluher, M.; Brennan, A.M.; Kelesidis, T.; Kratzsch, J.; Fasshauer, M.; Kralisch, S.; Williams, C.J.; Mantzoros, C.S. Total and high-molecular weight adiponectin in relation to metabolic variables at baseline and in response to an exercise treatment program: comparative evaluation of three assays. Diabetes Care, 2007, 30, 280-285.
19. Schraw, T.; Wang, Z.V.; Halberg, N.; Hawkins, M.; Scherer, P.E. Plasma adiponectin complexes have distinct biochemical characteristics. Endocrinology, 2008, 149, 2270-2282.
20. Pajvani, U.B.; Du, X.; Combs, T.P.; Berg, A.H.; Rajala, M.W.; Schulthess, T.; Engel, J.; Brownlee, M.; Scherer, P.E. Structure-function studies of the adipocyte-secreted hormone Acrp30/ adiponectin. Implications fpr metabolic regulation and bioactivity. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278, 9073-9085.
21. Wang, Y.; Lam, K.S.; Chan, L.; Chan, K.W.; Lam, J.B.; Lam, M.C.; Hoo, R.C.; Mak, W. W.; Cooper, G.J.; Xu, A. Post-translational modifications of the four conserved lysine residues within the collagenous domain of adiponectin are required for the formation of its high molecular weight oligomeric complex. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 281, 16391-16400.
22. Wang, Y.; Xu, A.; Knight, C.; Xu, L.Y.; Cooper, G.J. Hydroxylation and glycosylation of the four conserved lysine residues in the collagenous domain of adiponectin. Potential role in the modulation of its insulin-sensitizing activity. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 19521-19529.
23. Waki, H.; Yamauchi, T.; Kamon, J.; Kita, S.; Ito, Y.; Hada, Y.; Uchida, S.; Tsuchida, A.; Takekawa, S.; Kadowaki, T. Generation of globular fragment of adiponectin by leukocyte elastase secreted by monocytic cell line THP-1. Endocrinology, 2005, 146, 790-796.
24. Goldstein, B.J.; Scalia, R.; Ma, X.L.; Mahadev, K.; Wu, X.; Ouedraogo, R. Comment on: Hattori et al. (2007) Globular adiponectin activates nuclear factor-kappaB and activating protein-1 and enhances angiotensin II-induced proliferation in cardiac fibroblasts: Diabetes 56:804-808. Diabetes, 2007, 56, e7-8; author reply e9-10.
25. Yamauchi, T.; Kamon, J.; Ito, Y.; Tsuchida, A.; Yokomizo, T.; Kita, S.; Sugiyama, T.; Miyagishi, M.; Hara, K.; Tsunoda, M.; Murakami, K.; Ohteki, T.; Uchida, S.; Takekawa, S.; Waki, H.; Tsuno, N.H.; Shibata, Y.; Terauchi, Y.; Froguel, P.; Tobe, K.; Koyasu, S.; Taira, K.; Kitamura, T.; Shimizu, T.; Nagai, R.; Kadowaki, T. Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects. Nature, 2003, 423, 762-769.
26. Yamauchi, T.; Nio, Y.; Maki, T.; Kobayashi, M.; Takazawa, T.; Iwabu, M.; Okada-Iwabu, M.; Kawamoto, S.; Kubota, N.; Kubota, T.; Ito, Y.; Kamon, J.; Tsuchida, A.; Kumagai, K.; Kozono, H.; Hada, Y.; Ogata, H.; Tokuyama, K.; Tsunoda, M.; Ide, T.; Murakami, K.; Awazawa, M.; Takamoto, I.; Froguel, P.; Hara, K.; Tobe, K.; Nagai, R.; Ueki, K.; Kadowaki, T. Targeted disruption of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 causes abrogation of adiponectin binding and metabolic actions. Nat. Med., 2007, 13, 332-339.
27. Bluher, M.; Bullen, J.W.Jr; Lee, J.H.; Kralisch, S.; Fasshauer, M.; Kloting, N.; Niebauer, J.; Schon, M.R.; Williams, C.J.; Mantzoros, C.S. Circulating adiponectin and expression of adiponectin receptors in human skeletal muscle: associations with metabolic parameters and insulin resistance and regulation by physical training. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 91, 2310-2316.
28. Bluher, M.; Williams, C. J.; Kloting, N.; Hsi, A.; Ruschke, K.; Oberbach, A.; Fasshauer, M.; Berndt, J.; Schon, M.R.; Wolk, A.; Stumvoll, M.; Mantzoros, C.S. Gene expression of adiponectin receptors in human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue is related to insulin resistance and metabolic parameters and is altered in response to physical training. Diabetes Care, 2007, 30, 3110-3115.
29. Hug, C.; Wang, J.; Ahmad, N.S.; Bogan, J.S.; Tsao, T.S.; Lodish, H.F. T-cadherin is a receptor for hexameric and high-molecular-weight forms of Acrp30/adiponectin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004, 101, 10308-10313.
30. Ivanov, D.; Philippova, M.; Antropova, J.; Gubaeva, F.; Iljinskaya, O.; Tararak, E.; Bochkov, V.; Erne, P.; Resink, T.; Tkachuk, V. Expression of cell adhesion molecule T-cadherin in the human vasculature. Histochem. Cell Biol., 2001, 115, 231-242.
31. Takeuchi, T.; Adachi, Y.; Ohtsuki, Y.; Furihata, M. Adiponectin receptors, with special focus on the role of the third receptor, T-cadherin, in vascular disease. Med. Mol. Morphol., 2007, 40, 115-120.
32. Zhou, L.; Deepa, S.S.; Etzler, J.C.; Ryu, J.; Mao, X.; Fang, Q.; Liu, D.D.; Torres, J.M.; Jia, W.; Lechleiter, J.D.; Liu, F.; Dong, L.Q. Adiponectin activates AMP-activated protein kinase in muscle cells via APPL1/LKB1-dependent and phospholipase C/Ca2+/Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-dependent pathways. J. Biol. Chem., 2009, 284, 22426-22435.
33. Yamauchi, T.; Kamon, J.; Minokoshi, Y.; Ito, Y.; Waki, H.; Uchida, S.; Yamashita, S.; Noda, M.; Kita, S.; Ueki, K.; Eto, K.; Akanuma, Y.; Froguel, P.; Foufelle, F.; Ferre, P.; Carling, D.; Kimura, S.; Nagai, R.; Kahn, B.B.; Kadowaki, T. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat. Med., 2002, 8, 1288-1295.
34. Tomas, E.; Tsao, T.S.; Saha, A.K.; Murrey, H.E.; Zhang Cc, C.; Itani, S.I.; Lodish, H.F.; Ruderman, N.B. Enhanced muscle fat oxidation and glucose transport by ACRP30 globular domain: acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibition and AMP-activated protein kinase activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, 99, 16309-16313.
