Pathogenesis and diagnosis of myocarditis

Heart

Volumn 98, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 835-840

  Elamm, Chantal ^a   Fairweather, DeLisa ^b   Cooper, Leslie T ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^b The Johns Hopkins University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINO TERMINAL PRO BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; AUTOANTIBODY; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; CYTOKINE; FAS LIGAND; INFLAMMASOME; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; TESTOSTERONE; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TROPONIN I; TROPONIN T; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

CARDIAC IMAGING; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART MUSCLE BIOPSY; HEART MUSCLE INJURY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INNATE IMMUNITY; MYOCARDITIS; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEROLOGY; VIRUS MYOCARDITIS;

ALGORITHMS; ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BIOPSY; CARDIOMYOPATHY, DILATED; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DISEASE PROGRESSION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MYOCARDITIS; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE, BRAIN; PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SEX DISTRIBUTION; TROPONIN I; TROPONIN T;

EID: 84861233976     PISSN: 13556037     EISSN: 1468201X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-301686     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Cooper LT Jr. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1526-38.
2. Blauwet L, Cooper LT. Myocarditis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2010;52:274-88.
3. Hahn EA, Hartz VL, Moon TE, et al. The Myocarditis Treatment Trial: design, methods and patients enrollment. Eur Heart J 1995;16(Suppl O):162-7. (Pubitemid 26082371)
4. Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, et al. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980-2006. Circulation 2009;119:1085-92.
5. Gupta S, Markham DW, Drazner MH, et al. Fulminant myocarditis. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2008;5:693-706.
6. Kuhl U, Pauschinger M, Seeberg B, et al. Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction. Circulation 2005;112:1965-70. (Pubitemid 41377415)
7. Cihakova D, Sharma RB, Fairweather D, et al. Animal models for autoimmune myocarditis and autoimmune thyroiditis. Methods Mol Med 2004;102:175-93.
8. Yajima T, Knowlton KU. Viral myocarditis from the perspective of the virus. Circulation 2009;119:2615-24.
9. Fairweather D, Frisancho-Kiss S, Gatewood S, et al. Mast cells and innate cytokines are associated with susceptibility to autoimmune heart disease following coxsackievirus B3 infection. Autoimmunity 2004;37:131-45. (Pubitemid 38594277)
10. Frisancho-Kiss S, Davis SE, Nyland JF, et al. Cutting edge: cross-regulation by TLR4 and T cell Ig mucin-3 determines sex differences in inflammatory heart disease. J Immunol 2007;178:6710-14. (Pubitemid 46847392)
11. Lane JR, Neumann DA, Lafond-Walker A, et al. Interleukin 1 or tumor necrosis factor can promote caxsackievirus B-3-induced myocarditis in resistant B10.A mice. J Exp Med 1992;175:1123-9.
12. Zhang P, Cox CJ, Alvarez KM, et al. Cutting edge: cardiac myosin activates innate immune responses through TLRs. J Immunol 2009;183:27-31.
13. Mann DL. The emerging role of innate immunity in the heart and vascular system: for whom the cell tolls. Circ Res 2011;108:1133-45.
14. Vallejo JG. Role of Toll-like receptors in cardiovascular diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011;121:1-10.
15. Satoh M, Nakamura M, Akatsu T, et al. Expression of Toll-like receptor 4 is associated with enteroviral replication in human myocarditis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003;104:577-84. (Pubitemid 36713847)
16. Fairweather D, Yusung S, Frisancho S, et al. IL-12Rβ1 and TLR4 increase IL-1β and IL-18-associated myocarditis and coxsackievirus replication. J Immunol 2003;170:4731-7. (Pubitemid 36519981)
17. Nishikubo K, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Tamaki S, et al. Th1-type immune responses by Toll-like receptor 4 signaling are required for the development of myocarditis in mice with BCG-induced myocarditis. J Autoimmun 2007;29:146-53. (Pubitemid 47385115)
18. Riad A, Westermann D, Zietsch C, et al. TRIF is a critical survival factor in viral cardiomyopathy. J Immunol 2011;186:2561-70.
