Multifunctional gold nanoparticles for diagnosis and therapy of disease

Molecular Pharmaceutics

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 831-847

  Mieszawska, Aneta J ^a   Mulder, Willem J M ^a,b   Fayad, Zahi A ^a   Cormode, David P ^c  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

diagnostics; gold; imaging; multimodality; nanoparticles; theranostics

Indexed keywords

ARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID; CAPECITABINE; CISPLATIN; CONTRAST MEDIUM; CYCLODEXTRIN; DOXORUBICIN; GOLD; GOLD NANOPARTICLE; LIPOSOME; NANOSHELL; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AGENT; PACLITAXEL; RHODAMINE B; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; SULFUR;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; COVALENT BOND; CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG CONJUGATION; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; IMAGING; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; LIVER CANCER; NONHUMAN; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTUM YIELD; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; REVIEW; RNA INTERFERENCE; SYNTHESIS;

EID: 84874623578     PISSN: 15438384     EISSN: 15438392     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/mp3005885     Document Type: Review

References (234)

1. Biju, V.; Itoh, T.; Anas, A.; Sujith, A.; Ishikawa, M. Semiconductor quantum dots and metal nanoparticles: syntheses, optical properties, and biological applications Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2008, 391 (7) 2469-95
2. Sau, T. K.; Rogach, A. L. Nonspherical noble metal nanoparticles: colloid-chemical synthesis and morphology control Adv. Mater. 2010, 22 (16) 1781-804
3. Tokonami, S.; Yamamoto, Y.; Shiigi, H.; Nagaoka, T. Synthesis and bioanalytical applications of specific-shaped metallic nanostructures: a review Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 716, 76-91
4. Lu, Y.; Chen, W. Sub-nanometre sized metal clusters: from synthetic challenges to the unique property discoveries Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41 (9) 3594-623
5. Payne, E. K.; Shuford, K. L.; Park, S.; Schatz, G. C.; Mirkin, C. A. Multipole plasmon resonances in gold nanorods J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110 (5) 2150-4
6. Hu, M.; Petrova, H.; Chen, J.; McLellan, J. M.; Siekkinen, A. R.; Marquez, M.; Li, X.; Xia, Y.; Hartland, G. V. Ultrafast laser studies of the photothermal properties of gold nanocages J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110 (4) 1520-4
7. Fleischer, M.; Zhang, D.; Braun, K.; Jager, S.; Ehlich, R.; Haffner, M.; Stanciu, C.; Horber, J. K.; Meixner, A. J.; Kern, D. P. Tailoring gold nanostructures for near-field optical applications Nanotechnology 2010, 21 (6) 065301
8. Kneipp, J.; Kneipp, H.; Rice, W. L.; Kneipp, K. Optical probes for biological applications based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering from indocyanine green on gold nanoparticles Anal. Chem. 2005, 77 (8) 2381-5
9. Stokes, R. J.; Macaskill, A.; Lundahl, P. J.; Smith, W. E.; Faulds, K.; Graham, D. Quantitative enhanced Raman scattering of labeled DNA from gold and silver nanoparticles Small 2007, 3 (9) 1593-601
10. Kneipp, J.; Li, X.; Sherwood, M.; Panne, U.; Kneipp, H.; Stockman, M. I.; Kneipp, K. Gold nanolenses generated by laser ablation-efficient enhancing structure for surface enhanced Raman scattering analytics and sensing Anal. Chem. 2008, 80 (11) 4247-51
11. Rycenga, M.; Wang, Z.; Gordon, E.; Cobley, C. M.; Schwartz, A. G.; Lo, C. S.; Xia, Y. Probing the photothermal effect of gold-based nanocages with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48 (52) 9924-7
12. El-Sayed, I. H.; Huang, X.; El-Sayed, M. A. Surface plasmon resonance scattering and absorption of anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles in cancer diagnostics: applications in oral cancer Nano Lett. 2005, 5 (5) 829-34
13. Galper, M. W.; Saung, M. T.; Fuster, V.; Roessl, E.; Thran, A.; Proksa, R.; Fayad, Z. A.; Cormode, D. P. Effect of computed tomography scanning parameters on gold nanoparticle and iodine contrast Invest. Radiol. 2012, 47 (8) 475-81
14. Liu, C. J.; Wang, C. H.; Chen, S. T.; Chen, H. H.; Leng, W. H.; Chien, C. C.; Wang, C. L.; Kempson, I. M.; Hwu, Y.; Lai, T. C.; Hsiao, M.; Yang, C. S.; Chen, Y. J.; Margaritondo, G. Enhancement of cell radiation sensitivity by pegylated gold nanoparticles Phys. Med. Biol. 2010, 55 (4) 931-45
15. Chen, X.; Chen, Y.; Yan, M.; Qiu, M. Nanosecond photothermal effects in plasmonic nanostructures ACS Nano 2012, 6 (3) 2550-7
16. Chen, H.; Shao, L.; Ming, T.; Sun, Z.; Zhao, C.; Yang, B.; Wang, J. Understanding the photothermal conversion efficiency of gold nanocrystals Small 2010, 6 (20) 2272-80
17. Huang, X.; Kang, B.; Qian, W.; Mackey, M. A.; Chen, P. C.; Oyelere, A. K.; El-Sayed, I. H.; El-Sayed, M. A. Comparative study of photothermolysis of cancer cells with nuclear-targeted or cytoplasm-targeted gold nanospheres: continuous wave or pulsed lasers J. Biomed. Opt. 2010, 15 (5) 058002
18. Chen, L. C.; Wei, C. W.; Souris, J. S.; Cheng, S. H.; Chen, C. T.; Yang, C. S.; Li, P. C.; Lo, L. W. Enhanced photoacoustic stability of gold nanorods by silica matrix confinement J. Biomed. Opt. 2010, 15 (1) 016010
19. Emelianov, S. Y.; Li, P. C.; O'Donnell, M. Photoacoustics for molecular imaging and therapy Phys. Today 2009, 62 (8) 34-39
20. Yang, X.; Stein, E. W.; Ashkenazi, S.; Wang, L. V. Nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2009, 1 (4) 360-8
21. Kuo, W. S.; Chang, Y. T.; Cho, K. C.; Chiu, K. C.; Lien, C. H.; Yeh, C. S.; Chen, S. J. Gold nanomaterials conjugated with indocyanine green for dual-modality photodynamic and photothermal therapy Biomaterials 2012, 33 (11) 3270-8
22. Young, J. K.; Figueroa, E. R.; Drezek, R. A. Tunable nanostructures as photothermal theranostic agents Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2012, 40 (2) 438-59
23. Rejiya, C. S.; Kumar, J.; Raji, V.; Vibin, M.; Abraham, A. Laser immunotherapy with gold nanorods causes selective killing of tumour cells Pharmacol. Res. 2012, 65 (2) 261-9
24. Samim, M.; Prashant, C. K.; Dinda, A. K.; Maitra, A. N.; Arora, I. Synthesis and characterization of gold nanorods and their application for photothermal cell damage Int. J. Nanomed. 2011, 6, 1825-31