35. Tsao, T.S.; Murrey, H.E.; Hug, C.; Lee, D.H.; Lodish, H.F. Oligomerization state-dependent activation of NF-kappa B signaling pathway by adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kDa (Acrp30). J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 29359-29362.
36. Arita, Y.; Kihara, S.; Ouchi, N.; Takahashi, M.; Maeda, K.; Miyagawa, J.; Hotta, K.; Shimomura, I.; Nakamura, T.; Miyaoka, K.; Kuriyama, H.; Nishida, M.; Yamashita, S.; Okubo, K.; Matsubara, K.; Muraguchi, M.; Ohmoto, Y.; Funahashi, T.; Matsuzawa, Y. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1999, 257, 79-83.
37. Hotta, K.; Funahashi, T.; Arita, Y.; Takahashi, M.; Matsuda, M.; Okamoto, Y.; Iwahashi, H.; Kuriyama, H.; Ouchi, N.; Maeda, K.; Nishida, M.; Kihara, S.; Sakai, N.; Nakajima, T.; Hasegawa, K.; Muraguchi, M.; Ohmoto, Y.; Nakamura, T.; Yamashita, S.; Hanafusa, T.; Matsuzawa, Y. Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2000, 20, 1595-1599.
38. Kadowaki, T.; Yamauchi, T.; Kubota, N.; Hara, K.; Ueki, K.; Tobe, K. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. J. Clin. Invest., 2006, 116, 1784-1792.
39. Combs, T.P.; Wagner, J.A.; Berger, J.; Doebber, T.; Wang, W.J.; Zhang, B.B.; Tanen, M.; Berg, A.H.; O'Rahilly, S.; Savage, D.B.; Chatterjee, K.; Weiss, S.; Larson, P.J.; Gottesdiener, K.M.; Gertz, B.J.; Charron, M.J.; Scherer, P.E.; Moller, D.E. Induction of adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kilodaltons by PPARgamma agonists: a potential mechanism of insulin sensitization. Endocrinology, 2002, 143, 998-1007.
40. Maeda, N.; Takahashi, M.; Funahashi, T.; Kihara, S.; Nishizawa, H.; Kishida, K.; Nagaretani, H.; Matsuda, M.; Komuro, R.; Ouchi, N.; Kuriyama, H.; Hotta, K.; Nakamura, T.; Shimomura, I.; Matsuzawa, Y. PPARgamma ligands increase expression and plasma concentrations of adiponectin, an adipose-derived protein. Diabetes, 2001, 50, 2094-2099.
41. Yu, J.G.; Javorschi, S.; Hevener, A.L.; Kruszynska, Y.T.; Norman, R.A.; Sinha, M.; Olefsky, J.M. The effect of thiazolidinediones on plasma adiponectin levels in normal, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes, 2002, 51, 2968-2974.
42. DeClercq, V.; Taylor, C.; Zahradka, P. Adipose tissue: the link between obesity and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Disord. Drug Targets, 2008, 8, 228-237.
43. Turer, A.T.; Khera, A.; Ayers, C.R.; Turer, C.B.; Grundy, S.M.; Vega, G.L.; Scherer, P.E. Adipose tissue mass and location affect circulating adiponectin levels. Diabetologia, 2011, 54, 2515-2524.
44. Chow, W.S.; Cheung, B.M.; Tso, A.W.; Xu, A.; Wat, N.M.; Fong, C.H.; Ong, L.H.; Tam, S.; Tan, K.C.; Janus, E.D.; Lam, T.H.; Lam, K.S. Hypoadiponectinemia as a predictor for the development of hypertension: a 5-year prospective study. Hypertension, 2007, 49, 1455-1461.
45. Imatoh, T.; Miyazaki, M.; Momose, Y.; Tanihara, S.; Une, H. Adiponectin levels associated with the development of hypertension: a prospective study. Hypertens. Res., 2008, 31, 229-233.
46. Tan, K.C.; Xu, A.; Chow, W.S.; Lam, M.C.; Ai, V.H.; Tam, S.C.; Lam, K.S. Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2004, 89, 765-769.
47. Torigoe, M.; Matsui, H.; Ogawa, Y.; Murakami, H.; Murakami, R.; Cheng, X.W.; Numaguchi, Y.; Murohara, T.; Okumura, K. Impact of the high-molecular-weight form of adiponectin on endothelial function in healthy young men. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf), 2007, 67, 276-281.
48. Youn, J.C.; Kim, C.; Park, S.; Lee, S.H.; Kang, S.M.; Choi, D.; Son, N.H.; Shin, D.J.; Jang, Y. Adiponectin and progression of arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients. Int. J. Cardiol., 2011.
49. Shimabukuro, M.; Higa, N.; Asahi, T.; Oshiro, Y.; Takasu, N.; Tagawa, T.; Ueda, S.; Shimomura, I.; Funahashi, T.; Matsuzawa, Y. Hypoadiponectinemia is closely linked to endothelial dysfunction in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2003, 88, 3236-3240.
50. Ouchi, N.; Ohishi, M.; Kihara, S.; Funahashi, T.; Nakamura, T.; Nagaretani, H.; Kumada, M.; Ohashi, K.; Okamoto, Y.; Nishizawa, H.; Kishida, K.; Maeda, N.; Nagasawa, A.; Kobayashi, H.; Hiraoka, H.; Komai, N.; Kaibe, M.; Rakugi, H.; Ogihara, T.; Matsuzawa, Y. Association of hypoadiponectinemia with impaired vasoreactivity. Hypertension, 2003, 42, 231-234.
51. Cao, Y.; Tao, L.; Yuan, Y.; Jiao, X.; Lau, W.B.; Wang, Y.; Christopher, T.; Lopez, B.; Chan, L.; Goldstein, B.; Ma, X.L. Endothelial dysfunction in adiponectin deficiency and its mechanisms involved. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 2009, 46, 413-419.
52. Wong, W.T.; Tian, X.Y.; Xu, A.; Yu, J.; Lau, C.W.; Hoo, R.L.; Wang, Y.; Lee, V.W.; Lam, K.S.; Vanhoutte, P.M.; Huang, Y. Adiponectin is required for PPARgamma-mediated improvement of endothelial function in diabetic mice. Cell. Metab., 2011, 14, 104-115.
53. Deng, G.; Long, Y.; Yu, Y.R.; Li, M.R. Adiponectin directly improves endothelial dysfunction in obese rats through the AMPK-eNOS Pathway. Int. J. Obes. (Lond), 2010, 34, 165-171.
54. Declercq, V.; Taylor, C. G.; Wigle, J.; Wright, B.; Tworek, L.; Zahradka, P. Conjugated linoleic acid improves blood pressure by increasing adiponectin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity. J. Nutr. Biochem., 2011.