19. Riad A, Westermann D, Escher F, et al. Myeloid differentiation factor-88 contributes to TLR9-mediated modulation of acute coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis in vivo. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010;298:H2024-31.
20. Abston ED, Coronado MJ, Bucek A, et al. Th2 regulation of viral myocarditis in mice: different roles for TLR3 vs. TRIF progression chronic disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2012;2012:129486.
21. Herskowitz A, Wolfgram LJ, Rose NR, et al. Coxsackievirus B3 murine myocarditis: a pathologic spectrum of myocarditis in genetically defined inbred strains. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;9:1311-19. (Pubitemid 17083530)
22. Onyimba JA, Coronado MJ, Garton AE, et al. The innate immune response to coxsackievirus B3 predicts progression to cardiovascular disease and heart failure in male mice. Biol Sex Differ 2011;2:2.
23. Huber SA, Job LP. Cellular immune mechanisms in Coxsackievirus group B, type 3 induced myocarditis in Balb/C mice. Adv Exp Med Biol 1983;161:491-508.
24. Cihakova D, Barin JG, Afanasyeva M, et al. Interleukin-13 protects against experimental autoimmune myocarditis by regulating macrophage differentiation. Am J Pathol 2008;172:1195-208. (Pubitemid 351671534)
25. Fairweather D, Kaya Z, Shellam GR, et al. From infection to autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2001;16:175-86. (Pubitemid 32566105)
26. Huber S, Shi C, Budd RC. Gammadelta T cells promote a Th1 response during coxsackievirus B3 infection in vivo: role of Fas and Fas ligand. J Virol 2002;76:6487-94. (Pubitemid 34633514)
27. Huber SA. γδ T lymphocytes kill T regulatory cells through CD1d. Immunology 2010;131:202-9.
28. Frisancho-Kiss S, Coronado MJ, Frisancho JA, et al. Gonadectomy of male BALB/c mice increases Tim-3(+) alternatively activated M2 macrophages, Tim-3(+) T cells, Th2 cells and Treg in the heart during acute coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis. Brain Behav immun 2009;23:649-57.
29. Blyszczuk P, Kania G, Dieterle T, et al. Myeloid differentiation factor-88/interleukin-1 signaling controls cardiac fibrosis and heart failure progression in inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 2009;105:912-20.
30. Fairweather D, Frisancho-Kiss S, Yusung SA, et al. Interferon-gamma protects against chronic viral myocarditis by reducing mast cell degranulation, fibrosis, and the profibrotic cytokines transforming growth factor-beta 1, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-4 in the heart. Am J Pathol 2004;165:1883-94. (Pubitemid 39578368)
31. Fairweather D, Frisancho-Kiss S, Njoku DB, et al. Complement receptor 1 and 2 deficiency increases coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure by increasing macrophages, IL-1beta, and immune complex deposition in the heart. J Immunol 2006;176:3516-24. (Pubitemid 43363999)
32. Baldeviano G, Barin J, Talor M, et al. Interleukin-17A is dispensable for myocarditis but essential for the progression to dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 2010;106:1646-55.
33. Frisancho-Kiss S, Nyland JF, Davis SE, et al. Cutting Edge: T cell Ig mucin-3 reduces inflammatory heart disease by increasing CTLA-4 during innate immunity. J Immunol 2006;176:6411-15. (Pubitemid 43787822)
34. Fairweather D, Cihakova D. Alternatively activated macrophages in infection and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2009;33:222-30.
35. Fairweather D, Rose NR. Coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis in mice: a model of autoimmune disease for studying immunotoxicity. Methods 2007;41:118-22. (Pubitemid 44855640)
36. Cihakova D, Rose N. Pathogenesis of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Adv Immunol 2009;99:95-114.
37. Cain BS, Meldrum DR, Dinarello CA, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta synergistically depress human myocardial function. Crit Care Med 1999;27:1309-18. (Pubitemid 29379369)
38. Noutsias M, Rohde M, Goldner K, et al. Expression of functional T-cell markers and T-cell receptor Vbeta repertoire in endomyocardial biopsies from patients presenting with acute myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13:611-18.
