메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 35, 2012, Pages 5663-5674

The role of life events and HPA axis in anxiety disorders: A review

Author keywords

Animal models; Anxiety disorders; Childhood traumata; Cortisol; Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; Life events; Stress response; Vulnerability

Indexed keywords

CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; HYDROCORTISONE;

EID: 84870199459     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161212803530907     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (160)

References (196)
  • 1
    • 0023800192 scopus 로고
    • Ethoexperimental approaches to the biology of emotion
    • Blanchard DC, Blanchard RJ. Ethoexperimental approaches to the biology of emotion. Annu Rev Psychol 1988; 39: 43-68.
    • (1988) Annu Rev Psychol , vol.39 , pp. 43-68
    • Blanchard, D.C.1    Blanchard, R.J.2
  • 2
    • 34249007019 scopus 로고
    • A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents
    • Selye H. A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature 1936; 138 (1): 32.
    • (1936) Nature , vol.138 , Issue.1 , pp. 32
    • Selye, H.1
  • 3
    • 0026536665 scopus 로고
    • The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis
    • Chrousos GP, Gold PW. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. Jama 1992; 267: 1244-52.
    • (1992) Jama , vol.267 , pp. 1244-1252
    • Chrousos, G.P.1    Gold, P.W.2
  • 4
    • 34249783466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anxiety, panic and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
    • Graeff FG. Anxiety, panic and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2007; 29: 3-6.
    • (2007) Rev Bras Psiquiatr , vol.29 , pp. 3-6
    • Graeff, F.G.1
  • 5
    • 77952356320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salivary cortisol levels in persons with and without different anxiety disorders
    • Vreeburg SA, Zitman FG, van Pelt J, et al. Salivary cortisol levels in persons with and without different anxiety disorders. Psychosom Med 2010; 72: 340-7.
    • (2010) Psychosom Med , vol.72 , pp. 340-347
    • Vreeburg, S.A.1    Zitman, F.G.2    van Pelt, J.3
  • 6
    • 0032899957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders
    • Arborelius L, Owens MJ, Plotsky PM, Nemeroff CB. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. J Endocrinol 1999; 160: 1-12.
    • (1999) J Endocrinol , vol.160 , pp. 1-12
    • Arborelius, L.1    Owens, M.J.2    Plotsky, P.M.3    Nemeroff, C.B.4
  • 7
    • 0036069568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early traumatic life events, parental attitudes, family history, and birth risk factors in patients with panic disorder
    • Bandelow B, Späth C, Tichauer GA, Broocks A, Hajak G, Rüther E. Early traumatic life events, parental attitudes, family history, and birth risk factors in patients with panic disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2002; 43: 269-78.
    • (2002) Compr Psychiatry , vol.43 , pp. 269-278
    • Bandelow, B.1    Späth, C.2    Tichauer, G.A.3    Broocks, A.4    Hajak, G.5    Rüther, E.6
  • 10
    • 78650308694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood traumata, Dexamethasone Suppression Test and psychiatric symptoms: A trans-diagnostic approach
    • Faravelli C, Gorini Amedei S, Rotella F, et al. Childhood traumata, Dexamethasone Suppression Test and psychiatric symptoms: a trans-diagnostic approach. Psychol Med 2010; 40: 2037-48.
    • (2010) Psychol Med , vol.40 , pp. 2037-2048
    • Faravelli, C.1    Gorini, A.S.2    Rotella, F.3
  • 11
    • 0028341482 scopus 로고
    • Developmental psychopathology: The impact of recent life events in anxious and depressed school-age children
    • Goodyer IM. Developmental psychopathology: the impact of recent life events in anxious and depressed school-age children. J R Soc Med 1994; 87: 327-9.
    • (1994) J R Soc Med , vol.87 , pp. 327-329
    • Goodyer, I.M.1
  • 12
    • 0035875146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: Preclinical and clinical studies
    • Heim C, Nemeroff CB. The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49: 1023-39.