55. Schmid, P.M.; Resch, M.; Steege, A.; Fredersdorf-Hahn, S.; Stoelcker, B.; Birner, C.; Schach, C.; Buechler, C.; Riegger, G.A.; Luchner, A.; Endemann, D.H. Globular and full-length adiponectin induce NO-dependent vasodilation in resistance arteries of Zucker lean but not Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Am. J. Hypertens., 2011, 24, 270-277.
56. Addabbo, F.; Nacci, C.; De Benedictis, L.; Leo, V.; Tarquinio, M.; Quon, M.J.; Montagnani, M. Globular Adiponectin Acutely Counteracts Vcam 1-Mediated Monocyte Adhesion Vi a Adipor1/nf-Kb/cox-2 Signaling Pathways in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2011.
57. Tao, L.; Wang, Y.; Gao, E.; Zhang, H.; Yuan, Y.; Lau, W.B.; Chan, L.; Koch, W.J.; Ma, X. L. Adiponectin: an indispensable molecule in rosiglitazone cardioprotection following myocardial infarction. Circ. Res., 2010, 106, 409-417.
58. Li, P.; Shibata, R.; Unno, K.; Shimano, M.; Furukawa, M.; Ohashi, T.; Cheng, X.; Nagata, K.; Ouchi, N.; Murohara, T. Evidence for the importance of adiponectin in the cardioprotective effects of pioglitazone. Hypertension, 2010, 55, 69-75.
59. Wong, G.W.; Wang, J.; Hug, C.; Tsao, T.S.; Lodish, H.F. A family of Acrp30/adiponectin structural and functional paralogs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004, 101, 10302-10307.
60. Wong, G.W.; Krawczyk, S.A.; Kitidis-Mitrokostas, C.; Ge, G.; Spooner, E.; Hug, C.; Gimeno, R.; Lodish, H.F. Identification and characterization of CTRP9, a novel secreted glycoprotein, from adipose tissue that reduces serum glucose in mice and forms heterotrimers with adiponectin. F A S E B J., 2009, 23, 241-258.
61. Wong, G.W.; Krawczyk, S.A.; Kitidis-Mitrokostas, C.; Revett, T.; Gimeno, R.; Lodish, H. F. Molecular, biochemical and functional characterizations of C1q/TNF family members: adipose-tissue-selective expression patterns, regulation by PPAR-gamma agonist, cysteine-mediated oligomerizations, combinatorial associations and metabolic functions. Biochem. J., 2008, 416, 161-177.
62. Wong, G.W.; Wang, J.; Hug, C.; Tsao, T.S.; Lodish, H.F. A family of Acrp30/adiponectin structural and functional paralogs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004, 101, 10302-10307.
63. Kopp, A.; Bala, M.; Buechler, C.; Falk, W.; Gross, P.; Neumeier, M.; Scholmerich, J.; Schaffler, A. C1q/TNF-related protein-3 represents a novel and endogenous lipopolysaccharide antagonist of the adipose tissue. Endocrinology, 2010, 151, 5267-5278.
64. Kopp, A.; Bala, M.; Weigert, J.; Buchler, C.; Neumeier, M.; Aslanidis, C.; Scholmerich, J.; Schaffler, A. Effects of the new adiponectin paralogous protein CTRP-3 and of LPS on cytokine release from monocytes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cytokine, 2010, 49, 51-57.
65. Wolfing, B.; Buechler, C.; Weigert, J.; Neumeier, M.; Aslanidis, C.; Schoelmerich, J.; Schaffler, A. Effects of the new C1q/TNF-related protein (CTRP-3) cartonectin on the adipocytic secretion of adipokines. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2008, 16, 1481-1486.
66. Qiang, L.; Wang, H.; Farmer, S.R. Adiponectin secretion is regulated by SIRT1 and the endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase Ero1-L alpha. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2007, 27, 4698-4707.
67. Wang, Z.V.; Schraw, T.D.; Kim, J.Y.; Khan, T.; Rajala, M.W.; Follenzi, A.; Scherer, P.E. Secretion of the adipocyte-specific secretory protein adiponectin critically depends on thiol-mediated protein retention. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2007, 27, 3716-3731.
68. Zheng, Q.; Yuan, Y.; Yi, W.; Lau, W. B.; Wang, Y.; Wang, X.; Sun, Y.; Lopez, B. L.; Christopher, T.A.; Peterson, J.M.; Wong, G.W.; Yu, S.; Yi, D.; Ma, X.L. C1q/TNF-Related Proteins, A Family of Novel Adipokines, Induce Vascular Relaxation Through the Adiponectin Receptor-1/AMPK/eNOS/Nitric Oxide SignalingPathway. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2011.
69. Peterson, J.M.; Wei, Z.; Wong, G.W. C1q/TNF-related protein-3 (CTRP3), a novel adipokine that regulates hepatic glucose output. J. Biol. Chem., 2010, 285, 39691-39701.
70. Wong, G. W.; Krawczyk, S. A.; Kitidis-Mitrokostas, C.; Ge, G.;Spooner, E.; Hug, C.; Gimeno, R.; Lodish, H.F. Identification and characterization of CTRP9, a novel secreted glycoprotein, from adipose tissue that reduces serum glucose in mice and forms heterotrimers with adiponectin. F A S E B J., 2009, 23, 241-258.
71. Peterson, J.M.; Wei, Z.; Wong, G. W. CTRP8 and CTRP9B are novel proteins that hetero-oligomerize with C1q/TNF family members. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2009, 388, 360-365.
72. Wei, Z.; Peterson, J.M.; Wong, G.W. Metabolic regulation by C1q/TNF-related protein-13 (CTRP13): activation OF AMP- activated protein kinase and suppression of fatty acid-induced JNK signaling. J. Biol. Chem., 2011, 286, 15652-15665.
73. Duvic, M.; Nagpal, S.; Asano, A.T.; Chandraratna, R.A. Molecular mechanisms of tazarotene action in psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1997, 37, S18-24.
74. Roh, S.G.; Song, S.H.; Choi, K.C.; Katoh, K.; Wittamer, V.; Parmentier, M.; Sasaki, S. Chemerin--a new adipokine that modulates adipogenesis via its own receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2007, 362, 1013-1018.
75. Wittamer, V.; Franssen, J.D.; Vulcano, M.; Mirjolet, J.F.; Le Poul, E.; Migeotte, I.; Brezillon, S.; Tyldesley, R.; Blanpain, C.; Detheux, M.; Mantovani, A.; Sozzani, S.; Vassart, G.; Parmentier, M.; Communi, D. Specific recruitment of antigen-presenting cells by chemerin, a novel processed ligand from human inflammatory fluids. J. Exp. Med., 2003, 198, 977-985.
