Therapeutic role of toll-like receptor modification in cardiovascular dysfunction

Vascular Pharmacology

Volumn 58, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 231-239

  Navi, Ali ^a   Patel, Hemanshu ^a   Shaw, Sidney ^b   Baker, Daryll ^a   Tsui, Janice ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Agonist; Antagonist; Cardiovascular disease; Therapy; Toll like receptor

Indexed keywords

AGENTS INTERACTING WITH TRANSMITTER, HORMONE OR DRUG RECEPTORS; ATORVASTATIN; BAICALIN; BCG VACCINE; CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE POLYCYTIDYLIC POLYINOSINIC ACID POLYLYSINE; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT; CINNAMALDEHYDE; CINNAMIC ACID; CPG ODN 1826; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; ENTOLIMOD; ERITORAN; ESTROGEN; FLUINDOSTATIN; GELDANAMYCIN; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; LOSARTAN; MELATONIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY T2.5; OPN 301; OXYMATRINE; PAM3CSK4; PICROSIDE 2; PROGESTERONE; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 9; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALSARTAN;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLADDER CANCER; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN PROTECTION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDITIS; CELL DAMAGE; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DRUG MECHANISM; GINKGO BILOBA; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION SIZE; HEART PROTECTION; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; INNATE IMMUNITY; ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; KIDNEY INJURY; LIVER INJURY; LUNG INJURY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPERFUSION INJURY; SEPSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYMPATHETIC TONE; TISSUE INJURY; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; LIGANDS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS;

EID: 84875370733     PISSN: 15371891     EISSN: 18793649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.10.001     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. Ahmad M., White R., Tan J., Huang B.S., Leenen F.H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, inhibition of brain and peripheral angiotensin-converting enzymes, and left ventricular dysfunction in rats after myocardial infarction. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2008, 51:565-572.
2. Ali I., Gruenloh S., Gao Y., Clough A., Falck J.R., Medhora M., Jacobs E.R. Protection by 20-5,14-HEDGE against surgically induced ischemia reperfusion lung injury in rats. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2012, 93:282-288.
3. Aliprantis A.O., Yang R.B., Mark M.R., Suggett S., Devaux B., Radolf J.D., Klimpel G.R., Godowski P., Zychlinsky A. Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through toll-like receptor-2. Science 1999, 285:736-739.
4. Anker S.D., Von Haehling S. Inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure: an overview. Heart 2004, 90:464-470.
5. Arroyo-Espliguero R., Avanzas P., Jeffery S., Kaski J.C. CD14 and toll-like receptor 4: a link between infection and acute coronary events?. Heart 2004, 90:983-988.
6. Arslan F., Smeets M.B., O'Neill L.A., Keogh B., Mcguirk P., Timmers L., Tersteeg C., Hoefer I.E., Doevendans P.A., Pasterkamp G., De Kleijn D.P. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by leukocytic toll-like receptor-2 and reduced by systemic administration of a novel anti-toll-like receptor-2 antibody. Circulation 2010, 121:80-90.
7. Attella M.J., Nattinville A., Stein D.G. Hormonal state affects recovery from frontal cortex lesions in adult female rats. Behav Neural Biol 1987, 48:352-367.
8. Babcock A.A., Wirenfeldt M., Holm T., Nielsen H.H., Dissing-Olesen L., Toft-Hansen H., Millward J.M., Landmann R., Rivest S., Finsen B., Owens T. Toll-like receptor 2 signaling in response to brain injury: an innate bridge to neuroinflammation. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:12826-12837.
9. Bahjat F.R., Williams-Karnesky R.L., Kohama S.G., West G.A., Doyle K.P., Spector M.D., Hobbs T.R., Stenzel-Poore M.P. Proof of concept: pharmacological preconditioning with a Toll-like receptor agonist protects against cerebrovascular injury in a primate model of stroke. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2011, 31:1229-1242.
10. Bajwa A., Kinsey G.R., Okusa M.D. Immune mechanisms and novel pharmacological therapies of acute kidney injury. Curr Drug Targets 2009, 10:1196-1204.
11. Barber P.A., Hach S., Tippett L.J., Ross L., Merry A.F., Milsom P. Cerebral ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging are associated with neurocognitive decline after cardiac surgery. Stroke 2008, 39:1427-1433.
12. Barber R.C., Maass D.L., White D.J., Chang L.Y., Horton J.W. Molecular or pharmacologic inhibition of the CD14 signaling pathway protects against burn-related myocardial inflammation and dysfunction. Shock 2008, 30:705-713.
13. Baumgarten G., Knuefermann P., Nozaki N., Sivasubramanian N., Mann D.L., Vallejo J.G. In vivo expression of proinflammatory mediators in the adult heart after endotoxin administration: the role of toll-like receptor-4. J. Infect. Dis. 2001, 183:1617-1624.
14. Beg A. Endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors: implications for regulating inflammatory and immune responses 2002.