39. Huber SA. CD1d expression on hemopoietic cells promotes CD4+ Th1 response in coxsackievirus B3 induced myocarditis. Virology 2006;352:226-36. (Pubitemid 44142687)
40. Yuan J, Cao AL, Yu M, et al. Th17 cells facilitate the humoral immune response in patients with acute viral myocarditis. J clin immunol 2010;30:226-34.
41. Afanasyeva M, Wang Y, Kaya Z, et al. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis in A/J mice is an interleukin-4-dependent disease with a Th2 phenotype. Am J Pathol 2001;159:193-203. (Pubitemid 33704204)
42. Nussinovitch U, Shoenfeld Y. Autoimmunity and heart diseases: pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009;57:95-104.
43. Lenzo JC, Fairweather D, Cull V, et al. Characterisation of murine cytomegalovirus myocarditis: cellular infiltration of the heart and virus persistence. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002;34:629-40. (Pubitemid 35222848)
44. Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM, et al. The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American heart association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. Circulation 2007;116:2216-33. (Pubitemid 350060359)
45. Yilmaz A, Kindermann I, Kindermann M, et al. Comparative evaluation of left and right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy: differences in complication rate and diagnostic performance. Circulation 2010;122:900-9.
46. Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD, et al. Myocarditis. A histopathologic definition and classification. Am J Cardiovasc Pathol 1987;1:3-14.
47. Baughman KL. Diagnosis of myocarditis: death of Dallas criteria. Circulation 2006;113:593-5.
48. Hauck AJ, Kearney DL, Edwards WD. Evaluation of postmortem endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 38 patients with lymphocytic myocarditis: implications for role of sampling error. Mayo Clin Proc 1989;64:1235-45. (Pubitemid 20005759)
49. Wojnicz R, Nowalany-Kozielska E, Wodniecki J, et al. Immunohistological diagnosis of myocarditis. Potential role of sarcolemmal induction of the MHC and ICAM-1 in the detection of autoimmune mediated myocyte injury. Eur Heart J 1998;19:1564-72. (Pubitemid 28470479)
50. Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Kandolf R, et al. Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis. Circulation 2008;118:639-48.
51. Heidecker B, Kittleson M, Kasper EK, et al. Transcriptomic biomarkers for the accurate diagnosis of myocarditis. Circulation 2011;123:1174-84.
52. Smith RR, Barile L, Cho HC, et al. Regenerative potential of cardiosphere-derived cells expanded from percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy specimen. Circulation 2007;115:896-908. (Pubitemid 46294730)
53. Miller WL, Hartman KA, Burritt MF, et al. Troponin, B-type natriuretic peptides and outcomes in severe heart failure: differences between ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathies. Clin Cardiol 2007;30:245-50. (Pubitemid 46802326)
54. Lauer B, Niederau C, Kühl U, et al. Cardiac troponin T in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1354-9. (Pubitemid 27501457)
55. Smith SC, Ladenson JH, Mason JW, et al. Elevations of cardiac troponin I associated with myocarditis. Experimental and clinical correlates. Circulation 1997;95:163-8. (Pubitemid 27029958)
56. Chen WC, Tran KD, Maisel AS. Biomarkers in heart failure. Heart 2010;96:314-20.
57. Grabowski M, Karpinski G, J Filipiak K, et al. Diagnostic value of BNP in suspected perimyocarditisea preliminary report (In Polish). Kardiol Pol 2004;61:451-8; discussion 459-60.
58. Ogawa T, Veinot JP, Kuroski de Bold ML, et al. Angiotensin II receptor antagonism reverts the selective cardiac BNP upregulation and secretion observed in myocarditis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008;294:H2596-603.
59. Fuse K, Kodama M, Okura Y, et al. Predictors of disease course in patients with acute myocarditis. Circulation 2000;102:2829-35.