76. Goralski, K.B.; McCarthy, T.C.; Hanniman, E.A.; Zabel, B.A.; Butcher, E.C.; Parlee, S.D.; Muruganandan, S.; Sinal, C.J. Chemerin, a novel adipokine that regulates adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism. J. Biol. Chem., 2007, 282, 28175-28188.
77. Wittamer, V.; Gregoire, F.; Robberecht, P.; Vassart, G.; Communi, D.; Parmentier, M. The C-terminal nonapeptide of mature chemerin activates the chemerin receptor with low nanomolar potency. J.Biol. Chem., 2004, 279, 9956-9962.
78. Zabel, B.A.; Allen, S.J.; Kulig, P.; Allen, J.A.; Cichy, J.; Handel, T.M.; Butcher, E.C. Chemerin activation by serine proteases of the coagulation, fibrinolytic, and inflammatory cascades. J. Biol. Chem., 2005, 280, 34661-34666.
79. Zabel, B.A.; Ohyama, T.; Zuniga, L.; Kim, J.Y.; Johnston, B.; Allen, S.J.; Guido, D.G.; Handel, T.M.; Butcher, E.C. Chemokine-like receptor 1 expression by macrophages in vivo: regulation by TGF-beta and TLR ligands. Exp. Hematol., 2006, 34, 1106-1114.
80. Wittamer, V.; Bondue, B.; Guillabert, A.; Vassart, G.; Parmentier, M.; Communi, D. Neutrophil-mediated maturation of chemerin: a link between innate and adaptive immunity. J. Immunol., 2005, 175, 487-493.
81. Weigert, J.; Obermeier, F.; Neumeier, M.; Wanninger, J.; Filarsky, M.; Bauer, S.; Aslanidis, C.; Rogler, G.; Ott, C.; Schaffler, A.; Scholmerich, J.; Buechler, C. Circulating levels of chemerin and adiponectin are higher in ulcerative colitis and chemerin is elevated in Crohn's disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 2010, 16, 630-637.
82. Stejskal, D.; Karpisek, M.; Hanulova, Z.; Svestak, M. Chemerin is an independent marker of the metabolic syndrome in a Caucasian population--a pilot study. Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czech. Repub., 2008, 152, 217-221.
83. Goralski, K.B.; McCarthy, T.C.; Hanniman, E.A.; Zabel, B.A.; Butcher, E.C.; Parlee, S.D.; Muruganandan, S.; Sinal, C.J. Chemerin, a novel adipokine that regulates adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism. J. Biol. Chem., 2007, 282, 28175-28188.
84. Zabel, B.A.; Nakae, S.; Zuniga, L.; Kim, J.Y.; Ohyama, T.; Alt, C.; Pan, J.; Suto, H.; Soler, D.; Allen, S.J.; Handel, T.M.; Song, C.H.; Galli, S.J.; Butcher, E.C. Mast cell-expressed orphan receptor CCRL2 binds chemerin and is required for optimal induction of IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. J. Exp. Med., 2008, 205, 2207-2220.
85. Bozaoglu, K.; Bolton, K.; McMillan, J.; Zimmet, P.; Jowett, J.; Collier, G.; Walder, K.; Segal, D. Chemerin is a novel adipokine associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology, 2007, 148, 4687-4694.
86. Parolini, S.; Santoro, A.; Marcenaro, E.; Luini, W.; Massardi, L.; Facchetti, F.; Communi, D.; Parmentier, M.; Majorana, A.; Sironi, M.; Tabellini, G.; Moretta, A.; Sozzani, S. The role of chemerin in the colocalization of NK and dendritic cell subsets into inflamed tissues. Blood, 2007, 109, 3625-3632.
87. Luangsay, S.; Wittamer, V.; Bondue, B.; De Henau, O.; Rouger, L.; Brait, M.; Franssen, J. D.; de Nadai, P.; Huaux, F.; Parmentier, M. Mouse ChemR23 is expressed in dendritic cell subsets and macrophages, and mediates an anti-inflammatory activity of chemerin in a lung disease model. J. Immunol., 2009, 183, 6489-6499.
88. Roh, S.G.; Song, S.H.; Choi, K.C.; Katoh, K.; Wittamer, V.; Parmentier, M.; Sasaki, S. Chemerin--a new adipokine that modulates adipogenesis via its own receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2007, 362, 1013-1018.
89. Ernst, M.C.; Haidl, I.D.; Zuniga, L.A.; Dranse, H.J.; Rourke, J.L.; Zabel, B.A.; Butcher, E. C.; Sinal, C.J. Disruption of the Chemokine-Like Receptor-1 (CMKLR1) Gene Is Associated with Reduced Adiposity and Glucose Intolerance. Endocrinology, 2011.
90. Bozaoglu, K.; Bolton, K.; McMillan, J.; Zimmet, P.; Jowett, J.; Collier, G.; Walder, K.; Segal, D. Chemerin is a novel adipokine associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology, 2007, 148, 4687-4694.
91. Shin, H.Y.; Lee, D.C.; Chu, S.H.; Jeon, J.Y.; Lee, M.K.; Im, J.A.; Lee, J.W. Chemerin levels are positively correlated with abdominal visceral fat accumulation. Clin. Endocrinol., (Oxf) 2011.
92. Chakaroun, R.; Raschpichler, M.; Kloting, N.; Oberbach, A.; Flehmig, G.; Kern, M.; Schon, M. R.; Shang, E.; Lohmann, T.; Dressler, M.; Fasshauer, M.; Stumvoll, M.; Bluher, M. Effects of weight loss and exercise on chemerin serum concentrations and adipose tissue expression in human obesity. Metabolism, 2011.
93. Muruganandan, S.; Parlee, S.D.; Rourke, J.L.; Ernst, M.C.; Goralski, K.B.; Sinal, C.J. Chemerin, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) target gene that promotes mesenchymal stem cell adipogenesis. J. Biol. Chem., 2011, 286, 23982-23995.
94. Bozaoglu, K.; Curran, J.E.; Stocker, C J.; Zaibi, M.S.; Segal, D.; Konstantopoulos, N.; Morrison, S.; Carless, M.; Dyer, T.D.; Cole, S.A.; Goring, H.H.; Moses, E.K.; Walder, K.; Cawthorne, M.A.; Blangero, J.; Jowett, J.B. Chemerin, a novel adipokine in the regulation of angiogenesis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2010, 95, 2476-2485.
95. Lehrke, M.; Becker, A.; Greif, M.; Stark, R.; Laubender, R.P.; von Ziegler, F.; Lebherz, C.; Tittus, J.; Reiser, M.; Becker, C.; Goke, B.; Leber, A.W.; Parhofer, K.G.; Broedl, U.C. Chemerin is associated with markers of inflammation and components of the metabolic syndrome but does not predict coronary atherosclerosis. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 2009, 161, 339-344.