25. Choi, W. I.; Sahu, A.; Kim, Y. H.; Tae, G. Photothermal cancer therapy and imaging based on gold nanorods Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2012, 40 (2) 534-46
26. Gormley, A. J.; Greish, K.; Ray, A.; Robinson, R.; Gustafson, J. A.; Ghandehari, H. Gold nanorod mediated plasmonic photothermal therapy: a tool to enhance macromolecular delivery Int. J. Pharm. 2011, 415 (1-2) 315-8
27. Ye, E.; Win, K. Y.; Tan, H. R.; Lin, M.; Teng, C. P.; Mlayah, A.; Han, M. Y. Plasmonic gold nanocrosses with multidirectional excitation and strong photothermal effect J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133 (22) 8506-9
28. Choi, W. I.; Kim, J. Y.; Kang, C.; Byeon, C. C.; Kim, Y. H.; Tae, G. Tumor regression in vivo by photothermal therapy based on gold-nanorod-loaded, functional nanocarriers ACS Nano 2011, 5 (3) 1995-2003
29. Ke, H.; Wang, J.; Dai, Z.; Jin, Y.; Qu, E.; Xing, Z.; Guo, C.; Yue, X.; Liu, J. Gold-nanoshelled microcapsules: a theranostic agent for ultrasound contrast imaging and photothermal therapy Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50 (13) 3017-21
30. Kirui, D. K.; Krishnan, S.; Strickland, A. D.; Batt, C. A. PAA-derived gold nanorods for cellular targeting and photothermal therapy Macromol. Biosci. 2011, 11 (6) 779-88
31. Goodrich, G. P.; Bao, L.; Gill-Sharp, K.; Sang, K. L.; Wang, J.; Payne, J. D. Photothermal therapy in a murine colon cancer model using near-infrared absorbing gold nanorods J. Biomed. Opt. 2010, 15 (1) 018001
32. Gobin, A. M.; Watkins, E. M.; Quevedo, E.; Colvin, V. L.; West, J. L. Near-infrared-resonant gold/gold sulfide nanoparticles as a photothermal cancer therapeutic agent Small 2010, 6 (6) 745-52
33. Kirui, D. K.; Rey, D. A.; Batt, C. A. Gold hybrid nanoparticles for targeted phototherapy and cancer imaging Nanotechnology 2010, 21 (10) 105105
34. Dickerson, E. B.; Dreaden, E. C.; Huang, X.; El-Sayed, I. H.; Chu, H.; Pushpanketh, S.; McDonald, J. F.; El-Sayed, M. A. Gold nanorod assisted near-infrared plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) of squamous cell carcinoma in mice Cancer Lett. 2008, 269 (1) 57-66
35. Ramos, J.; Rege, K. Transgene delivery using poly(amino ether)-gold nanorod assemblies Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012, 109 (5) 1336-46
36. Zhang, W.; Meng, J.; Ji, Y.; Li, X.; Kong, H.; Wu, X.; Xu, H. Inhibiting metastasis of breast cancer cells in vitro using gold nanorod-siRNA delivery system Nanoscale 2011, 3 (9) 3923-32
37. Kong, W. H.; Bae, K. H.; Jo, S. D.; Kim, J. S.; Park, T. G. Cationic lipid-coated gold nanoparticles as efficient and non-cytotoxic intracellular siRNA delivery vehicles Pharm. Res. 2012, 29 (2) 362-74
38. Bonoiu, A. C.; Bergey, E. J.; Ding, H.; Hu, R.; Kumar, R.; Yong, K. T.; Prasad, P. N.; Mahajan, S.; Picchione, K. E.; Bhattacharjee, A.; Ignatowski, T. A. Gold nanorod-siRNA induces efficient in vivo gene silencing in the rat hippocampus Nanomedicine 2011, 6 (4) 617-30
39. Kim, E. Y.; Schulz, R.; Swantek, P.; Kunstman, K.; Malim, M. H.; Wolinsky, S. M. Gold nanoparticle-mediated gene delivery induces widespread changes in the expression of innate immunity genes Gene Ther. 2012, 19 (3) 347-53
40. Lee, S. K.; Han, M. S.; Asokan, S.; Tung, C. H. Effective gene silencing by multilayered siRNA-coated gold nanoparticles Small 2011, 7 (3) 364-70
41. Kim, D. W.; Kim, J. H.; Park, M.; Yeom, J. H.; Go, H.; Kim, S.; Han, M. S.; Lee, K.; Bae, J. Modulation of biological processes in the nucleus by delivery of DNA oligonucleotides conjugated with gold nanoparticles Biomaterials 2011, 32 (10) 2593-604
42. Guo, S.; Huang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Sun, Y.; Deng, L.; Liang, Z.; Du, Q.; Xing, J.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, P. C.; Dong, A.; Liang, X. J. Enhanced gene delivery and siRNA silencing by gold nanoparticles coated with charge-reversal polyelectrolyte ACS Nano 2010, 4 (9) 5505-11
43. Kirkland-York, S.; Zhang, Y.; Smith, A. E.; York, A. W.; Huang, F.; McCormick, C. L. Tailored design of Au nanoparticle-siRNA carriers utilizing reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymers Biomacromolecules 2010, 11 (4) 1052-9
44. Song, W. J.; Du, J. Z.; Sun, T. M.; Zhang, P. Z.; Wang, J. Gold nanoparticles capped with polyethyleneimine for enhanced siRNA delivery Small 2010, 6 (2) 239-46
45. Bonoiu, A. C.; Mahajan, S. D.; Ding, H.; Roy, I.; Yong, K. T.; Kumar, R.; Hu, R.; Bergey, E. J.; Schwartz, S. A.; Prasad, P. N. Nanotechnology approach for drug addiction therapy: gene silencing using delivery of gold nanorod-siRNA nanoplex in dopaminergic neurons Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106 (14) 5546-50
46. Ghosh, P. S.; Kim, C. K.; Han, G.; Forbes, N. S.; Rotello, V. M. Efficient gene delivery vectors by tuning the surface charge density of amino acid-functionalized gold nanoparticles ACS Nano 2008, 2 (11) 2213-8
47. Shukla, R.; Chanda, N.; Zambre, A.; Upendran, A.; Katti, K.; Kulkarni, R. R.; Nune, S. K.; Casteel, S. W.; Smith, C. J.; Vimal, J.; Boote, E.; Robertson, J. D.; Kan, P.; Engelbrecht, H.; Watkinson, L. D.; Carmack, T. L.; Lever, J. R.; Cutler, C. S.; Caldwell, C.; Kannan, R.; Katti, K. V. Laminin receptor specific therapeutic gold nanoparticles (198AuNP-EGCg) show efficacy in treating prostate cancer Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 109 (31) 12426-31
48. http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/ DeviceApprovalsandClearances/510kClearances/ucm083781.htm.
49. http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/ DeviceApprovalsandClearances/510kClearances/ucm083784.htm.
50. Libutti, S. K.; Paciotti, G. F.; Byrnes, A. A.; Alexander, H. R., Jr.; Gannon, W. E.; Walker, M.; Seidel, G. D.; Yuldasheva, N.; Tamarkin, L. Phase I and pharmacokinetic studies of CYT-6091, a novel PEGylated colloidal gold-rhTNF nanomedicine Clin. Cancer Res. 2010, 16 (24) 6139-49
51. Pilot Study of AuroLase(tm) Therapy in Refractory and/or Recurrent Tumors of the Head and Neck. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00848042. Clinical trial identifier: NCT00848042.
52. Plasmonic Nanophotothermic Therapy of Atherosclerosis (NANOM). http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01270139. Clinical trial identifier: NCT01270139.
53. Plasmonic Photothermal and Stem Cell Therapy of Atherosclerosis Versus Biodegradable Stenting (NANOM2). http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01436123. Clinical trial identifier: NCT01436123.