    • (2001) Biol Psychiatry , vol.49 , pp. 1023-1039
    • Heim, C.1    Nemeroff, C.B.2
  • 13
    • 34447542265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders in adult psychiatric outpatients
    • Gibb BE, Chelminski I, Zimmerman M. Childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders in adult psychiatric outpatients. Depress Anxiety 2007; 24: 256-63.
    • (2007) Depress Anxiety , vol.24 , pp. 256-263
    • Gibb, B.E.1    Chelminski, I.2    Zimmerman, M.3
  • 14
    • 0032909413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The preeminent role of early untoward experience on vulnerability to major psychiatric disorders: The nature-nurture controversy revisited and soon to be resolved
    • Nemeroff CB. The preeminent role of early untoward experience on vulnerability to major psychiatric disorders: The nature-nurture controversy revisited and soon to be resolved. Mol Pscyhiatry 1999; 4: 106-8.
    • (1999) Mol Pscyhiatry , vol.4 , pp. 106-108
    • Nemeroff, C.B.1
  • 15
    • 84983070620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early-Life Adversity, CRF Dysregulation, and Vulnerability to Mood and Anxiety Disorders
    • Nemeroff CB. Early-Life Adversity, CRF Dysregulation, and Vulnerability to Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Psychopharmacol Bull 2004; 38: 14-20.
    • (2004) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.38 , pp. 14-20
    • Nemeroff, C.B.1
  • 16
    • 0036315095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • History of childhood abuse in panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder
    • Safren SA, Gershuny BS, Marzol P, Otto MW, Pollack MH. History of childhood abuse in panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2002; 190: 453-6.
    • (2002) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.190 , pp. 453-456
    • Safren, S.A.1    Gershuny, B.S.2    Marzol, P.3    Otto, M.W.4    Pollack, M.H.5
  • 17
    • 77951244828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical correlates of reported childhood sexual abuse: An association between age at trauma onset and severity of depression and PTSD in adults
    • Schoedl AF, Costa MC, Mari JJ, et al. The clinical correlates of reported childhood sexual abuse: an association between age at trauma onset and severity of depression and PTSD in adults. J Child Sex Abus 2010; 19: 156-70.
    • (2010) J Child Sex Abus , vol.19 , pp. 156-170
    • Schoedl, A.F.1    Costa, M.C.2    Mari, J.J.3
  • 18
    • 0030071532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood physical and sexual abuse in patients with anxiety disorders and in a community sample
    • Stein MB, Walker JR, Anderson G, et al. Childhood physical and sexual abuse in patients with anxiety disorders and in a community sample. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 275-7.
    • (1996) Am J Psychiatry , vol.153 , pp. 275-277
    • Stein, M.B.1    Walker, J.R.2    Anderson, G.3
  • 19
    • 0029037728 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of childhood sexual and physical abuse to anxiety disorders
    • Mancini C, Van-Ameringen M, Macmillan H. Relationship of childhood sexual and physical abuse to anxiety disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 1995; 183: 309-14.
    • (1995) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.183 , pp. 309-314
    • Mancini, C.1    Van-Ameringen, M.2    Macmillan, H.3
  • 21
    • 0025241288 scopus 로고
    • Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotropin-releasing factor administration: Is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress responses?
    • Dunn AJ, Berridge CW. Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotropin-releasing factor administration: is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress responses? Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1990; 15: 71-100.
    • (1990) Brain Res Brain Res Rev , vol.15 , pp. 71-100
    • Dunn, A.J.1    Berridge, C.W.2
  • 22
    • 33748093783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of corticotropin releasing factor in anxiety disorders: A translational research perspective
    • Risbrough VB, Stein MB. Role of corticotropin releasing factor in anxiety disorders: a translational research perspective. Horm Behav 2006; 50: 550-61.