96. Cash, J.L.; Hart, R.; Russ, A.; Dixon, J.P.; Colledge, W.H.; Doran, J.; Hendrick, A.G.; Carlton, M.B.; Greaves, D.R. Synthetic chemerin-derived peptides suppress inflammation through ChemR23. J. Exp. Med., 2008, 205, 767-775.
97. Hart, R.; Greaves, D.R. Chemerin contributes to inflammation by promoting macrophage adhesion to VCAM-1 and fibronectin through clustering of VLA-4 and VLA-5. J. Immunol., 2010, 185, 3728-3739.
98. Spiroglou, S.G.; Kostopoulos, C.G.; Varakis, J.N.; Papadaki, H.H. Adipokines in periaortic and epicardial adipose tissue: differential expression and relation to atherosclerosis. J. Atheroscler. Thromb., 2010, 17, 115-130.
99. Gao, X.; Mi, S.; Zhang, F.; Gong, F.; Lai, Y.; Gao, F.; Zhang, X.; Wang, L.; Tao, H. Association of chemerin mRNA expression in human epicardial adipose tissue with coronary atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc. Diabetol., 2011, 10, 87.
100. Becker, M.; Rabe, K.; Lebherz, C.; Zugwurst, J.; Goke, B.; Parhofer, K.G.; Lehrke, M.; Broedl, U.C. Expression of human chemerin induces insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle but does not affect weight, lipid levels, and atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice on high-fat diet. Diabetes, 2010, 59, 2898-2903.
101. Hah, Y.J.; Kim, N.K.; Kim, M.K.; Kim, H.S.; Hur, S.H.; Yoon, H.J.; Kim, Y.N.; Park, K. G. Relationship between Chemerin Levels and Cardiometabolic Parameters and Degree of Coronary Stenosis in Korean Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Diabetes Metab. J., 2011, 35, 248-254.
102. Yoo, H.J.; Choi, H.Y.; Yang, S.J.; Kim, H.Y.; Seo, J.A.; Kim, S.G.; Kim, N.H.; Choi, K. M.; Choi, D.S.; Baik, S.H. Circulating Chemerin Level is Independently Correlated with Arterial Stiffness. J. Atheroscler. Thromb., 2011.
103. Tsuji, S.; Uehori, J.; Matsumoto, M.; Suzuki, Y.; Matsuhisa, A.; Toyoshima, K.; Seya, T. Human intelectin is a novel soluble lectin that recognizes galactofuranose in carbohydrate chains of bacterial cell wall. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 23456-23463.
104. Suzuki, Y.A.; Shin, K.; Lonnerdal, B. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a human intestinal lactoferrin receptor. Biochemistry, 2001, 40, 15771-15779.
105. Lee, J.K.; Schnee, J.; Pang, M.; Wolfert, M.; Baum, L.G.; Moremen, K.W.; Pierce, M. Human homologs of the Xenopus oocyte cortical granule lectin XL35. Glycobiology, 2001, 11, 65-73.
106. Schaffler, A.; Neumeier, M.; Herfarth, H.; Furst, A.; Scholmerich, J.; Buchler, C. Genomic structure of human omentin, a new adipocytokine expressed in omental adipose tissue. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2005, 1732, 96-102.
107. Yang, R.Z.; Lee, M.J.; Hu, H.; Pray, J.; Wu, H.B.; Hansen, B.C.; Shuldiner, A.R.; Fried, S. K.; McLenithan, J.C.; Gong, D.W. Identification of omentin as a novel depot-specific adipokine in human adipose tissue: possible role in modulating insulin action. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 290, E1253-61.
108. Schaffler, A.; Neumeier, M.; Herfarth, H.; Furst, A.; Scholmerich, J.; Buchler, C. Genomic structure of human omentin, a new adipocytokine expressed in omental adipose tissue. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2005, 1732, 96-102.
109. Fain, J.N.; Sacks, H.S.; Buehrer, B.; Bahouth, S.W.; Garrett, E.; Wolf, R.Y.; Carter, R.A.; Tichansky, D.S.; Madan, A.K. Identification of omentin mRNA in human epicardial adipose tissue: comparison to omentin in subcutaneous, internal mammary artery periadventitial and visceral abdominal depots. Int. J. Obes. (Lond), 2008, 32, 810-815.
110. Moreno-Navarrete, J.M.; Ortega, F.; Castro, A.; Sabater, M.; Ricart, W.; Fernandez-Real, J.M. Circulating omentin as a novel biomarker of endothelial dysfunction. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2011, 19, 1552-1559.
111. de Souza Batista, C.M.; Yang, R.Z.; Lee, M.J.; Glynn, N.M.; Yu, D.Z.; Pray, J.; Ndubuizu, K.; Patil, S.; Schwartz, A.; Kligman, M.; Fried, S.K.; Gong, D.W.; Shuldiner, A.R.; Pollin, T.I.; McLenithan, J.C. Omentin plasma levels and gene expression are decreased in obesity. Diabetes, 2007, 56, 1655-1661.
112. Tan, B.K.; Adya, R.; Farhatullah, S.; Lewandowski, K.C.; O'Hare, P.; Lehnert, H.; Randeva, H.S. Omentin-1, a novel adipokine, is decreased in overweight insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome: ex vivo and in vivo regulation of omentin-1 by insulin and glucose. Diabetes, 2008, 57, 801-808.
113. Zhong, X.; Zhang, H.Y.; Tan, H.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, F.L.; Chen, F.Q.; Shang, D.Y. Association of serum omentin-1 levels with coronary artery disease. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2011, 32, 873-878.
114. Auguet, T.; Quintero, Y.; Riesco, D.; Morancho, B.; Terra, X.; Crescenti, A.; Broch, M.; Aguilar, C.; Olona, M.; Porras, J.A.; Hernandez, M.; Sabench, F.; del Castillo, D.; Richart, C. New adipokines vaspin and omentin. Circulating levels and gene expression in adipose tissue from morbidly obese women. BMC Med. Genet,. 2011, 12, 60.
115. Moreno-Navarrete, J.M.; Catalan, V.; Ortega, F.; Gomez-Ambrosi, J.; Ricart, W.; Fruhbeck, G.; Fernandez-Real, J.M. Circulating omentin concentration increases after weight loss. Nutr. Metab. (Lond), 2010, 7, 27.
116. Saremi, A.; Asghari, M.; Ghorbani, A. Effects of aerobic training on serum omentin-1 and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese men. J. Sports Sci., 2010, 28, 993-998.