15. Birks E.J., Felkin L.E., Banner N.R., Khaghani A., Barton P.J., Yacoub M.H. Increased toll-like receptor 4 in the myocardium of patients requiring left ventricular assist devices. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004, 23:228-235.
16. Bonventre J.V., Weinberg J.M. Recent advances in the pathophysiology of ischemic acute renal failure. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003, 14:2199-2210.
17. Boros P., Bromberg J.S. New cellular and molecular immune pathways in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Am. J. Transplant. 2006, 6:652-658.
18. Brown R.D., Ambler S.K., Mitchell M.D., Long C.S. The cardiac fibroblast: therapeutic target in myocardial remodeling and failure. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2005, 45:657-687.
19. Brunner H.R., Gavras H. Angiotensin blockade for hypertension: a promise fulfilled. Lancet 2002, 359:990-992.
20. Buchanan M.M., Hutchinson M., Watkins L.R., Yin H. Toll-like receptor 4 in CNS pathologies. J. Neurochem. 2010, 114:13-27.
21. Candido R., Allen T.J., Lassila M., Cao Z., Thallas V., Cooper M.E., Jandeleit-Dahm K.A. Irbesartan but not amlodipine suppresses diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004, 109:1536-1542.
22. Cao C.X., Yang Q.W., Lv F.L., Cui J., Fu H.B., Wang J.Z. Reduced cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in Toll-like receptor 4 deficient mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007, 353:509-514.
23. Carini R., Albano E. Recent insights on the mechanisms of liver preconditioning. Gastroenterology 2003, 125:1480-1491.
24. Caso J.R., Pradillo J.M., Hurtado O., Leza J.C., Moro M.A., Lizasoain I. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in subacute stress-induced neuroinflammation and in the worsening of experimental stroke. Stroke 2008, 39:1314-1320.
25. Chansrichavala P., Chantharaksri U., Sritara P., Chaiyaroj S.C. Atorvastatin attenuates TLR4-mediated NF-kappaB activation in a MyD88-dependent pathway. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 2009, 27:49-57.
26. Chao W. survival and ischemic injury in the heart Toll-like receptor signaling: a critical modulator of cell 2008.
27. Chen H., Koustova E., Shults C., Sailhamer E.A., Alam H.B. Differential effect of resuscitation on Toll-like receptors in a model of hemorrhagic shock without a septic challenge. Resuscitation 2007, 74:526-537.
28. Chong A.J., Shimamoto A., Hampton C.R., Takayama H., Spring D.J., Rothnie C.L., Yada M., Pohlman T.H., Verrier E.D. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates ischemia/reperfusion injury of the heart. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2004, 128:170-179.
29. Concas A., Follesa P., Barbaccia M.L., Purdy R.H., Biggio G. Physiological modulation of GABA(A) receptor plasticity by progesterone metabolites. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 375:225-235.
30. Curtin J.F., Liu N., Candolfi M., Xiong W., Assi H., Yagiz K., Edwards M.R., Michelsen K.S., Kroeger K.M., Liu C., Muhammad A.K., Clark M.C., Arditi M., Comin-Anduix B., Ribas A., Lowenstein P.R., Castro M.G. HMGB1 mediates endogenous TLR2 activation and brain tumor regression. PLoS Med. 2009, 6:e10.
31. Dahlof B., Devereux R.B., Kjeldsen S.E., Julius S., Beevers G., De Faire U., Fyhrquist F., Ibsen H., Kristiansson K., Lederballe-Pedersen O., Lindholm L.H., Nieminen M.S., Omvik P., Oparil S., Wedel H. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002, 359:995-1003.
32. De Perrot M., Liu M., Waddell T.K., Keshavjee S. Ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003, 167:490-511.
33. Dichtl W., Dulak J., Frick M., Alber H.F., Schwarzacher S.P., Ares M.P., Nilsson J., Pachinger O., Weidinger F. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors regulate inflammatory transcription factors in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2003, 23:58-63.
34. Ding Y., Qiu L., Zhao G., Xu J., Wang S. Influence of cinnamaldehyde on viral myocarditis in mice. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2010, 340:114-120.
35. Dirnagl U., Becker K., Meisel A. Preconditioning and tolerance against cerebral ischaemia: from experimental strategies to clinical use. Lancet Neurol. 2009, 8:398-412.
36. Drexler S.K., Foxwell B.M. The role of toll-like receptors in chronic inflammation. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2010, 42:506-518.
37. Ehrentraut H., Weber C., Ehrentraut S., Schwederski M., Boehm O., Knuefermann P., Meyer R., Baumgarten G. The toll-like receptor 4-antagonist eritoran reduces murine cardiac hypertrophy. Eur. J. Heart Fail 2011, 13:602-610.
38. Eichhorn E.J., Bristow M.R. Medical therapy can improve the biological properties of the chronically failing heart. A new era in the treatment of heart failure. Circulation 1996, 94:2285-2296.