54. von Maltzahn, G.; Park, J. H.; Agrawal, A.; Bandaru, N. K.; Das, S. K.; Sailor, M. J.; Bhatia, S. N. Computationally guided photothermal tumor therapy using long-circulating gold nanorod antennas Cancer Res. 2009, 69 (9) 3892-900
55. Heo, D. N.; Yang, D. H.; Moon, H. J.; Lee, J. B.; Bae, M. S.; Lee, S. C.; Lee, W. J.; Sun, I. C.; Kwon, I. K. Gold nanoparticles surface-functionalized with paclitaxel drug and biotin receptor as theranostic agents for cancer therapy Biomaterials 2012, 33 (3) 856-66
56. Brust, M.; Walker, M.; Bethell, D.; Schiffrin, D. J.; Whyman, R. Synthesis of thiol-derivatised gold nanoparticles in a two-phase liquid-liquid system Chem. Commun. 1994, 801-802
57. Turkevich, J.; Stevenson, P. C.; Hillier, J. A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal gold Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1951, 11, 55-75
58. Frens, G. Controlled nulceation for regulation of particle size in monodisperse gold suspensions Nat. Phys. Sci. 1973, 241 (105) 20-2
59. Hostetler, M. J.; Wingate, J. E.; Zhong, C. J.; Harris, J. E.; Vachet, R. W.; Clark, M. R.; Londono, J. D.; Green, S. J.; Stokes, J. J.; Wignall, G. D.; Glish, G. L.; Porter, M. D.; Evans, N. D.; Murray, R. W. Alkanethiolate gold cluster molecules with core diameters from 1.5 to 5.2 nm: core and monolayer properties as a function of core size Langmuir 1998, 14, 17-30
60. Mulder, W. J. M.; Strijkers, G. J.; Van Tilborg, G. A. F.; Cormode, D. P.; Fayad, Z. A.; Nicolay, K. Nanoparticulate assemblies of amphiphiles and diagnostically active materials for multimodality imaging Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42 (7) 904-14
61. Panda, T.; Deepa, K. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2011, 11 (12) 10279-94
62. Chandran, S. P.; Chaudhary, M.; Pasricha, R.; Ahmad, A.; Sastry, M. Synthesis of gold nanotriangles and silver nanoparticles using Aloe vera plant extract Biotechnol. Prog. 2006, 22 (2) 577-83
63. Firestone, M. A.; Dietz, M. L.; Seifert, S.; Trasobares, S.; Miller, D. J.; Zaluzec, N. J. Ionogel-templated synthesis and organization of anisotropic gold nanoparticles Small 2005, 1 (7) 754-60
64. Shankar, S. S.; Bhargava, S.; Sastry, M. Synthesis of gold nanospheres and nanotriangles by the Turkevich approach J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2005, 5 (10) 1721-7
65. Skrabalak, S. E.; Chen, J.; Sun, Y.; Lu, X.; Au, L.; Cobley, C. M.; Xia, Y. Gold nanocages: synthesis, properties, and applications Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41 (12) 1587-95
66. Yuan, H.; Khoury, C. G.; Hwang, H.; Wilson, C. M.; Grant, G. A.; Vo-Dinh, T. Gold nanostars: surfactant-free synthesis, 3D modelling, and two-photon photoluminescence imaging Nanotechnology 2012, 23 (7) 075102
67. Cormode, D. P.; Sanchez-Gaytan, B. L.; Mieszawska, A. J.; Fayad, Z. A.; Mulder, W. J. Inorganic nanocrystals as contrast agents in MRI: synthesis, coating and introduction of multifunctionality NMR Biomed. 2013, 10.1002/nbm.2909
68. Daniel, M.-C.; Astruc, D. Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293-346
69. Hostetler, M. J.; Green, S. J.; Stokes, J. J.; Murray, R. W. Monolayers in three dimensions: synthesis and electrochemistry of ω-functionalized alkanethiolate-stabilized gold cluster compounds J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4212-3
70. Cormode, D. P.; Skajaa, T.; Fayad, Z. A.; Mulder, W. J. M. Nanotechnology in medical imaging: probe design and applications Arterioscler., Thromb., Vasc. Biol. 2009, 29, 992-1000
71. Boca, S. C.; Astilean, S. Detoxification of gold nanorods by conjugation with thiolated poly(ethylene glycol) and their assessment as SERS-active carriers of Raman tags Nanotechnology 2010, 21 (23) 235601
72. Niidome, T.; Akiyama, Y.; Yamagata, M.; Kawano, T.; Mori, T.; Niidome, Y.; Katayama, Y. Poly(ethylene glycol)-modified gold nanorods as a photothermal nanodevice for hyperthermia J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed. 2009, 20 (9) 1203-15
73. Niidome, T.; Yamagata, M.; Okamoto, Y.; Akiyama, Y.; Takahashi, H.; Kawano, T.; Katayama, Y.; Niidome, Y. PEG-modified gold nanorods with a stealth character for in vivo applications J. Controlled Release 2006, 114 (3) 343-7
74. Yue, Y.; Liu, T. Y.; Li, H. W.; Liu, Z.; Wu, Y. Microwave-assisted synthesis of BSA-protected small gold nanoclusters and their fluorescence-enhanced sensing of silver(I) ions Nanoscale 2012, 4 (7) 2251-4
75. Vanderkooy, A.; Chen, Y.; Gonzaga, F.; Brook, M. A. Silica shell/gold core nanoparticles: correlating shell thickness with the plasmonic red shift upon aggregation ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3 (10) 3942-7
76. Kojima, C.; Hirano, Y.; Yuba, E.; Harada, A.; Kono, K. Preparation and characterization of complexes of liposomes with gold nanoparticles Colloids Surf., B: Biointerfaces 2008, 66 (2) 246-52
77. Aryal, S.; Pilla, S.; Gong, S. Multifunctional nano-micelles formed by amphiphilic gold-polycaprolactone-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (Au-PCL-MPEG) nanoparticles for potential drug delivery applications J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2009, 9 (10) 5701-8
78. Mieszawska, A. J.; Gianella, A.; Cormode, D. P.; Zhao, Y.; Meijerink, A.; Langer, R.; Farokhzad, O. C.; Fayad, Z. A.; Mulder, W. J. Engineering of lipid-coated PLGA nanoparticles with a tunable payload of diagnostically active nanocrystals for medical imaging Chem. Commun. 2012, 48 (47) 5835-7
79. Wang, H.; Zheng, L.; Guo, R.; Peng, C.; Shen, M.; Shi, X.; Zhang, G. Dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles as potential CT contrast agents for blood pool imaging Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2012, 7, 190
80. Peng, C.; Zheng, L.; Chen, Q.; Shen, M.; Guo, R.; Wang, H.; Cao, X.; Zhang, G.; Shi, X. PEGylated dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles for in vivo blood pool and tumor imaging by computed tomography Biomaterials 2012, 33 (4) 1107-19
81. Maeda, H.; Wu, J.; Sawa, T.; Matsumura, Y.; Hori, K. Tumor vascular permeability and the EPR effect in macromolecular therapeutics: a review J. Controlled Release 2000, 65, 271-284
82. Cormode, D. P.; Skajaa, T.; van Schooneveld, M. M.; Koole, R.; Jarzyna, P.; Lobatto, M. E.; Calcagno, C.; Barazza, A.; Gordon, R. E.; Zanzonico, P.; Fisher, E. A.; Fayad, Z. A.; Mulder, W. J. Nanocrystal core high-density lipoproteins: a multimodality contrast agent platform Nano Lett. 2008, 8 (11) 3715-23
83. Kumar, A.; Ma, H.; Zhang, X.; Huang, K.; Jin, S.; Liu, J.; Wei, T.; Cao, W.; Zou, G.; Liang, X. J. Gold nanoparticles functionalized with therapeutic and targeted peptides for cancer treatment Biomaterials 2012, 33 (4) 1180-9