117. Tan, B.K.; Adya, R.; Farhatullah, S.; Chen, J.; Lehnert, H.; Randeva, H.S. Metformin treatment may increase omentin-1 levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes, 2010, 59, 3023-3031.
118. Yamawaki, H.; Tsubaki, N.; Mukohda, M.; Okada, M.; Hara, Y. Omentin, a novel adipokine, induces vasodilation in rat isolated blood vessels. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2010, 393, 668-672.
119. Prats-Puig, A.; Bassols, J.; Bargallo, E.; Mas-Parareda, M.; Ribot, R.; Soriano-Rodriguez, P.; Berengui, A.; Diaz, M.; de Zegher, F.; Ibanez, L.; Lopez-Bermejo, A. Toward an early marker of metabolic dysfunction: omentin-1 in prepubertal children. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2011, 19, 1905-1907.
120. Maruyama, S.; Shibata, R.; Kikuchi, R.; Izumiya, Y.; Rokutanda, T.; Araki, S.; Kataoka, Y.; Ohashi, K.; Daida, H.; Kihara, S.; Ogawa, H.; Murohara, T.; Ouchi, N. Fat-derived Factor Omentin Stimulates Endothelial Cell Function and Ischemia-induced Revascularization via Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase-dependent Mechanism. J. Biol. Chem., 2012, 287, 408-417.
121. Tan, B.K.; Adya, R.; Randeva, H.S. Omentin: a novel link between inflammation, diabesity, and cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 2010, 20, 143-148.
122. Yamawaki, H.; Kuramoto, J.; Kameshima, S.; Usui, T.; Okada, M.; Hara, Y. Omentin, a novel adipocytokine inhibits TNF-induced vascular inflammation in human endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2011, 408, 339-343.
123. Liu, R.; Wang, X.; Bu, P. Omentin-1 is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in patients with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2011, 93, 21-25.
124. Yoo, H.J.; Hwang, S.Y.; Hong, H.C.; Choi, H.Y.; Yang, S.J.; Seo, J.A.; Kim, S.G.; Kim, N.H.; Choi, K.M.; Choi, D.S.; Baik, S.H. Association of Circulating Omentin-1 Level with Arterial Stiffness and Carotid Plaque in Type 2 Diabetes. Cardiovasc. Diabetol., 2011, 10, 103.
125. Shibata, R.; Ouchi, N.; Kikuchi, R.; Takahashi, R.; Takeshita, K.; Kataoka, Y.; Ohashi, K.; Ikeda, N.; Kihara, S.; Murohara, T. Circulating omentin is associated with coronary artery disease in men. Atherosclerosis, 2011.
126. Jia, S.H.; Li, Y.; Parodo, J.; Kapus, A.; Fan, L.; Rotstein, O.D.; Marshall, J.C. Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor inhibits neutrophil apoptosis in experimental inflammation and clinical sepsis. J. Clin. Invest., 2004, 113, 1318-1327.
127. Moschen, A.R.; Kaser, A.; Enrich, B.; Mosheimer, B.; Theurl, M.; Niederegger, H.; Tilg, H. Visfatin, an adipocytokine with proinflammatory and immunomodulating properties. J. Immunol., 2007, 178, 1748-1758.
128. Ye, S.Q.; Simon, B.A.; Maloney, J.P.; Zambelli-Weiner, A.; Gao, L.; Grant, A.; Easley, R. B.; McVerry, B.J.; Tuder, R.M.; Standiford, T.; Brower, R.G.; Barnes, K.C.; Garcia, J.G. Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor as a potential novel biomarker in acute lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2005, 171, 361-370.
129. Nowell, M.A.; Richards, P.J.; Fielding, C.A.; Ognjanovic, S.; Topley, N.; Williams, A.S.; Bryant-Greenwood, G.; Jones, S.A. Regulation of pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor by STAT-3-dependent interleukin-6 trans-signaling: implications in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2006, 54, 2084-2095.
130. Samal, B.; Sun, Y.; Stearns, G.; Xie, C.; Suggs, S.; McNiece, I. Cloning and characterization of the cDNA encoding a novel human pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor. Mol. Cell. Biol., 1994, 14, 1431-1437.
131. Rongvaux, A.; Shea, R.J.; Mulks, M.H.; Gigot, D.; Urbain, J.; Leo, O.; Andris, F. Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor, whose expression is up-regulated in activated lymphocytes, is a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, a cytosolic enzyme involved in NAD biosynthesis. Eur. J. Immunol., 2002, 32, 3225-3234.
132. Ziegler, M. New functions of a long-known molecule. Emerging roles of NAD in cellular signaling. Eur. J. Biochem., 2000, 267, 1550-1564.
133. Fukuhara, A.; Matsuda, M.; Nishizawa, M.; Segawa, K.; Tanaka, M.; Kishimoto, K.; Matsuki, Y.; Murakami, M.; Ichisaka, T.; Murakami, H.; Watanabe, E.; Takagi, T.; Akiyoshi, M.; Ohtsubo, T.; Kihara, S.; Yamashita, S.; Makishima, M.; Funahashi, T.; Yamanaka, S.; Hiramatsu, R.; Matsuzawa, Y.; Shimomura, I. Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin. Science, 2005, 307, 426-430.
134. Kitani, T.; Okuno, S.; Fujisawa, H. Growth phase-dependent changes in the subcellular localization of pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor. FEBS Lett., 2003, 544, 74-78.
135. Samal, B.; Sun, Y.; Stearns, G.; Xie, C.; Suggs, S.; McNiece, I. Cloning and characterization of the cDNA encoding a novel human pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor. Mol. Cell. Biol., 1994, 14, 1431-1437.
136. Varma, V.; Yao-Borengasser, A.; Rasouli, N.; Bodles, A.M.; Phanavanh, B.; Lee, M.J.; Starks, T.; Kern, L.M.; Spencer, H.J. 3rd; McGehee, R.E. Jr; Fried, S.K.; Kern, P.A. Human visfatin expression: relationship to insulin sensitivity, intramyocellular lipids, and inflammation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2007, 92, 666-672.
137. Fukuhara, A.; Matsuda, M.; Nishizawa, M.; Segawa, K.; Tanaka, M.; Kishimoto, K.; Matsuki, Y.; Murakami, M.; Ichisaka, T.; Murakami, H.; Watanabe, E.; Takagi, T.; Akiyoshi, M.; Ohtsubo, T.; Kihara, S.; Yamashita, S.; Makishima, M.; Funahashi, T.; Yamanaka, S.; Hiramatsu, R.; Matsuzawa, Y.; Shimomura, I. Retraction. Science, 2007, 318, 565.