39. Elamm C., Fairweather D., Cooper L.T. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of myocarditis. Heart 2012, 98:835-840.
40. Erridge C., Kennedy S., Spickett C.M., Webb D.J. Oxidized phospholipid inhibition of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is restricted to TLR2 and TLR4: roles for CD14, LPS-binding protein, and MD2 as targets for specificity of inhibition. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:24748-24759.
41. Fairweather D., Frisancho-Kiss S., Yusung S.A., Barrett M.A., Davis S.E., Steele R.A., Gatewood S.J., Rose N.R. IL-12 protects against coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis by increasing IFN-gamma and macrophage and neutrophil populations in the heart. J. Immunol. 2005, 174:261-269.
42. Fan H., Li L., Zhang X., Liu Y., Yang C., Yang Y., Yin J. Oxymatrine downregulates TLR4, TLR2, MyD88, and NF-kappaB and protects rat brains against focal ischemia. Mediators Inflamm. 2009, 2009:704706.
43. Fang C.W., Yao Y.M., Shi Z.G., Yu Y., Wu Y., Lu L.R., Sheng Z.Y. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 gene expression after thermal injury and its potential mechanism(s). J Trauma 2002, 53:957-967.
44. Fang C.W., Yao Y.M., Zhai H.X., Yu Y., Wu Y., Lu L.R., Sheng Z.Y., Sheng C.Y. Tissue lipopolysaccharide-binding protein expression in rats after thermal injury: potential role of TNF-alpha. Burns 2004, 30:225-231.
45. Feldman A.M., Mcnamara D. Myocarditis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 343:1388-1398.
46. Feng Y., Zhao H., Xu X., Buys E.S., Raher M.J., Bopassa J.C., Thibault H., Scherrer-Crosbie M., Schmidt U., Chao W. Innate immune adaptor MyD88 mediates neutrophil recruitment and myocardial injury after ischemia-reperfusion in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2008, 295:H1311-H1318.
47. Foldes G., Von Haehling S., Okonko D.O., Jankowska E.A., Poole-Wilson P.A., Anker S.D. Fluvastatin reduces increased blood monocyte Toll-like receptor 4 expression in whole blood from patients with chronic heart failure. Int. J. Cardiol. 2008, 124:80-85.
48. Francis G.S. The relationship of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system in congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 1989, 118:642-648.
49. Frantz S., Kobzik L., Kim Y.D., Fukazawa R., Medzhitov R., Lee R.T., Kelly R.A. Toll4 (TLR4) expression in cardiac myocytes in normal and failing myocardium. J. Clin. Invest. 1999, 104:271-280.
50. Frisancho-Kiss S., Davis S.E., Nyland J.F., Frisancho J.A., Cihakova D., Barrett M.A., Rose N.R., Fairweather D. Cutting edge: cross-regulation by TLR4 and T cell Ig mucin-3 determines sex differences in inflammatory heart disease. J. Immunol. 2007, 178:6710-6714.
51. Frumento R.J., Logginidou H.G., Wahlander S., Wagener G., Playford H.R., Sladen R.N. Dexmedetomidine infusion is associated with enhanced renal function after thoracic surgery. J. Clin. Anesth. 2006, 18:422-426.
52. Fukada J., Morishita K., Ingu A., Kawaharada N., Fujisawa Y., Hasegawa T., Abe T. Comparative study of the effect on clinical outcome of the use of an open circuit and the use of a closed circuit in cardiopulmonary bypass for a graft replacement of the descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aorta. Surg Today 2004, 34:11-15.
53. Fukuzawa N., Petro M., Baldwin W.M., Gudkov A.V., Fairchild R.L. A TLR5 agonist inhibits acute renal ischemic failure. J. Immunol. 2011, 187:3831-3839.
54. Gao L., Wang W., Li Y.L., Schultz H.D., Liu D., Cornish K.G., Zucker I.H. Superoxide mediates sympathoexcitation in heart failure: roles of angiotensin II and NAD(P)H oxidase. Circ. Res. 2004, 95:937-944.
55. Gitto E., Pellegrino S., Gitto P., Barberi I., Reiter R.J. Oxidative stress of the newborn in the pre- and postnatal period and the clinical utility of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2009, 46:128-139.
56. Goldsmith S.R. Angiotensin II and sympathoactivation in heart failure. J. Card. Fail. 1999, 5:139-145.
57. Gradman A.H., Alfayoumi F. From left ventricular hypertrophy to congestive heart failure: management of hypertensive heart disease. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2006, 48:326-341.
58. Grippo A.J. Mechanisms underlying altered mood and cardiovascular dysfunction: the value of neurobiological and behavioral research with animal models. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2009, 33:171-180.