84. Arifin, D. R.; Long, C. M.; Gilad, A. A.; Alric, C.; Roux, S.; Tillement, O.; Link, T. W.; Arepally, A.; Bulte, J. W. M. Trimodal gadolinium-gold microcapsules containing pancreatic islet cells restore normoglycemia in diabetic mice and can be tracked by using US, CT, and positive-contrast MR imaging Radiology 2011, 260 (3) 790-8
85. Cai, Q. Y.; Kim, S. H.; Choi, K. S.; Kim, S. Y.; Byun, S. J.; Kim, K. W.; Park, S. H.; Juhng, S. K.; Yoon, K. H. Colloidal gold nanoparticles as a blood-pool contrast agent for X-ray computed tomography in mice Invest. Radiol. 2007, 42 (12) 797-806
86. Hainfeld, J. F.; Slatkin, D. N.; Focella, T. M.; Smilowitz, H. M. Gold nanoparticles: a new X-ray contrast agent Br. J. Radiol. 2006, 79 (939) 248-53
87. Xu, C.; Tung, G. A.; Sun, S. Size and Concentration Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on X-ray Attenuation As Measured on Computed Tomography Chem. Mater. 2008, 20 (13) 4167-9
88. Kim, D.; Park, S.; Lee, J. H.; Jeong, Y. Y.; Jon, S. Antibiofouling polymer-coated gold nanoparticles as a contrast agent for in vivo X-ray computed tomography imaging J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129 (24) 7661-5
89. Menk, R. H.; Schultke, E.; Hall, C.; Arfelli, F.; Astolfo, A.; Rigon, L.; Round, A.; Ataelmannan, K.; MacDonald, S. R.; Juurlink, B. H. Gold nanoparticle labeling of cells is a sensitive method to investigate cell distribution and migration in animal models of human disease Nanomedicine 2011, 7 (5) 647-54
90. Popovtzer, R.; Agrawal, A.; Kotov, N. A.; Popovtzer, A.; Balter, J.; Carey, T. E.; Kopelman, R. Targeted gold nanoparticles enable molecular CT imaging of cancer Nano Lett. 2008, 8 (12) 4593-6
91. Aydogan, B.; Li, J.; Rajh, T.; Chaudhary, A.; Chmura, S. J.; Pelizzari, C.; Wietholt, C.; Kurtoglu, M.; Redmond, P. AuNP-DG: deoxyglucose-labeled gold nanoparticles as X-ray computed tomography contrast agents for cancer imaging Mol. Imaging Biol. 2010, 12 (5) 463-7
92. Narayanan, S.; Sathy, B. N.; Mony, U.; Koyakutty, M.; Nair, S. V.; Menon, D. Biocompatible magnetite/gold nanohybrid contrast agents via green chemistry for MRI and CT bioimaging ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 4 (1) 251-60
93. Li, J.; Chaudhary, A.; Chmura, S. J.; Pelizzari, C.; Rajh, T.; Wietholt, C.; Kurtoglu, M.; Aydogan, B. A novel functional CT contrast agent for molecular imaging of cancer Phys. Med. Biol. 2010, 55 (15) 4389-97
94. Reuveni, T.; Motiei, M.; Romman, Z.; Popovtzer, A.; Popovtzer, R. Targeted gold nanoparticles enable molecular CT imaging of cancer: an in vivo study Int. J. Nanomed. 2011, 6, 2859-64
95. Jackson, P. A.; Rahman, W. N.; Wong, C. J.; Ackerly, T.; Geso, M. Potential dependent superiority of gold nanoparticles in comparison to iodinated contrast agents Eur. J. Radiol. 2010, 75 (1) 104-9
96. Sun, I. C.; Eun, D. K.; Na, J. H.; Lee, S.; Kim, I. J.; Youn, I. C.; Ko, C. Y.; Kim, H. S.; Lim, D.; Choi, K.; Messersmith, P. B.; Park, T. G.; Kim, S. Y.; Kwon, I. C.; Kim, K.; Ahn, C. H. Heparin-coated gold nanoparticles for liver-specific CT imaging Chemistry 2009, 15 (48) 13341-7
97. Sun, I. C.; Eun, D. K.; Koo, H.; Ko, C. Y.; Kim, H. S.; Yi, D. K.; Choi, K.; Kwon, I. C.; Kim, K.; Ahn, C. H. Tumor-targeting gold particles for dual computed tomography/optical cancer imaging Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50 (40) 9348-51
98. Kim, D.; Jeong, Y. Y.; Jon, S. A drug-loaded aptamer-gold nanoparticle bioconjugate for combined CT imaging and therapy of prostate cancer ACS Nano 2010, 4 (7) 3689-96
99. Hainfeld, J. F.; O'Connor, M. J.; Dilmanian, F. A.; Slatkin, D. N.; Adams, D. J.; Smilowitz, H. M. Micro-CT enables microlocalisation and quantification of Her2-targeted gold nanoparticles within tumour regions Br. J. Radiol. 2011, 84 (1002) 526-33
100. van Schooneveld, M. M.; Cormode, D. P.; Koole, R.; van Wijngaarden, J. T.; Calcagno, C.; Skajaa, T.; Hilhorst, J.; Hart, D. C.; Fayad, Z. A.; Mulder, W. J. M.; Meijerink, A. A fluorescent, paramagnetic and PEGylated gold/silica nanoparticle for MRI, CT and fluorescence imaging Contrast Media Mol. Imaging 2010, 5 (4) 231-6
101. Alric, C.; Taleb, J.; Le Duc, G.; Mandon, C.; Billotey, C.; Le Meur-Herland, A.; Brochard, T.; Vocanson, F.; Janier, M.; Perriat, P.; Roux, S.; Tillement, O. Gadolinium chelate coated gold nanoparticles as contrast agents for both X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130 (18) 5908-15
102. Roessl, E.; Brendel, B.; Engel, K.-J.; Schlomka, J.-P.; Thran, A.; Proksa, R. Sensitivity of photon-counting based K-edge imaging in X-ray computed tomography IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 2011, 30 (9) 1678-90
103. Cormode, D. P.; Roessl, E.; Thran, A.; Skajaa, T.; Gordon, R. E.; Schlomka, J. P.; Fuster, V.; Fisher, E. A.; Mulder, W. J.; Proksa, R.; Fayad, Z. A. Atherosclerotic plaque composition: analysis with multicolor CT and targeted gold nanoparticles Radiology 2010, 256 (3) 774-82
104. Schirra, C. O.; Senpan, A.; Roessl, E.; Thran, A.; Stacy, A. J.; Wu, L. N.; Proksa, R.; Pan, D. Second generation gold nanobeacons for robust K-edge imaging with multi-energy CT J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22 (43) 23071-7
105. Pan, D.; Roessl, E.; Schlomka, J.-P.; Caruthers, S. D.; Senpan, A.; Scott, M. J.; Allen, J. S.; Zhang, H.; Hu, G.; Gaffney, P. J.; Choi, E. T.; Rasche, V.; Wickline, S. A.; Proksa, R.; Lanza, G. M. Computed tomography in color: nanoK-enhanced spectral CT molecular imaging Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 9635-9
106. Pan, D.; Schirra, C. O.; Senpan, A.; Schmieder, A. H.; Stacy, A. J.; Roessl, E.; Thran, A.; Wickline, S. A.; Proska, R.; Lanza, G. M. An early investigation of ytterbium nanocolloids for selective and quantitative "multicolor" spectral CT imaging ACS Nano 2012, 6 (4) 3364-70
107. Mooradian, A. Photoluminescence of metals Phys. Rev. Lett. 1969, 22, 185-7
108. Link, S.; El-Sayed, M. A. Optical properties and ultrafast dynamics of metallic nanocrystals Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2003, 54, 331-66
109. Wang, G.; T., H.; Murray, R. W.; Menard, L.; Nuzzo, R. G. Near-IR luminescence of monolayer-protected metal clusters J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 812-3
110. Wilcoxon, J. P.; Martin, J. E.; Parsapour, F.; Wiedenman, B.; Kelley, D. F. Photoluminescence from nanosize gold clusters J. Chem. Phys. 1998, 108, 9137-43
111. Hwang, Y. N.; Jeong, D. H.; Shin, H. J.; Kim, D.; Jeoung, S. C.; Han, S. H.; Lee, J. S.; Cho, G. Femtosecond emission studies on gold nanoparticles J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 206, 7581-4