138. Dahl, T.B.; Yndestad, A.; Skjelland, M.; Oie, E.; Dahl, A.; Michelsen, A.; Damas, J.K.; Tunheim, S.H.; Ueland, T.; Smith, C.; Bendz, B.; Tonstad, S.; Gullestad, L.; Froland, S.S.; Krohg-Sorensen, K.; Russell, D.; Aukrust, P.; Halvorsen, B. Increased expression of visfatin in macrophages of human unstable carotid and coronary atherosclerosis: possible role in inflammation and plaque destabilization. Circulation, 2007, 115, 972-980.
139. Xie, H.; Tang, S.Y.; Luo, X.H.; Huang, J.; Cui, R.R.; Yuan, L.Q.; Zhou, H.D.; Wu, X.P.; Liao, E. Y. Insulin-like effects of visfatin on human osteoblasts. Calcif. Tissue Int., 2007, 80, 201-210.
140. Filippatos, T.D.; Randeva, H.S.; Derdemezis, C.S.; Elisaf, M.S.; Mikhailidis, D.P. Visfatin/PBEF and atherosclerosis-related diseases. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol., 2010, 8, 12-28.
141. Hausenloy, D. J. Drug discovery possibilities from visfatin cardioprotection? Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 2009, 9, 202-207.
142. Haider, D.G.; Holzer, G.; Schaller, G.; Weghuber, D.; Widhalm, K.; Wagner, O.; Kapiotis, S.; Wolzt, M. The adipokine visfatin is markedly elevated in obese children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 2006, 43, 548-549.
143. Tan, B.K.; Chen, J.; Digby, J.E.; Keay, S.D.; Kennedy, C.R.; Randeva, H.S. Increased visfatin messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels in adipose tissue and adipocytes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: parallel increase in plasma visfatin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 91, 5022-5028.
144. Krzyzanowska, K.; Krugluger, W.; Mittermayer, F.; Rahman, R.; Haider, D.; Shnawa, N.; Schernthaner, G. Increased visfatin concentrations in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Clin. Sci. (Lond), 2006, 110, 605-609.
145. Haider, D.G.; Pleiner, J.; Francesconi, M.; Wiesinger, G.F.; Muller, M.; Wolzt, M. Exercise training lowers plasma visfatin concentrations in patients with type 1 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 91, 4702-4704.
146. Retnakaran, R.; Youn, B.S.; Liu, Y.; Hanley, A.J.; Lee, N.S.; Park, J.W.; Song, E.S.; Vu, V.; Kim, W.; Tungtrongchitr, R.; Havel, P.J.; Swarbrick, M.M.; Shaw, C.; Sweeney, G. Correlation of circulating full-length visfatin (PBEF/NAMPT) with metabolic parameters in subjects with and without diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf), 2008, 69, 885-893.
147. Haider, D.G.; Schindler, K.; Schaller, G.; Prager, G.; Wolzt, M.; Ludvik, B. Increased plasma visfatin concentrations in morbidly obese subjects are reduced after gastric banding. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 91, 1578-1581.
148. Chan, T.F.; Chen, Y.L.; Lee, C.H.; Chou, F.H.; Wu, L.C.; Jong, S.B.; Tsai, E.M. Decreased plasma visfatin concentrations in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig., 2006, 13, 364-367.
149. Pagano, C.; Pilon, C.; Olivieri, M.; Mason, P.; Fabris, R.; Serra, R.; Milan, G.; Rossato, M.; Federspil, G.; Vettor, R. Reduced plasma visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in obesity is not related to insulin resistance in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 91, 3165-3170.
150. Krzyzanowska, K.; Mittermayer, F.; Krugluger, W.; Kopp, H.P.; Schernthaner, G. Increase in visfatin after weight loss induced by gastroplastic surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2006, 14, 1886-1889.
151. Adeghate, E. Visfatin: structure, function and relation to diabetes mellitus and other dysfunctions. Curr. Med. Chem., 2008, 15, 1851-1862.
152. Chang, Y.H.; Chang, D.M.; Lin, K.C.; Shin, S.J.; Lee, Y.J. Visfatin in overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis and systemic review. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 2011.
153. Hausenloy, D.J.; Yellon, D.M. Reperfusion injury salvage kinase signalling: taking a RISK for cardioprotection. Heart Fail. Rev., 2007, 12, 217-234.
154. Sivaraman, V.; Mudalagiri, N.R.; Di Salvo, C.; Kolvekar, S.; Hayward, M.; Yap, J.; Keogh, B.; Hausenloy, D J.; Yellon, D.M. Postconditioning protects human atrial muscle through the activation of the RISK pathway. Basic Res. Cardiol., 2007, 102, 453-459.
155. Bae, S.K.; Kim, S.R.; Kim, J.G.; Kim, J.Y.; Koo, T.H.; Jang, H.O.; Yun, I.; Yoo, M.A.; Bae, M.K. Hypoxic induction of human visfatin gene is directly mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1. FEBS Lett., 2006, 580, 4105-4113.
156. Segawa, K.; Fukuhara, A.; Hosogai, N.; Morita, K.; Okuno, Y.; Tanaka, M.; Nakagawa, Y.; Kihara, S.; Funahashi, T.; Komuro, R.; Matsuda, M.; Shimomura, I. Visfatin in adipocytes is upregulated by hypoxia through HIF1alpha-dependent mechanism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2006, 349, 875-882.
157. van der Veer, E.; Nong, Z.; O'Neil, C.; Urquhart, B.; Freeman, D.; Pickering, J.G. Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor regulates NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase activity and promotes vascular smooth muscle cell maturation. Circ. Res., 2005, 97, 25-34.
158. Rongvaux, A.; Galli, M.; Denanglaire, S.; Va n Gool, F.; Dreze, P.L.; Szpirer, C.; Bureau, F.; Andris, F.; Leo, O. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor/visfatin is required for lymphocyte development and cellular resistance to genotoxic stress. J. Immunol., 2008, 181, 4685-4695.
159. Lim, S.Y.; Davidson, S.M.; Paramanathan, A.J.; Smith, C.C.; Yellon, D.M.; Hausenloy, D. J. The novel adipocytokine visfatin exerts direct cardioprotective effects. J. Cell. Mol. Med., 2008, 12, 1395-1403.
160. Dahl, T.; Ranheim, T.; Holm, S.; Berge, R.; Aukrust, P.; Halvorsen, B. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and lipid accumulation in macrophages. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 2011.
161. Kim, S.R.; Bae, S.K.; Choi, K.S.; Park, S.Y.; Jun, H.O.; Lee, J.Y.; Jang, H.O.; Yun, I.; Yoon, K.H.; Kim, Y.J.; Yoo, M.A.; Kim, K.W.; Bae, M.K. Visfatin promotes angiogenesis by activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2007, 357, 150-156.
162. Adya, R.; Tan, B.K.; Punn, A.; Chen, J.; Randeva, H.S. Visfatin induces human endothelial VEGF and MMP-2/9 production via MAPK and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways: novel insights into visfatin-induced angiogenesis. Cardiovasc. Res., 2008, 78, 356-365.