59. Groswasser Z., Cohen M., Keren O. Female TBI patients recover better than males. Brain Inj 1998, 12:805-808.
60. Gu J., Sun P., Zhao H., Watts H.R., Sanders R.D., Terrando N., Xia P., Maze M., Ma D. Dexmedetomidine provides renoprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Crit. Care 2011, 15:R153.
61. Guo Y., Xu X., Li Q., Li Z., Du F. Anti-inflammation effects of picroside 2 in cerebral ischemic injury rats. Behav. Brain Funct. 2010, 6:43.
62. Gupta S., Markham D.W., Drazner M.H., Mammen P.P. Fulminant myocarditis. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med. 2008, 5:693-706.
63. Ha T., Li Y., Hua F., Ma J., Gao X., Kelley J., Zhao A., Haddad G.E., Williams D.L., William Browder I., Kao R.L., Li C. Reduced cardiac hypertrophy in toll-like receptor 4-deficient mice following pressure overload. Cardiovasc. Res. 2005, 68:224-234.
64. Ha T., Hua F., Li Y., Ma J., Gao X., Kelley J., Zhao A., Haddad G.E., Williams D.L., Browder I.W., Kao R.L., Li C. Blockade of MyD88 attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and decreases cardiac myocyte apoptosis in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2006, 290:H985-H994.
65. Ha T., Hua F., Liu X., Ma J., McMullen J.R., Shioi T., Izumo S., Kelley J., Gao X., Browder W., Williams D.L., Kao R.L., Li C. Lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury is mediated through a PI3K/Akt-dependent mechanism. Cardiovasc Res. 2008, 78(3):546-553.
66. Hall J.E., Uhrich T.D., Barney J.A., Arain S.R., Ebert T.J. Sedative, amnestic, and analgesic properties of small-dose dexmedetomidine infusions. Anesth. Analg. 2000, 90:699-705.
67. Hardeland R., Tan D.X., Reiter R.J. Kynuramines, metabolites of melatonin and other indoles: the resurrection of an almost forgotten class of biogenic amines. J Pineal Res 2009, 47:109-126.
68. He D., Zhao L., Li L., Liu H., Zhang L., Yew D.T. Changes of blood flow perfusion by MR and NF-kappabeta expression in the region of perihematoma after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage: a correlation study. Int. J. Neurosci. 2009, 119:806-814.
69. Hennessy E.J., Parker A.E., O'Neill L.A. Targeting Toll-like receptors: emerging therapeutics?. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010, 9:293-307.
70. Hickey E.J., You X., Kaimaktchiev V., Stenzel-Poore M., Ungerleider R.M. Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning induces robust protection against brain injury resulting from deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2007, 133:1588-1596.
71. Hu Y.Y., Huang M., Dong X.Q., Xu Q.P., Yu W.H., Zhang Z.Y. Ginkgolide B reduces neuronal cell apoptosis in the hemorrhagic rat brain: possible involvement of Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 137:1462-1468.
72. Hua F., Ma J., Ha T., Kelley J., Williams D.L., Kao R.L., Kalbfleisch J.H., Browder I.W., Li C. Preconditioning with a TLR2 specific ligand increases resistance to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J. Neuroimmunol. 2008, 199:75-82.
73. Huang J., Wang S., Luo X., Xie Y., Shi X. Cinnamaldehyde reduction of platelet aggregation and thrombosis in rodents. Thromb. Res. 2007, 119:337-342.
74. Izuishi K., Tsung A., Hossain M.A., Fujiwara M., Wakabayashi H., Masaki T., Billiar T.R., Maeta H. Ischemic preconditioning of the murine liver protects through the Akt kinase pathway. Hepatology 2006, 44:573-580.
75. Izuishi K., Tsung A., Jeyabalan G., Critchlow N.D., Li J., Tracey K.J., Demarco R.A., Lotze M.T., Fink M.P., Geller D.A., Billiar T.R. Cutting edge: high-mobility group box 1 preconditioning protects against liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. J. Immunol. 2006, 176:7154-7158.
76. Jang H.R., Rabb H. The innate immune response in ischemic acute kidney injury. Clin. Immunol. 2009, 130:41-50.
77. Kang J.W., Koh E.J., Lee S.M. Melatonin protects liver against ischemia and reperfusion injury through inhibition of toll-like receptor signaling pathway. J. Pineal. Res. 2011, 50:403-411.
78. Kanzler H., Barrat F.J., Hessel E.M., Coffman R.L. Therapeutic targeting of innate immunity with Toll-like receptor agonists and antagonists. Nat Med 2007, 13:552-559.
79. Kashyap V.S., Cambria R.P., Davison J.K., L'Italien G.J. Renal failure after thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. J. Vasc. Surg. 1997, 26:949-955. (discussion 955-7).
80. Kim S.C., Ghanem A., Stapel H., Tiemann K., Knuefermann P., Hoeft A., Meyer R., Grohe C., Knowlton A.A., Baumgarten G. Toll-like receptor 4 deficiency: smaller infarcts, but no gain in function. BMC Physiol. 2007, 7:5.