    • (2006) Horm Behav , vol.50 , pp. 550-561
    • Risbrough, V.B.1    Stein, M.B.2
  • 23
    • 0034596146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood
    • Heim C, Newport DJ, Heit S, et al. Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood. Jama 2000; 284: 592-7.
    • (2000) Jama , vol.284 , pp. 592-597
    • Heim, C.1    Newport, D.J.2    Heit, S.3
  • 28
    • 0035072969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered pituitary-adrenal axis responses to provocative challenge tests in adult survivors of childhood abuse
    • Heim C, Newport DJ, Bonsall R, Miller AH, Nemeroff CB. Altered pituitary-adrenal axis responses to provocative challenge tests in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 575-81.
    • (2001) Am J Psychiatry , vol.158 , pp. 575-581
    • Heim, C.1    Newport, D.J.2    Bonsall, R.3    Miller, A.H.4    Nemeroff, C.B.5
  • 29
    • 78649316753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Putative biological mechanisms for the association between early life adversity and the subsequent development of PTSD
    • Yehuda R, Flory JD, Pratchett LC, Buxbaum J, Ising M, Holsboer F. Putative biological mechanisms for the association between early life adversity and the subsequent development of PTSD. Psychopharmacology 2010; 212: 405-17.
    • (2010) Psychopharmacology , vol.212 , pp. 405-417
    • Yehuda, R.1    Flory, J.D.2    Pratchett, L.C.3    Buxbaum, J.4    Ising, M.5    Holsboer, F.6
  • 30
    • 77955363239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective examination of service use by abused and neglected children followed up into adulthood
    • Yanos PT, Czaja SJ, Widom CS. A prospective examination of service use by abused and neglected children followed up into adulthood. Psychiatr Serv 2010; 61: 796-802.
    • (2010) Psychiatr Serv , vol.61 , pp. 796-802
    • Yanos, P.T.1    Czaja, S.J.2    Widom, C.S.3
  • 31
    • 42949136478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect links between childhood maltraeatment, posttraumatic stress disorder, and women's health
    • Lang AJ, Aarons GA, Gearity J, et al. Direct and indirect links between childhood maltraeatment, posttraumatic stress disorder, and women's health. Behav Med 2008; 33: 125-35.
    • (2008) Behav Med , vol.33 , pp. 125-135
    • Lang, A.J.1    Aarons, G.A.2    Gearity, J.3
  • 32
    • 33947601969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salivary cortisol and psychopathology in children bereaved by the September 11, 2001 terror attacks
    • Pfeffer CR, Altemus M, Heo M, Jiang H. Salivary cortisol and psychopathology in children bereaved by the September 11, 2001 terror attacks. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61: 957-65.
    • (2007) Biol Psychiatry , vol.61 , pp. 957-965
    • Pfeffer, C.R.1    Altemus, M.2    Heo, M.3    Jiang, H.4
  • 33
    • 44349145243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood parental loss and adult hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function
    • Tyrka AR, Wier L, Price LH, et al. Childhood parental loss and adult hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function. Biol Psychiatry 2008a; 63: 1147-54.
    • (2008) Biol Psychiatry , vol.63 , pp. 1147-1154
    • Tyrka, A.R.1    Wier, L.2    Price, L.H.3
  • 36
    • 85047699571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early experience and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to influence primate CNS function
    • Bennett AJ, Lesch KP, Heils A, et al. Early experience and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to influence primate CNS function. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7:118-22.
    • (2002) Mol Psychiatry , vol.7 , pp. 118-122
    • Bennett, A.J.1    Lesch, K.P.2    Heils, A.3
  • 37
    • 0025016056 scopus 로고
    • Dexamethasone suppression test and depressive symptoms in bereaved children: A preliminary report
    • Weller EB, Weller RA, Fristad MA, Bowes JM. Dexamethasone suppression test and depressive symptoms in bereaved children: a preliminary report. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1990; 2: 418-21.