112. Huang, T.; Murray, R. W. Visible luminescence of water-soluble monolayer-protected gold clusters J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 12498-502
113. Zheng, J.; Petty, J. T.; Dickson, R. M. High quantum yield blue emission from water-soluble Au8 nanodots J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 7780-1
114. Eustis, S.; El-Sayed, M. Aspect ratio dependence of the enhanced fluorescence intensity of gold nanorods: experimental and simulation study J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109 (34) 16350-6
115. Ming, T.; Zhao, L.; Yang, Z.; Chen, H.; Sun, L.; Wang, J.; Yan, C. Strong polarization dependence of plasmon-enhanced fluorescence on single gold nanorods Nano Lett. 2009, 9 (11) 3896-903
116. Zheng, J.; Zhou, C.; Yu, M.; Liu, J. Different sized luminescent gold nanoparticles Nanoscale 2012, 4 (14) 4073-83
117. Zhang, Y.; Yu, J.; Birch, D. J.; Chen, Y. Gold nanorods for fluorescence lifetime imaging in biology J. Biomed. Opt. 2010, 15 (2) 020504
118. Wang, H.; Huff, T. B.; Zweifel, D. A.; He, W.; Low, P. S.; Wei, A.; Cheng, J. X. In vitro and in vivo two-photon luminescence imaging of single gold nanorods Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005, 102 (44) 15752-6
119. Durr, N. J.; Larson, T.; Smith, D. K.; Korgel, B. A.; Sokolov, K.; Ben-Yakar, A. Two-photon luminescence imaging of cancer cells using molecularly targeted gold nanorods Nano Lett. 2007, 7 (4) 941-5
120. Mohamed, M. B.; Volkov, V.; Link, S.; El-Sayed, M. A. The 'lightning' gold nanorods: fluorescence enhancement of over a million compared to the gold metal Chem. Phys. Lett. 2000, 317, 517-23
121. Li, C. Z.; Male, K. B.; Hrapovic, S.; Luong, J. H. Fluorescence properties of gold nanorods and their application for DNA biosensing Chem. Commun. 2005, 31, 3924-6
122. Tang, S. C.; Fu, Y. Y.; Lo, W. F.; Hua, T. E.; Tuan, H. Y. Vascular labeling of luminescent gold nanorods enables 3-D microscopy of mouse intestinal capillaries ACS Nano 2010, 4 (10) 6278-84
123. Park, J.; Estrada, A.; Sharp, K.; Sang, K.; Schwartz, J. A.; Smith, D. K.; Coleman, C.; Payne, J. D.; Korgel, B. A.; Dunn, A. K.; Tunnell, J. W. Two-photon-induced photoluminescence imaging of tumors using near-infrared excited gold nanoshells Opt. Express 2008, 16 (3) 1590-9
124. Mecker, L. C.; Tyner, K. M.; Kauffman, J. F.; Arzhantsev, S.; Mans, D. J.; Gryniewicz-Ruzicka, C. M. Selective melamine detection in multiple sample matrices with a portable Raman instrument using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy-active gold nanoparticles Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 733, 48-55
125. Nehl, C. L.; Liao, H.; Hafner, J. H. Optical properties of star-shaped gold nanoparticles Nano Lett. 2006, 6 (4) 683-8
126. Schwartzberg, A. M.; Olson, T. Y.; Talley, C. E.; Zhang, J. Z. Synthesis, characterization, and tunable optical properties of hollow gold nanospheres J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110 (40) 19935-44
127. Huang, X.; Jain, P. K.; El-Sayed, I. H.; El-Sayed, M. A. Gold nanoparticles: interesting optical properties and recent applications in cancer diagnostics and therapy Nanomedicine 2007, 2 (5) 681-93
128. Ungureanu, C.; Kroes, R.; Petersen, W.; Groothuis, T. A.; Ungureanu, F.; Janssen, H.; van Leeuwen, F. W.; Kooyman, R. P.; Manohar, S.; van Leeuwen, T. G. Light interactions with gold nanorods and cells: implications for photothermal nanotherapeutics Nano Lett. 2011, 11 (5) 1887-94
129. Kustner, B.; Gellner, M.; Schutz, M.; Schoppler, F.; Marx, A.; Strobel, P.; Adam, P.; Schmuck, C.; Schlucker, S. SERS labels for red laser excitation: silica-encapsulated SAMs on tunable gold/silver nanoshells Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48 (11) 1950-3
130. Nolan, J. P.; Duggan, E.; Liu, E.; Condello, D.; Dave, I.; Stoner, S. A. Single cell analysis using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tags Methods 2012, 57 (3) 272-9
131. Lee, S.; Chon, H.; Lee, M.; Choo, J.; Shin, S. Y.; Lee, Y. H.; Rhyu, I. J.; Son, S. W.; Oh, C. H. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering imaging of HER2 cancer markers overexpressed in single MCF7 cells using antibody conjugated hollow gold nanospheres Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 24 (7) 2260-3
132. Dinish, U. S.; Fu, C. Y.; Soh, K. S.; Ramaswamy, B.; Kumar, A.; Olivo, M. Highly sensitive SERS detection of cancer proteins in low sample volume using hollow core photonic crystal fiber Biosens. Bioelectron. 2012, 33 (1) 293-8
133. Lee, M.; Lee, S.; Lee, J. H.; Lim, H. W.; Seong, G. H.; Lee, E. K.; Chang, S. I.; Oh, C. H.; Choo, J. Highly reproducible immunoassay of cancer markers on a gold-patterned microarray chip using surface-enhanced Raman scattering imaging Biosens. Bioelectron. 2010, 26 (5) 2135-41
134. Park, H.; Lee, S.; Chen, L.; Lee, E. K.; Shin, S. Y.; Lee, Y. H.; Son, S. W.; Oh, C. H.; Song, J. M.; Kang, S. H.; Choo, J. SERS imaging of HER2-overexpressed MCF7 cells using antibody-conjugated gold nanorods Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11 (34) 7444-9
135. Maiti, K. K.; Dinish, U. S.; Fu, C. Y.; Lee, J. J.; Soh, K. S.; Yun, S. W.; Bhuvaneswari, R.; Olivo, M.; Chang, Y. T. Development of biocompatible SERS nanotag with increased stability by chemisorption of reporter molecule for in vivo cancer detection Biosens. Bioelectron. 2010, 26 (2) 398-403
136. Jiang, L.; Qian, J.; Cai, F.; He, S. Raman reporter-coated gold nanorods and their applications in multimodal optical imaging of cancer cells Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2011, 400 (9) 2793-800
137. Schutz, M.; Steinigeweg, D.; Salehi, M.; Kompe, K.; Schlucker, S. Hydrophilically stabilized gold nanostars as SERS labels for tissue imaging of the tumor suppressor p63 by immuno-SERS microscopy Chem. Commun. 2011, 47 (14) 4216-8
138. Ock, K.; Jeon, W. I.; Ganbold, E. O.; Kim, M.; Park, J.; Seo, J. H.; Cho, K.; Joo, S. W.; Lee, S. Y. Real-time monitoring of glutathione-triggered thiopurine anticancer drug release in live cells investigated by surface-enhanced Raman scattering Anal. Chem. 2012, 84 (5) 2172-8
139. Fujita, K.; Ishitobi, S.; Hamada, K.; Smith, N. I.; Taguchi, A.; Inouye, Y.; Kawata, S. Time-resolved observation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering from gold nanoparticles during transport through a living cell J. Biomed. Opt. 2009, 14 (2) 024038
140. Eliasson, C.; Loren, A.; Engelbrektsson, J.; Josefson, M.; Abrahamsson, J.; Abrahamsson, K. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering imaging of single living lymphocytes with multivariate evaluation Spectrochim Acta, Part A 2005, 61 (4) 755-60