81. Kimura Y., Hirooka Y., Sagara Y., Ito K., Kishi T., Shimokawa H., Takeshita A., Sunagawa K. Overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rostral ventrolateral medulla causes hypertension and sympathoexcitation via an increase in oxidative stress. Circ. Res. 2005, 96:252-260.
82. Koo D.D., Welsh K.I., Roake J.A., Morris P.J., Fuggle S.V. Ischemia/reperfusion injury in human kidney transplantation: an immunohistochemical analysis of changes after reperfusion. Am. J. Pathol. 1998, 153:557-566.
83. Krieg A.M. Antiinfective applications of toll-like receptor 9 agonists. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2007, 4:289-294.
84. Kulka P.J., Tryba M., Zenz M. Preoperative alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists prevent the deterioration of renal function after cardiac surgery: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Crit. Care Med. 1996, 24:947-952.
85. Kupiec-Weglinski J.W., Busuttil R.W. Ischemia and reperfusion injury in liver transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 2005, 37:1653-1656.
86. Levine G.N., Keaney J.F., Vita J.A. Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease. Clinical benefits and possible mechanisms. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995, 332:512-521.
87. Li L., Okusa M.D. Blocking the immune response in ischemic acute kidney injury: the role of adenosine 2A agonists. Nat. Clin. Pract. Nephrol. 2006, 2:432-444.
88. Liang R., Nickkholgh A., Hoffmann K., Kern M., Schneider H., Sobirey M., Zorn M., Buchler M.W., Schemmer P. Melatonin protects from hepatic reperfusion injury through inhibition of IKK and JNK pathways and modification of cell proliferation. J Pineal Res 2009, 46:8-14.
89. Lindley T.E., Doobay M.F., Sharma R.V., Davisson R.L. Superoxide is involved in the central nervous system activation and sympathoexcitation of myocardial infarction-induced heart failure. Circ. Res. 2004, 94:402-409.
90. Liu D., Gao L., Roy S.K., Cornish K.G., Zucker I.H. Neuronal angiotensin II type 1 receptor upregulation in heart failure: activation of activator protein 1 and Jun N-terminal kinase. Circ. Res. 2006, 99:1004-1011.
91. Liu P., Fuse K., Chu G., Liu Y., Opavsky A. Recent insights into the role of host innate and acquired immunity responses. Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop 2006, 123-139.
92. Liu Y.Y., Cai W.F., Yang H.Z., Cui B., Chen Z.R., Liu H.Z., Yan J., Jin W., Yan H.M., Xin B.M., Yuan B., Hua F., Hu Z.W. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and TLR4 agonist prevent cardiovascular hypertrophy and fibrosis by regulating immune microenvironment. J. Immunol. 2008, 180:7349-7357.
93. Liu M., Gu M., Xu D., Lv Q., Zhang W., Wu Y. Protective effects of Toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor eritoran on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transplant. Proc. 2010, 42:1539-1544.
94. Lu L.G., Zeng M.D., Mao Y.M., Li J.Q., Wan M.B., Li C.Z., Chen C.W., Fu Q.C., Wang J.Y., She W.M., Cai X., Ye J., Zhou X.Q., Wang H., Wu S.M., Tang M.F., Zhu J.S., Chen W.X., Zhang H.Q. Oxymatrine therapy for chronic hepatitis B: a randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled multi-center trial. World J. Gastroenterol. 2003, 9:2480-2483.
95. Ma C.X., Yin W.N., Cai B.W., Wu J., Wang J.Y., He M., Sun H., Ding J.L., You C. Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling detected in brain after early subarachnoid hemorrhage. Chin. Med. J. (Engl) 2009, 122:1575-1581.
96. Maclennan K.M., Darlington C.L., Smith P.F. The CNS effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts and ginkgolide B. Prog. Neurobiol. 2002, 67:235-257.
97. Malhotra V., Shanley T.P., Pittet J.F., Welch W.J., Wong H.R. Geldanamycin inhibits NF-kappaB activation and interleukin-8 gene expression in cultured human respiratory epithelium. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2001, 25:92-97.
98. Markosian M., Hyde R.M. Oligonucleotides and polyribonucleotides: a review of antiviral activity. Antivir. Chem. Chemother. 2005, 16:91-102.
99. Mcmurray R.G., Harrell J.S., Levine A.A., Gansky S.A. Childhood obesity elevates blood pressure and total cholesterol independent of physical activity. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 1995, 19:881-886.
100. Mehta R.H., Honeycutt E., Patel U.D., Lopes R.D., Shaw L.K., Glower D.D., Harrington R.A., Califf R.M., Sketch M.H. Impact of recovery of renal function on long-term mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am. J. Cardiol. 2010, 106:1728-1734.