    • (1990) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.2 , pp. 418-421
    • Weller, E.B.1    Weller, R.A.2    Fristad, M.A.3    Bowes, J.M.4
  • 38
    • 40849117991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortisol and ACTH responses to the Dex/CRH test: Influence of temperament
    • Tyrka AR, Wier LM, Price LH, et al. Cortisol and ACTH responses to the Dex/CRH test: influence of temperament. Horm Behav 2008b; 53: 518-25.
    • (2008) Horm Behav , vol.53 , pp. 518-525
    • Tyrka, A.R.1    Wier, L.M.2    Price, L.H.3
  • 40
    • 0027253001 scopus 로고
    • Criteria for rationally evaluating animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Yehuda R, Antelman SM. Criteria for rationally evaluating animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1993a; 33: 479-86.
    • (1993) Biol Psychiatry , vol.33 , pp. 479-486
    • Yehuda, R.1    Antelman, S.M.2
  • 41
    • 0014083436 scopus 로고
    • Failure to escape traumatic shock
    • Seligman ME, Maier SF. Failure to escape traumatic shock. J Exp Psychol 1967; 74:1-9.
    • (1967) J Exp Psychol , vol.74 , pp. 1-9
    • Seligman, M.E.1    Maier, S.F.2
  • 42
    • 0018763594 scopus 로고
    • Animal model of depression
    • Porsolt RD. Animal model of depression. Biomedicine 1979; 30: 139-40.
    • (1979) Biomedicine , vol.30 , pp. 139-140
    • Porsolt, R.D.1
  • 43
    • 0015115203 scopus 로고
    • From thought to therapy: Lessons from a primate laboratory
    • Harlow HF, Harlow MK, Suomi SI. From thought to therapy: lessons from a primate laboratory. American Scientist 1971; 59: 538-49.
    • (1971) American Scientist , vol.59 , pp. 538-549
    • Harlow, H.F.1    Harlow, M.K.2    Suomi, S.I.3
  • 44
    • 0019502653 scopus 로고
    • Acute and chronic stress effects on open field activity in the rat: Implications for a model of depression
    • Katz RJ, Roth KA, Carrol B. Acute and chronic stress effects on open field activity in the rat: implications for a model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1981; 5: 247-51.
    • (1981) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.5 , pp. 247-251
    • Katz, R.J.1    Roth, K.A.2    Carrol, B.3
  • 45
    • 19944421824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of early-life environmental manipulations in rodents and primates: Potential animal models in depression research
    • Pryce CR, Rüedi-Bettschen D, Dettling AC, et al. Long-term effects of early-life environmental manipulations in rodents and primates: Potential animal models in depression research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 29: 649-74.
    • (2005) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.29 , pp. 649-674
    • Pryce, C.R.1    Rüedi-Bettschen, D.2    Dettling, A.C.3
  • 46
    • 33244467253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factor analysis of Forced Swimming test, Sucrose Preference test and Open Field test on enriched, social and isolated reared rats
    • Brenes Sáenz JC, Villagra OR, Fornaguera Trías J. Factor analysis of Forced Swimming test, Sucrose Preference test and Open Field test on enriched, social and isolated reared rats. Behav Brain Res 2006; 169:57-65.
    • (2006) Behav Brain Res , vol.169 , pp. 57-65
    • Brenes, S.J.C.1    Villagra, O.R.2    Fornaguera, T.J.3
  • 47
    • 0021803951 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and hormonal responses to separation in infant rhesus monkeys and mothers
    • Levine S, Johnson DF, Gonzalez CA. Behavioral and hormonal responses to separation in infant rhesus monkeys and mothers. Behav Neurosci 1985;99: 399-410.
    • (1985) Behav Neurosci , vol.99 , pp. 399-410
    • Levine, S.1    Johnson, D.F.2    Gonzalez, C.A.3
  • 48
    • 0024542930 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing cortisol and behavioral responses to maternal separation in guinea pigs
    • Hennessy MB, Moorman L. Factors influencing cortisol and behavioral responses to maternal separation in guinea pigs. Behav Neurosci 1989; 103: 378-85.