141. Qian, X.; Peng, X.-H.; Ansari, D. O.; Yin-Goen, Q.; Chen, G. Z.; Shin, D. M.; Yang, L.; Young, A. N.; Wang, M. D.; Nie, S. In vivo tumor targeting and spectroscopic detection with surface-enhanced Raman nanoparticle tags Nat. Biotechnol. 2008, 26 (1) 83-90
142. Kircher, M. F.; de la Zerda, A.; Jokerst, J. V.; Zavaleta, C. L.; Kempen, P. J.; Mittra, E.; Pitter, K.; Huang, R.; Campos, C.; Habte, F.; Sinclair, R.; Brennan, C. W.; Mellinghoff, I. K.; Holland, E. C.; Gambhir, S. S. A brain tumor molecular imaging strategy using a new triple-modality MRI-photoacoustic-Raman nanoparticle Nat. Med. 2012, 18 (5) 829-34
143. Manohar, S.; Ungureanu, C.; Van Leeuwen, T. G. Gold nanorods as molecular contrast agents in photoacoustic imaging: the promises and the caveats Contrast Media Mol. Imaging 2011, 6 (5) 389-400
144. Yoon, S. J.; Mallidi, S.; Tam, J. M.; Tam, J. O.; Murthy, A.; Johnston, K. P.; Sokolov, K. V.; Emelianov, S. Y. Utility of biodegradable plasmonic nanoclusters in photoacoustic imaging Opt. Lett. 2010, 35 (22) 3751-3
145. Andreev, V. G.; Karabutov, A. A.; Oraevsky, A. A. Detection of ultrawide-band ultrasound pulses in optoacoustic tomography IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 2003, 50 (10) 1383-90
146. Taruttis, A.; Herzog, E.; Razansky, D.; Ntziachristos, V. Real-time imaging of cardiovascular dynamics and circulating gold nanorods with multispectral optoacoustic tomography Opt. Express 2010, 18 (19) 19592-602
147. Chen, Y. S.; Frey, W.; Kim, S.; Kruizinga, P.; Homan, K.; Emelianov, S. Silica-coated gold nanorods as photoacoustic signal nanoamplifiers Nano Lett. 2011, 11 (2) 348-54
148. Agarwal, A.; Shao, X.; Rajian, J. R.; Zhang, H.; Chamberland, D. L.; Kotov, N. A.; Wang, X. Dual-mode imaging with radiolabeled gold nanorods J. Biomed. Opt. 2011, 16 (5) 051307
149. Chen, Y. S.; Frey, W.; Kim, S.; Homan, K.; Kruizinga, P.; Sokolov, K.; Emelianov, S. Enhanced thermal stability of silica-coated gold nanorods for photoacoustic imaging and image-guided therapy Opt. Express 2010, 18 (9) 8867-78
150. Song, K. H.; Wang, L. V. Deep reflection-mode photoacoustic imaging of biological tissue J. Biomed. Opt. 2007, 12 (6) 060503
151. Ku, G.; Wang, L. V. Deeply penetrating photoacoustic tomography in biological tissues enhanced with an optical contrast agent Opt. Lett. 2005, 30 (5) 507-9
152. Moon, G. D.; Choi, S. W.; Cai, X.; Li, W.; Cho, E. C.; Jeong, U.; Wang, L. V.; Xia, Y. A new theranostic system based on gold nanocages and phase-change materials with unique features for photoacoustic imaging and controlled release J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133 (13) 4762-5
153. Song, K. H.; Kim, C.; Cobley, C. M.; Xia, Y.; Wang, L. V. Near-infrared gold nanocages as a new class of tracers for photoacoustic sentinel lymph node mapping on a rat model Nano Lett. 2009, 9 (1) 183-8
154. Xia, X.; Yang, M.; Oetjen, L. K.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Q.; Chen, J.; Xia, Y. An enzyme-sensitive probe for photoacoustic imaging and fluorescence detection of protease activity Nanoscale 2011, 3 (3) 950-3
155. Lu, W.; Melancon, M. P.; Xiong, C.; Huang, Q.; Elliott, A.; Song, S.; Zhang, R.; Flores, L. G., 2nd; Gelovani, J. G.; Wang, L. V.; Ku, G.; Stafford, R. J.; Li, C. Effects of photoacoustic imaging and photothermal ablation therapy mediated by targeted hollow gold nanospheres in an orthotopic mouse xenograft model of glioma Cancer Res. 2011, 71 (19) 6116-21
156. Song, K. H.; Kim, C.; Maslov, K.; Wang, L. V. Noninvasive in vivo spectroscopic nanorod-contrast photoacoustic mapping of sentinel lymph nodes Eur. J. Radiol. 2009, 70 (2) 227-31
157. Olafsson, R.; Bauer, D. R.; Montilla, L. G.; Witte, R. S. Real-time, contrast enhanced photoacoustic imaging of cancer in a mouse window chamber Opt. Express 2010, 18 (18) 18625-32
158. Li, P. C.; Wang, C. R.; Shieh, D. B.; Wei, C. W.; Liao, C. K.; Poe, C.; Jhan, S.; Ding, A. A.; Wu, Y. N. In vivo photoacoustic molecular imaging with simultaneous multiple selective targeting using antibody-conjugated gold nanorods Opt. Express 2008, 16 (23) 18605-15
159. Agarwal, A.; Huang, S. W.; O'Donnell, M.; Day, K. C.; Day, M.; Kotov, N.; Ashkenazi, S. Targeted gold nanorod contrast agent for prostate cancer detection by photoacoustic imaging J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 102 (6) 064701
160. Lu, W.; Huang, Q.; Ku, G.; Wen, X.; Zhou, M.; Guzatov, D.; Brecht, P.; Su, R.; Oraevsky, A.; Wang, L. V.; Li, C. Photoacoustic imaging of living mouse brain vasculature using hollow gold nanospheres Biomaterials 2010, 31 (9) 2617-26
161. Wang, B.; Yantsen, E.; Larson, T.; Karpiouk, A. B.; Sethuraman, S.; Su, J. L.; Sokolov, K.; Emelianov, S. Y. Plasmonic intravascular photoacoustic imaging for detection of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques Nano Lett. 2009, 9 (6) 2212-7
162. Pan, D.; Pramanik, M.; Wickline, S. A.; Wang, L. V.; Lanza, G. M. Recent advances in colloidal gold nanobeacons for molecular photoacoustic imaging Contrast Media Mol. Imaging 2011, 6 (5) 378-88
163. Pan, D.; Pramanik, M.; Senpan, A.; Allen, J. S.; Zhang, H.; Wickline, S. A.; Wang, L. V.; Lanza, G. M. Molecular photoacoustic imaging of angiogenesis with integrin-targeted gold nanobeacons FASEB J. 2011, 25 (3) 875-82
164. Pan, D.; Pramanik, M.; Senpan, A.; Yang, X.; Song, K. H.; Scott, M. J.; Zhang, H.; Gaffney, P. J.; Wickline, S. A.; Wang, L. V.; Lanza, G. M. Molecular photoacoustic tomography with colloidal nanobeacons Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48 (23) 4170-3
165. Nam, S. Y.; Ricles, L. M.; Suggs, L. J.; Emelianov, S. Y. In vivo ultrasound and photoacoustic monitoring of mesenchymal stem cells labeled with gold nanotracers PLoS One 2012, 7 (5) e37267
166. Qu, M.; Mallidi, S.; Mehrmohammadi, M.; Truby, R.; Homan, K.; Joshi, P.; Chen, Y. S.; Sokolov, K.; Emelianov, S. Magneto-photo-acoustic imaging Biomed. Opt. Express 2011, 2 (2) 385-96
167. Kim, J. W.; Galanzha, E. I.; Shashkov, E. V.; Moon, H. M.; Zharov, V. P. Golden carbon nanotubes as multimodal photoacoustic and photothermal high-contrast molecular agents Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009, 4 (10) 688-94
168. Jain, P. K.; Lee, K. S.; El-Sayed, I. H.; El-Sayed, M. A. Calculated absorption and scattering properties of gold nanoparticles of different size, shape, and composition: applications in biological imaging and biomedicine J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110 (14) 7238-48
169. He, H.; Xie, C.; Ren, J. Nonbleaching fluorescence of gold nanoparticles and its applications in cancer cell imaging Anal. Chem. 2008, 80 (15) 5951-7