163. Yilmaz, M.I.; Saglam, M.; Carrero, J.J.; Qureshi, A.R.; Caglar, K.; Eyileten, T.; Sonmez, A.; Cakir, E.; Yenicesu, M.; Lindholm, B.; Stenvinkel, P.; Axelsson, J. Serum visfatin concentration and endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2008, 23, 959-965.
164. Mu, J.; Feng, B.; Ye, Z.; Yuan, F.; Zeng, W.; Luo, Z.; Qi, W. Visfatin is related to lipid dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease. J. Nephrol., 2011, 24, 177-184.
165. Bessa, S.S.; Hamdy, S.M.; El-Sheikh, R.G. Serum visfatin as a non-traditional biomarker of endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease: an Egyptian study. Eur. J. Intern. Med., 2010, 21, 530-535.
166. Takebayashi, K.; Suetsugu, M.; Wakabayashi, S.; Aso, Y.; Inukai, T. Association between plasma visfatin and vascular endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 2007, 56, 451-458.
167. Parfrey, P.S.; Foley, R.N. The clinical epidemiology of cardiac disease in chronic renal failure. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 1999, 10, 1606-1615.
168. Schiffrin, E.L.; Lipman, M.L.; Mann, J.F. Chronic kidney disease: effects on the cardiovascular system. Circulation, 2007, 116, 85-97.
169. Law, M.R.; Morris, J.K.; Wald, N. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ, 2009, 338, b1665.
170. Pepene, C.E. Evidence for serum visfatin but not adiponectin or resistin as an independent predictor of endothelial dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf), 2011.
171. Kim, S.R.; Bae, Y.H.; Bae, S.K.; Choi, K.S.; Yoon, K.H.; Koo, T.H.; Jang, H.O.; Yun, I.; Kim, K.W.; Kwon, Y.G.; Yoo, M.A.; Bae, M.K. Visfatin enhances ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression through ROS-dependent NF-kappaB activation in endothelial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2008, 1783, 886-895.
172. Xia, M.; Zhang, C.; Boini, K.M.; Thacker, A.M.; Li, P.L. Membrane raft-lysosome redox signalling platforms in coronary endothelial dysfunction induced by adipokine visfatin. Cardiovasc. Res., 2011, 89, 401-409.
173. Lago, F.; Dieguez, C.; Gomez-Reino, J.; Gualillo, O. The emerging role of adipokines as mediators of inflammation and immune responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 2007, 18, 313-325.
174. Silverman, G.A.; Bird, P.I.; Carrell, R.W.; Church, F.C.; Coughlin, P.B.; Gettins, P.G.; Irving, J.A.; Lomas, D.A.; Luke, C.J.; Moyer, R.W.; Pemberton, P.A.; Remold-O'Donnell, E.; Salvesen, G.S.; Travis, J.; Whisstock, J.C. The serpins are an expanding superfamily of structurally similar but functionally diverse proteins. Evolution, mechanism of inhibition, novel functions, and a revised nomenclature. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 33293-33296.
175. Hida, K.; Wada, J.; Eguchi, J.; Zhang, H.; Baba, M.; Seida, A.; Hashimoto, I.; Okada, T.; Yasuhara, A.; Nakatsuka, A.; Shikata, K.; Hourai, S.; Futami, J.; Watanabe, E.; Matsuki, Y.; Hiramatsu, R.; Akagi, S.; Makino, H.; Kanwar, Y.S. Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor: a unique insulin-sensitizing adipocytokine in obesity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2005, 102, 10610-10615.
176. Kloting, N.; Berndt, J.; Kralisch, S.; Kovacs, P.; Fasshauer, M.; Schon, M. R.; Stumvoll, M.; Bluher, M. Vaspin gene expression in human adipose tissue: association with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2006, 339, 430-436.
177. Seeger, J.; Ziegelmeier, M.; Bachmann, A.; Lossner, U.; Kratzsch, J.; Bluher, M.; Stumvoll, M.; Fasshauer, M. Serum levels of the adipokine vaspin in relation to metabolic and renal parameters. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2008, 93, 247-251.
178. Zvonic, S.; Lefevre, M.; Kilroy, G.; Floyd, Z.E.; DeLany, J.P.; Kheterpal, I.; Gravois, A.; Dow, R.; White, A.; Wu, X.; Gimble, J.M. Secretome of primary cultures of human adipose-derived stem cells: modulation of serpins by adipogenesis. Mol. Cell. Proteomics, 2007, 6, 18-28.
179. Jung, C.H.; Lee, W.J.; Hwang, J.Y.; Seol, S.M.; Kim, Y.M.; Lee, Y.L.; Park, J.Y. Vaspin protects vascular endothelial cells against free fatty acid-induced apoptosis through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2011, 413, 264-269.
180. Li, Q.; Chen, R.; Moriya, J.; Yamakawa, J.; Sumino, H.; Kanda, T.; Takahashi, T. A novel adipocytokine, visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor (vaspin), and obesity. J. Int. Med. Res., 2008, 36, 625-629.
181. Wada, J. Vaspin: a novel serpin with insulin-sensitizing effects. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2008, 17, 327-333.
182. Aust, G.; Richter, O.; Rohm, S.; Kerner, C.; Hauss, J.; Kloting, N.; Ruschke, K.; Kovacs, P.; Youn, B.S.; Bluher, M. Vaspin serum concentrations in patients with carotid stenosis. Atherosclerosis, 2009, 204, 262-266.
183. Yilmaz, Y.; Kurt, R.; Gurdal, A.; Alahdab, Y.O.; Yonal, O.; Senates, E.; Polat, N.; Eren, F.; Imeryuz, N.; Oflaz, H. Circulating vaspin levels and epicardial adipose tissue thickness are associated with impaired coronary flow reserve in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Atherosclerosis, 2011.
184. Kadoglou, N.P.; Sailer, N.; Moumtzouoglou, A.; Kapelouzou, A.; Tsanikidis, H.; Vitta, I.; Karkos, C.; Karayannacos, P.E.; Gerasimidis, T.; Liapis, C.D. Visfatin (nampt) and ghrelin as novel markers of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 2010, 118, 75-80.
185. Dellas, C.; Loskutoff, D.J. Historical analysis of PAI-1 from its discovery to its potential role in cell motility and disease. Thromb. Haemost., 2005, 93, 631-640.
186. Phalitakul, S.; Okada, M.; Hara, Y.; Yamawaki, H. Vaspin prevents TNF-alpha-induced intracellular adhesion molecule-1 via inhibiting reactive oxygen species-dependent NF-kappaB and PKCtheta activation in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Pharmacol. Res., 2011, 64(5), 493-500.