60. Seko Y, Kayagaki N, Seino K, et al. Role of Fas/FasL pathway in the activation of infiltrating cells in murine acute myocarditis caused by Coxsackievirus B3. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1399-403. (Pubitemid 34297884)
61. Nishii M, Inomata T, Takehana H, et al. Serum levels of interleukin-10 on admission as a prognostic predictor of human fulminant myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:1292-7. (Pubitemid 39208887)
62. Anker SD, von Haehling S. Inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure: an overview. Heart 2004;90:464-70. (Pubitemid 38406929)
63. Calabrese F, Carturan E, Chimenti C, et al. Overexpression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and TNFalpha receptor I in human viral myocarditis: clinicopathologic correlations. Mod Pathol 2004;17:1108-18. (Pubitemid 39128237)
64. Lauer B, Schannwell M, Kühl U, et al. Antimyosin autoantibodies are associated with deterioration of systolic and.diastolic left ventricular function in patients with chronic myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:11-18. (Pubitemid 30061253)
65. Störk S, Boivin V, Horf R, et al. Stimulating autoantibodies directed against the cardiac beta1-adrenergic receptor predict increased mortality in idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 2006;152:697-704. (Pubitemid 44396891)
66. Neumann DA, Burek CL, Baughman KL, et al. Circulating heart-reactive antibodies in patients with myocarditis or cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:839-46. (Pubitemid 20353403)
67. Li Y, Heuser JS, Cunningham LC, et al. Mimicry and antibody-mediated cell signaling in autoimmune myocarditis. J Immunol 2006;177:8234-40. (Pubitemid 44846345)
68. Röhrer C, Gärtner B, Sauerbrei A, et al. Seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 in the German population. Epidemiol Infect 2008;136:1564-75.
69. Modrow S, Dorsch S. Antibody responses in parvovirus B19 infected patients. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2002;50:326-31. (Pubitemid 34680094)
70. Mahfoud F, Gartner B, Kindermann M, et al. Virus serology in patients with suspected myocarditis: utility or futility? Eur Heart J 2011;32:897-903.
71. Morgera T, Di Lenarda A, Dreas L, et al. Electrocardiography of myocarditis revisited: clinical and prognostic significance of electrocardiographic changes. Am Heart J 1992;124:455-67.
72. Nakashima H, Honda Y, Katayama T. Serial electrocardiographic findings in acute myocarditis. Intern Med 1994;33:659-66.
73. Magnani JW, Dec GW. Myocarditis: current trends in diagnosis and treatment. Circulation 2006;113:876-90.
74. Mendes LA, Dec GW, Picard MH, et al. Right ventricular dysfunction: an independent predictor of adverse outcome in patients with myocarditis. Am Heart J 1994;128:301-7. (Pubitemid 24259154)
75. Felker GM, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH, et al. Echocardiographic findings in fulminant and acute myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:227-32. (Pubitemid 30466138)
76. Hunold P, Schlosser T, Vogt FM, et al. Myocardial late enhancement in contrastenhanced cardiac MRI: distinction between infarction scar and non-infarction-related disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;184:1420-6. (Pubitemid 43821809)
77. Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC White Paper. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1475-87.
78. Goitein O, Matetzky S, Beinart R, et al. Acute myocarditis: noninvasive evaluation with cardiac MRI and transthoracic echocardiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;192:254-8.
79. Hundley WG, Bluemke DA, Finn JP, et al. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 Expert Consensus Document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on expert Consensus Documents. Circulation 2010;121:2462-508.
80. Baccouche H, Mahrholdt H, Meinhardt G, et al. Diagnostic synergy of non-invasive cardiovascular magnetic resonance and invasive endomyocardial biopsy in troponinpositive patients without coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2009;30:2869-79.
81. Monney PA, Sekhri N, Burchell T, et al. Acute myocarditis presenting as acute coronary syndrome: role of early cardiac magnetic resonance in its diagnosis. Heart 2011;97:1312-18.