170. Craig, G. A.; Allen, P. J.; Mason, M. D. Synthesis, characterization, and functionalization of gold nanoparticles for cancer imaging Methods Mol. Biol. 2010, 624, 177-93
171. He, H.; Ren, J. A novel evanescent wave scattering imaging method for single gold particle tracking in solution and on cell membrane Talanta 2008, 77 (1) 166-71
172. Zhang, L.; Zhen, S. J.; Sang, Y.; Li, J. Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhan, L.; Peng, L.; Wang, J.; Li, Y. F.; Huang, C. Z. Controllable preparation of metal nanoparticle/carbon nanotube hybrids as efficient dark field light scattering agents for cell imaging Chem. Commun. 2010, 46 (24) 4303-5
173. Qian, W.; Huang, X.; Kang, B.; El-Sayed, M. A. Dark-field light scattering imaging of living cancer cell component from birth through division using bioconjugated gold nanoprobes J. Biomed. Opt. 2010, 15 (4) 046025
174. Connor, E. E.; Mwamuka, J.; Gole, A.; Murphy, C. J.; Wyatt, M. D. Gold nanoparticles are taken up by human cells but do not cause acute cytotoxicity Small 2005, 1 (3) 325-7
175. Daniel, M. C.; Astruc, D. Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (1) 293-346
176. Love, J. C.; Estroff, L. A.; Kriebel, J. K.; Nuzzo, R. G.; Whitesides, G. M. Self-assembled monolayers of thiolates on metals as a form of nanotechnology Chem. Rev. 2005, 105 (4) 1103-69
177. Ghosh, P.; Han, G.; De, M.; Kim, C. K.; Rotello, V. M. Gold nanoparticles in delivery applications Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2008, 60 (11) 1307-15
178. Kim, C. K.; Ghosh, P.; Rotello, V. M. Multimodal drug delivery using gold nanoparticles Nanoscale 2009, 1 (1) 61-7
179. Mukhopadhyay, A.; Grabinski, C.; Afrooz, A. R.; Saleh, N. B.; Hussain, S. Effect of gold nanosphere surface chemistry on protein adsorption and cell uptake in vitro Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2012, 167 (2) 327-37
180. Rana, S.; Bajaj, A.; Mout, R.; Rotello, V. M. Monolayer coated gold nanoparticles for delivery applications Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2012, 64 (2) 200-16
181. Wang, F.; Wang, Y. C.; Dou, S.; Xiong, M. H.; Sun, T. M.; Wang, J. Doxorubicin-tethered responsive gold nanoparticles facilitate intracellular drug delivery for overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer cells ACS Nano 2011, 5 (5) 3679-92
182. Francois, A.; Laroche, A.; Pinaud, N.; Salmon, L.; Ruiz, J.; Robert, J.; Astruc, D. Encapsulation of docetaxel into PEGylated gold nanoparticles for vectorization to cancer cells ChemMedChem 2011, 6 (11) 2003-8
183. Venkatpurwar, V.; Shiras, A.; Pokharkar, V. Porphyran capped gold nanoparticles as a novel carrier for delivery of anticancer drug: in vitro cytotoxicity study Int. J. Pharm. 2011, 409 (1-2) 314-20
184. You, J.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, G.; Zhong, M.; Liu, Y.; Van Pelt, C. S.; Liang, D.; Wei, W.; Sood, A. K.; Li, C. Photothermal-chemotherapy with doxorubicin-loaded hollow gold nanospheres: A platform for near-infrared light-trigged drug release J. Controlled Release 2012, 158 (2) 319-28
185. Pearson, S.; Scarano, W.; Stenzel, M. H. Micelles based on gold-glycopolymer complexes as new chemotherapy drug delivery agents Chem. Commun. 2012, 48 (39) 4695-7
186. You, J.; Zhang, G.; Li, C. Exceptionally high payload of doxorubicin in hollow gold nanospheres for near-infrared light-triggered drug release ACS Nano 2010, 4 (2) 1033-41
187. Tomuleasa, C.; Soritau, O.; Orza, A.; Dudea, M.; Petrushev, B.; Mosteanu, O.; Susman, S.; Florea, A.; Pall, E.; Aldea, M.; Kacso, G.; Cristea, V.; Berindan-Neagoe, I.; Irimie, A. Gold nanoparticles conjugated with cisplatin/doxorubicin/capecitabine lower the chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cancer cells J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis. 2012, 21 (2) 187-96
188. Paciotti, G. F.; Myer, L.; Weinreich, D.; Goia, D.; Pavel, N.; McLaughlin, R. E.; Tamarkin, L. Colloidal gold: a novel nanoparticle vector for tumor directed drug delivery Drug Delivery 2004, 11 (3) 169-83
189. Shan, Y.; Luo, T.; Peng, C.; Sheng, R.; Cao, A.; Cao, X.; Shen, M.; Guo, R.; Tomas, H.; Shi, X. Gene delivery using dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles as nonviral vectors Biomaterials 2012, 33 (10) 3025-35
190. Chen, C. C.; Lin, Y. P.; Wang, C. W.; Tzeng, H. C.; Wu, C. H.; Chen, Y. C.; Chen, C. P.; Chen, L. C.; Wu, Y. C. DNA-gold nanorod conjugates for remote control of localized gene expression by near infrared irradiation J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128 (11) 3709-15
191. Kim, J. H.; Yeom, J. H.; Ko, J. J.; Han, M. S.; Lee, K.; Na, S. Y.; Bae, J. Effective delivery of anti-miRNA DNA oligonucleotides by functionalized gold nanoparticles J. Biotechnol. 2011, 155 (3) 287-92
192. Lee, S. E.; Sasaki, D. Y.; Perroud, T. D.; Yoo, D.; Patel, K. D.; Lee, L. P. Biologically functional cationic phospholipid-gold nanoplasmonic carriers of RNA J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131 (39) 14066-74
193. Conde, J.; Ambrosone, A.; Sanz, V.; Hernandez, Y.; Marchesano, V.; Tian, F.; Child, H.; Berry, C. C.; Ibarra, M. R.; Baptista, P. V.; Tortiglione, C.; de la Fuente, J. M. Design of Multifunctional Gold Nanoparticles for In Vitro and In Vivo Gene Silencing ACS Nano 2012, 6 (9) 8316-24
194. Shim, M. S.; Kim, C. S.; Ahn, Y. C.; Chen, Z.; Kwon, Y. J. Combined multimodal optical imaging and targeted gene silencing using stimuli-transforming nanotheragnostics J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132 (24) 8316-24
195. Cui, D.; Huang, P.; Zhang, C.; Ozkan, C. S.; Pan, B.; Xu, P. Dendrimer-modified gold nanorods as efficient controlled gene delivery system under near-infrared light irradiation J. Controlled Release 2011, 152 (Suppl. 1) e137-9
196. Wijaya, A.; Schaffer, S. B.; Pallares, I. G.; Hamad-Schifferli, K. Selective release of multiple DNA oligonucleotides from gold nanorods ACS Nano 2009, 3 (1) 80-6
197. Guo, R.; Zhang, L.; Qian, H.; Li, R.; Jiang, X.; Liu, B. Multifunctional nanocarriers for cell imaging, drug delivery, and near-IR photothermal therapy Langmuir 2010, 26 (8) 5428-34
198. Huang, X.; El-Sayed, I. H.; Qian, W.; El-Sayed, M. A. Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128 (6) 2115-20
199. Huang, X.; Qian, W.; El-Sayed, I. H.; El-Sayed, M. A. The potential use of the enhanced nonlinear properties of gold nanospheres in photothermal cancer therapy Lasers Surg. Med. 2007, 39 (9) 747-53
200. Loo, C.; Lowery, A.; Halas, N.; West, J.; Drezek, R. Immunotargeted nanoshells for integrated cancer imaging and therapy Nano Lett. 2005, 5 (4) 709-11
201. Li, J. L.; Gu, M. Surface plasmonic gold nanorods for enhanced two-photon microscopic imaging and apoptosis induction of cancer cells Biomaterials 2010, 31 (36) 9492-8