101. Meng X., Ao L., Brown J.M., Meldrum D.R., Sheridan B.C., Cain B.S., Banerjee A., Harken A.H. LPS induces late cardiac functional protection against ischemia independent of cardiac and circulating TNF-alpha. Am. J. Physiol. 1997, 273:H1894-H1902.
102. Meng G., Rutz M., Schiemann M., Metzger J., Grabiec A., Schwandner R., Luppa P.B., Ebel F., Busch D.H., Bauer S., Wagner H., Kirschning C.J. Antagonistic antibody prevents toll-like receptor 2-driven lethal shock-like syndromes. J. Clin. Invest. 2004, 113:1473-1481.
103. Meredith I.T., Eisenhofer G., Lambert G.W., Dewar E.M., Jennings G.L., Esler M.D. Cardiac sympathetic nervous activity in congestive heart failure. Evidence for increased neuronal norepinephrine release and preserved neuronal uptake. Circulation 1993, 88:136-145.
104. Mersmann J., Berkels R., Zacharowski P., Tran N., Koch A., Iekushi K., Dimmeler S., Granja T.F., Boehm O., Claycomb W.C., Zacharowski K. Preconditioning by toll-like receptor 2 agonist Pam3CSK4 reduces CXCL1-dependent leukocyte recruitment in murine myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Crit. Care Med. 2010, 38:903-909.
105. Navalkar S., Parthasarathy S., Santanam N., Khan B.V. Irbesartan, an angiotensin type 1 receptor inhibitor, regulates markers of inflammation in patients with premature atherosclerosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2001, 37:440-444.
106. Nemoto S., Vallejo J.G., Knuefermann P., Misra A., Defreitas G., Carabello B.A., Mann D.L. Escherichia coli LPS-induced LV dysfunction: role of toll-like receptor-4 in the adult heart. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2002, 282:H2316-H2323.
107. Ogawa K., Hirooka Y., Kishi T., Sunagawa K. Brain AT1 receptor activates the sympathetic nervous system through toll-like receptor 4 in mice with heart failure. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2011, 58:543-549.
108. Ortego M., Bustos C., Hernandez-Presa M.A., Tunon J., Diaz C., Hernandez G., Egido J. Atorvastatin reduces NF-kappaB activation and chemokine expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and mononuclear cells. Atherosclerosis 1999, 147:253-261.
109. Ostrowski R.P., Colohan A.R., Zhang J.H. Molecular mechanisms of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol. Res. 2006, 28:399-414.
110. Oyama J., Blais C., Liu X., Pu M., Kobzik L., Kelly R.A., Bourcier T. Reduced myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in toll-like receptor 4-deficient mice. Circulation 2004, 109:784-789.
111. Packard A.E., Hedges J.C., Bahjat F.R., Stevens S.L., Conlin M.J., Salazar A.M., Stenzel-Poore M.P. Poly-IC preconditioning protects against cerebral and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2012, 32:242-247.
112. Patel H., Shaw S.G., Shi-Wen X., Abraham D., Baker D.M., Tsui J.C. Toll-like receptors in ischaemia and its potential role in the pathophysiology of muscle damage in critical limb ischaemia. Cardiol. Res. Pract. 2012, 2012:121237.
113. Pedregosa J.F., Haidar A.A., Hirata A.E., Franco M., Gomes G.N., Bueno V. TLR2 and TLR4 expression after kidney ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice treated with FTY720. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2011, 11:1311-1318.
114. Piccinini A., Midwood K. DAMPening inflammation by modulating TLR signalling 2010.
115. Piccinini A.M., Midwood K.S. DAMPening inflammation by modulating TLR signalling. Mediators Inflamm 2010, 2010.
116. Poeggeler B., Saarela S., Reiter R.J., Tan D.X., Chen L.D., Manchester L.C., Barlow-Walden L.R. Melatonin-a highly potent endogenous radical scavenger and electron donor: new aspects of the oxidation chemistry of this indole accessed in vitro. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1994, 738:419-420.
117. Pradillo J.M., Fernandez-Lopez D., Garcia-Yebenes I., Sobrado M., Hurtado O., Moro M.A., Lizasoain I. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in neuroprotection afforded by ischemic preconditioning. J. Neurochem. 2009, 109:287-294.
118. Qureshi A.I., Mendelow A.D., Hanley D.F. Intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet 2009, 373:1632-1644.
119. Rabb H. The T cell as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems: implications for the kidney. Kidney Int. 2002, 61:1935-1946.
120. Rodriguez C., Mayo J.C., Sainz R.M., Antolin I., Herrera F., Martin V., Reiter R.J. Regulation of antioxidant enzymes: a significant role for melatonin. J. Pineal. Res. 2004, 36:1-9.
121. Roof R.L., Hoffman S.W., Stein D.G. Progesterone protects against lipid peroxidation following traumatic brain injury in rats. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 1997, 31:1-11.
122. Rosenfeld M.R., Chamberlain M.C., Grossman S.A., Peereboom D.M., Lesser G.J., Batchelor T.T., Desideri S., Salazar A.M., Ye X. A multi-institution phase II study of poly-ICLC and radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide in adults with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Neuro. Oncol. 2010, 12:1071-1077.
123. Sano T., Izuishi K., Hossain M.A., Kakinoki K., Okano K., Masaki T., Suzuki Y. Protective effect of lipopolysaccharide preconditioning in hepatic ischaemia reperfusion injury. HPB (Oxford) 2010, 12:538-545.
124. Sano T., Izuishi K., Hossain M.A., Inoue T., Kakinoki K., Hagiike M., Okano K., Masaki T., Suzuki Y. Hepatic preconditioning using lipopolysaccharide: association with specific negative regulators of the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. Transplantation 2011, 91:1082-1089.
125. Selzner N., Rudiger H., Graf R., Clavien P.A. Protective strategies against ischemic injury of the liver. Gastroenterology 2003, 125:917-936.
126. Seneviratne A.N., Sivagurunathan B., Monaco C. Toll-like receptors and macrophage activation in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta. 2012, 413(1-2):3-14.
127. Sharma V., Bell R.M., Yellon D.M. Targeting reperfusion injury in acute myocardial infarction: a review of reperfusion injury pharmacotherapy. Expert. Opin. Pharmacother. 2012, 13:1153-1175.
128. Shih H.C., Huang M.S., Lee C.H. Estrogen augments the protection of hypertonic saline treatment from mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shock 2011, 35:302-307.
129. Shimamoto A., Chong A.J., Yada M., Shomura S., Takayama H., Fleisig A.J., Agnew M.L., Hampton C.R., Rothnie C.L., Spring D.J., Pohlman T.H., Shimpo H., Verrier E.D. Inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 with eritoran attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Circulation 2006, 114:I270-I274.
130. Shin T., Kuboki S., Lentsch A.B. Roles of nuclear factor-kappaB in postischemic liver. Hepatol. Res. 2008, 38:429-440.
131. Sironi L., Gelosa P., Guerrini U., Banfi C., Crippa V., Brioschi M., Gianazza E., Nobili E., Gianella A., De Gasparo M., Tremoli E. Anti-inflammatory effects of AT1 receptor blockade provide end-organ protection in stroke-prone rats independently from blood pressure fall. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2004, 311:989-995.
132. Steptoe A., Brydon L. Emotional triggering of cardiac events. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2009, 33:63-70.
133. Stevens S.L., Leung P.Y., Vartanian K.B., Gopalan B., Yang T., Simon R.P., Stenzel-Poore M.P. Multiple preconditioning paradigms converge on interferon regulatory factor-dependent signaling to promote tolerance to ischemic brain injury. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:8456-8463.
134. Takeda K., Akira S. Toll-like receptors in innate immunity. Int. Immunol. 2005, 17:1-14.
135. Teng W., Wang L., Xue W., Guan C. Activation of TLR4-mediated NFkappaB signaling in hemorrhagic brain in rats. Mediators Inflamm. 2009, 2009:473276.
136. Thomas J.A., Tsen M.F., White D.J., Horton J.W. TLR4 inactivation and rBPI(21) block burn-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2002, 283:H1645-H1655.
137. Topkara V.K., Evans S., Zhang W., Epelman S., Staloch L., Barger P.M., Mann D.L. Therapeutic targeting of innate immunity in the failing heart. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2011, 51:594-599.
138. Tsoulfas G., Takahashi Y., Ganster R.W., Yagnik G., Guo Z., Fung J.J., Murase N., Geller D.A. Activation of the lipopolysaccharide signaling pathway in hepatic transplantation preservation injury. Transplantation 2002, 74:7-13.
139. Tsung A., Hoffman R.A., Izuishi K., Critchlow N.D., Nakao A., Chan M.H., Lotze M.T., Geller D.A., Billiar T.R. Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury involves functional TLR4 signaling in nonparenchymal cells. J. Immunol. 2005, 175:7661-7668.
140. Tu X.K., Yang W.Z., Shi S.S., Chen Y., Wang C.H., Chen C.M., Chen Z. Baicalin inhibits TLR2/4 signaling pathway in rat brain following permanent cerebral ischemia. Inflammation 2011, 34:463-470.
141. Uehara T., Bennett B., Sakata S.T., Satoh Y., Bilter G.K., Westwick J.K., Brenner D.A. JNK mediates hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury. J. Hepatol. 2005, 42:850-859.
142. Van Kooyk Y., Geijtenbeek T.B. DC-SIGN: escape mechanism for pathogens. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2003, 3:697-709.
143. Varagic J., Frohlich E.D., Susic D., Ahn J., Matavelli L., Lopez B., Diez J. AT1 receptor antagonism attenuates target organ effects of salt excess in SHRs without affecting pressure. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2008, 294:H853-H858.