202. Wagner, D. S.; Delk, N. A.; Lukianova-Hleb, E. Y.; Hafner, J. H.; Farach-Carson, M. C.; Lapotko, D. O. The in vivo performance of plasmonic nanobubbles as cell theranostic agents in zebrafish hosting prostate cancer xenografts Biomaterials 2010, 31 (29) 7567-74
203. Chen, J.; Glaus, C.; Laforest, R.; Zhang, Q.; Yang, M.; Gidding, M.; Welch, M. J.; Xia, Y. Gold nanocages as photothermal transducers for cancer treatment Small 2010, 6 (7) 811-7
204. Wang, S.; Chen, K. J.; Wu, T. H.; Wang, H.; Lin, W. Y.; Ohashi, M.; Chiou, P. Y.; Tseng, H. R. Photothermal effects of supramolecularly assembled gold nanoparticles for the targeted treatment of cancer cells Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49 (22) 3777-81
205. Park, H.; Yang, J.; Lee, J.; Haam, S.; Choi, I. H.; Yoo, K. H. Multifunctional nanoparticles for combined doxorubicin and photothermal treatments ACS Nano 2009, 3 (10) 2919-26
206. Cho, S. H. Estimation of tumour dose enhancement due to gold nanoparticles during typical radiation treatments: a preliminary Monte Carlo study Phys. Med. Biol. 2005, 50 (15) N163-73
207. Begg, A. C.; van der Kolk, P. J.; Emondt, J.; Bartelink, H. Radiosensitization in vitro by cis-diammine (1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato) platinum(II) (carboplatin, JM8) and ethylenediammine-malonatoplatinum(II) (JM40) Radiother. Oncol. 1987, 9 (2) 157-65
208. Mullenger, L.; Singh, B. B.; Ormerod, M. G.; Dean, C. J. Chemical study of the radiosensitization of Micrococcus sodonensis by iodine compounds Nature 1967, 216 (5113) 372-4
209. Bernhard, E. J.; Mitchell, J. B.; Deen, D.; Cardell, M.; Rosenthal, D. I.; Brown, J. M. Re-evaluating gadolinium(III) texaphyrin as a radiosensitizing agent Cancer Res. 2000, 60 (1) 86-91
210. Jain, S.; Hirst, D. G.; O'Sullivan, J. M. Gold nanoparticles as novel agents for cancer therapy Br. J. Radiol. 2012, 85 (1010) 101-13
211. Hainfeld, J. F.; Dilmanian, F. A.; Slatkin, D. N.; Smilowitz, H. M. Radiotherapy enhancement with gold nanoparticles J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2008, 60 (8) 977-85
212. Hainfeld, J. F.; Slatkin, D. N.; Smilowitz, H. M. The use of gold nanoparticles to enhance radiotherapy in mice Phys. Med. Biol. 2004, 49 (18) N309-15
213. Root, S. W.; Andrews, G. A.; Kniseley, R. M.; Tyor, M. P. The distribution and radiation effects of intravenously administered colloidal Au198 in man Cancer 1954, 7 (5) 856-66
214. Rubin, P.; Levitt, S. H. The Response of Disseminated Reticulum Cell Sarcoma to the Intravenous Injection of Colloidal Radioactive Gold J. Nucl. Med. 1964, 5, 581-94
215. Jung, J. H.; Jung, S. H.; Kim, S. H.; Choi, S. H. Synthesis and characterization of radioisotope nanospheres containing two gamma emitters Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2012, 70 (12) 2677-81
216. Huo, Q.; Litherland, S. A.; Sullivan, S.; Hallquist, H.; Decker, D. A.; Rivera-Ramirez, I. Developing a nanoparticle test for prostate cancer scoring J. Transl. Med. 2012, 10, 44
217. You, C. C.; Miranda, O. R.; Gider, B.; Ghosh, P. S.; Kim, I. B.; Erdogan, B.; Krovi, S. A.; Bunz, U. H.; Rotello, V. M. Detection and identification of proteins using nanoparticle-fluorescent polymer 'chemical nose' sensors Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2 (5) 318-23
218. Lytton-Jean, A. K.; Han, M. S.; Mirkin, C. A. Microarray detection of duplex and triplex DNA binders with DNA-modified gold nanoparticles Anal. Chem. 2007, 79 (15) 6037-41
219. Cormode, D. P.; Davis, J. J.; Beer, P. D. Anion sensing porphyrin functionalized nanoparticles J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 2008, 18, 32-40
220. Virel, A.; Saa, L.; Pavlov, V. Modulated growth of nanoparticles. Application for sensing nerve gases Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 268-72
221. Zheng, G.; Daniel, W. L.; Mirkin, C. A. A new approach to amplified telomerase detection with polyvalent oligonucleotide nanoparticle conjugates J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130 (30) 9644-5
222. Kim, Y. P.; Daniel, W. L.; Xia, Z.; Xie, H.; Mirkin, C. A.; Rao, J. Bioluminescent nanosensors for protease detection based upon gold nanoparticle-luciferase conjugates Chem. Commun. 2009, 46 (1) 76-8
223. Lee, J. S.; Ulmann, P. A.; Han, M. S.; Mirkin, C. A. A DNA-gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric competition assay for the detection of cysteine Nano Lett. 2008, 8 (2) 529-33
224. Elghanian, R.; Storhoff, J. J.; Mucic, R. C.; Letsinger, R. L.; Mirkin, C. A. Selective colorimetric detection of polynucleotides based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles Science 1997, 277 (5329) 1078-81
225. Park, S. J.; Taton, T. A.; Mirkin, C. A. Array-based electrical detection of DNA with nanoparticle probes Science 2002, 295 (5559) 1503-6
226. Conde, J.; de la Fuente, J. M.; Baptista, P. V. RNA quantification using gold nanoprobes-application to cancer diagnostics J. Nanobiotechnol. 2010, 8, 5
227. Cai, X.; Li, W.; Kim, C. H.; Yuan, Y.; Wang, L. V.; Xia, Y. In vivo quantitative evaluation of the transport kinetics of gold nanocages in a lymphatic system by noninvasive photoacoustic tomography ACS Nano 2011, 5 (12) 9658-67
228. Thakor, A. S.; Jokerst, J.; Zavaleta, C.; Massoud, T. F.; Gambhir, S. S. Gold nanoparticles: a revival in precious metal administration to patients Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 4029-36
229. Sahoo, G. P.; Bar, H.; Bhui, D. K.; Sarkar, P.; Samanta, S.; Pyne, S.; Ash, S.; Misra, A. Synthesis and photo physical properties of star shaped gold nanoparticles Colloids Surf., A 2011, 375 (1-3) 30-4
230. Schneider, G. F.; Subr, V.; Ulbrich, K.; Decher, G. Multifunctional cytotoxic stealth nanoparticles. A model approach with potential for cancer therapy Nano Lett. 2009, 9 (2) 636-42
231. Rasch, M. R.; Rossinyol, E.; Hueso, J. L.; Goodfellow, B. W.; Arbiol, J.; Korgel, B. A. Hydrophobic gold nanoparticle self-assembly with phosphatidylcholine lipid: membrane- loaded and janus vesicles Nano Lett. 2010, 10 (9) 3733-9
232. Liu, B.; Xie, J.; Lee, J. Y.; Ting, Y. P.; Chen, J. P. Optimization of high-yield biological synthesis of single-crystalline gold nanoplates J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109 (32) 15256-63
233. Cho, E. C.; Zhang, Q.; Xia, Y. The effect of sedimentation and diffusion on cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles Nat. Nanotechnol. 2011, 6 (6) 385-91
234. Mulder, W. J. M.; Cormode, D. P.; Hak, S.; Lobatto, M. E.; Silvera, S.; Fayad, Z. A. Multimodality nanotracers for cardiovascular applications Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med. 2008, 5 (S2) S103-11