144. Vega V.L., De Maio A. Geldanamycin treatment ameliorates the response to LPS in murine macrophages by decreasing CD14 surface expression. Mol. Biol. Cell 2003, 14:764-773.
145. Wang E., Feng Y., Zhang M., Zou L., Li Y., Buys E.S., Huang P., Brouckaert P., Chao W. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling confers cardiac protection against ischemic injury via inducible nitric oxide synthase- and soluble guanylate cyclase-dependent mechanisms. Anesthesiology 2011, 114:603-613.
146. Wang R.P., Yao Q., Xiao Y.B., Zhu S.B., Yang L., Feng J.M., Li D.Z., Li X.L., Wu J.J., Chen J. Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway is involved in myocardial injury in a rat chronic stress model. Stress 2011, 14:567-575.
147. Wang Z., Zuo G., Shi X.Y., Zhang J., Fang Q., Chen G. Progesterone administration modulates cortical TLR4/NF-kappaB signaling pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in male rats. Mediators Inflamm. 2011, 2011:848309.
148. White D.J., Carlson D., Ordway G.A., Horton J.W. Protective role of heat stress in burn trauma. Crit. Care Med. 2004, 32:1338-1345.
149. Wolfs T.G., Buurman W.A., Van Schadewijk A., De Vries B., Daemen M.A., Hiemstra P.S., Van 'T Veer C. In vivo expression of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 by renal epithelial cells: IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mediated up-regulation during inflammation. J. Immunol. 2002, 168:1286-1293.
150. Xia S.H., Fang D.C. Pharmacological action and mechanisms of ginkgolide B. Chin. Med. J. (Engl) 2007, 120:922-928.
151. Yamashita M., Nakayama T. Progress in allergy signal research on mast cells: regulation of allergic airway inflammation through toll-like receptor 4-mediated modification of mast cell function. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2008, 106:332-335.
152. Yang J., Jiang H., Ding J.W., Chen L.H., Li S., Zhang X.D. Valsartan preconditioning protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through TLR4/NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2009, 330:39-46.
153. Youn H.S., Lee J.K., Choi Y.J., Saitoh S.I., Miyake K., Hwang D.H., Lee J.Y. Cinnamaldehyde suppresses toll-like receptor 4 activation mediated through the inhibition of receptor oligomerization. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2008, 75:494-502.
154. Zacharowski K., Frank S., Otto M., Chatterjee P.K., Cuzzocrea S., Hafner G., Pfeilschifter J., Thiemermann C. Lipoteichoic acid induces delayed protection in the rat heart: A comparison with endotoxin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000, 20(6):1521-1528. (Jun).
155. Zanotti G., Casiraghi M., Abano J.B., Tatreau J.R., Sevala M., Berlin H., Smyth S., Funkhouser W.K., Burridge K., Randell S.H., Egan T.M. Novel critical role of Toll-like receptor 4 in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and edema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009, 297:L52-L63.
156. Zhai Y., Shen X.D., O'Connell R., Gao F., Lassman C., Busuttil R.W., Cheng G., Kupiec-Weglinski J.W. Cutting edge: TLR4 activation mediates liver ischemia/reperfusion inflammatory response via IFN regulatory factor 3-dependent MyD88-independent pathway. J. Immunol. 2004, 173:7115-7119.
157. Zhai Y., Qiao B., Shen X.D., Gao F., Busuttil R.W., Cheng G., Platt J.L., Volk H.D., Kupiec-Weglinski J.W. Evidence for the pivotal role of endogenous toll-like receptor 4 ligands in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury. Transplantation 2008, 85:1016-1022.
158. Zhang Z.J., Wang Z., Zhang X.Y., Ying K., Liu J.X., Wang Y.Y. Gene expression profile induced by oral administration of baicalin and gardenin after focal brain ischemia in rats. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2005, 26:307-314.
159. Zhang W.H., Li J.Y., Zhou Y. Melatonin abates liver ischemia/reperfusion injury by improving the balance between nitric oxide and endothelin. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 2006, 5:574-579.
160. Zhang Z.H., Yu Y., Wei S.G., Felder R.B. Centrally administered lipopolysaccharide elicits sympathetic excitation via NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. J. Hypertens. 2010, 28:806-816.
161. Zhu X., Zhao H., Graveline A.R., Buys E.S., Schmidt U., Bloch K.D., Rosenzweig A., Chao W. MyD88 and NOS2 are essential for toll-like receptor 4-mediated survival effect in cardiomyocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2006, 291:H1900-H1909.
162. Ziegler G., Freyer D., Harhausen D., Khojasteh U., Nietfeld W., Trendelenburg G. Blocking TLR2 in vivo protects against accumulation of inflammatory cells and neuronal injury in experimental stroke. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2011, 31:757-766.
163. Zucker I.H., Schultz H.D., Patel K.P., Wang W., Gao L. Regulation of central angiotensin type 1 receptors and sympathetic outflow in heart failure. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2009, 297:H1557-H1566.