    • (1989) Behav Neurosci , vol.103 , pp. 378-385
    • Hennessy, M.B.1    Moorman, L.2
  • 49
    • 0026332080 scopus 로고
    • Physiology and pharmacology of corticotrophin-releasing factor
    • Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Physiology and pharmacology of corticotrophin-releasing factor. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43: 425-73.
    • (1991) Pharmacol Rev , vol.43 , pp. 425-473
    • Owens, M.J.1    Nemeroff, C.B.2
  • 50
    • 0028019217 scopus 로고
    • Depression and anxiety: Role of the locus coeruleus and corticotropin-releasing factor
    • Weiss JM, Stout JC, Aaron MF, et al. Depression and anxiety: role of the locus coeruleus and corticotropin-releasing factor. Brain Res Bull 1994; 35: 561-72.
    • (1994) Brain Res Bull , vol.35 , pp. 561-572
    • Weiss, J.M.1    Stout, J.C.2    Aaron, M.F.3
  • 52
    • 0344413439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of trauma exposure on the cortisol response to dexamethasone administration in PTSD and major depressive disorder
    • Yehuda R, Halligan SL, Golier JA, Grossman R, Bierer LM. Effects of trauma exposure on the cortisol response to dexamethasone administration in PTSD and major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29: 389-404.
    • (2004) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.29 , pp. 389-404
    • Yehuda, R.1    Halligan, S.L.2    Golier, J.A.3    Grossman, R.4    Bierer, L.M.5
  • 54
    • 33750212004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system in patients with panic disorder
    • Erhardt A, Ising M, Unschuld PG, et al. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system in patients with panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 2515-22.
    • (2006) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.31 , pp. 2515-2522
    • Erhardt, A.1    Ising, M.2    Unschuld, P.G.3
  • 55
    • 33847157965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HPA axis activity in patients with panic disorder: Review and synthesis of four studies
    • Abelson JL, Khan S, Liberzon I, Young EA. HPA axis activity in patients with panic disorder: review and synthesis of four studies. Depress Anxiety 2007; 24: 66-76.
    • (2007) Depress Anxiety , vol.24 , pp. 66-76
    • Abelson, J.L.1    Khan, S.2    Liberzon, I.3    Young, E.A.4
  • 56
    • 40349084433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations between HPA axis functioning and level of anxiety in children and adolescents with an anxiety disorder
    • Kallen VL, Tulen JH, Utens EM, Treffers PD, De Jong FH, Ferdinand RF. Associations between HPA axis functioning and level of anxiety in children and adolescents with an anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety 2008; 25: 131-41.
    • (2008) Depress Anxiety , vol.25 , pp. 131-141
    • Kallen, V.L.1    Tulen, J.H.2    Utens, E.M.3    Treffers, P.D.4    de Jong, F.H.5    Ferdinand, R.F.6
  • 57
    • 0029916891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in panic disorder: 24-hour secretion of corticotropin and cortisol
    • Abelson JL, Curtis GC. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in panic disorder: 24-hour secretion of corticotropin and cortisol. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53: 323-31.
    • (1996) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 323-331
    • Abelson, J.L.1    Curtis, G.C.2
  • 59
    • 0026566934 scopus 로고
    • Psychoimmunoendocrine aspects of panic disorder
    • Brambilla F, Bellodi L, Perna G, et al. Psychoimmunoendocrine aspects of panic disorder. Neuropsychobiology 1992; 26: 12-22.
    • (1992) Neuropsychobiology , vol.26 , pp. 12-22
    • Brambilla, F.1    Bellodi, L.2    Perna, G.3
  • 60
    • 38149030292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal reactions to environmental stress in elderly persons with anxiety disorders: Evidence from a population study of diurnal cortisol changes
    • Chaudieu I, Beluche I, Norton J, Boulenger JP, Ritchie K, Ancelin ML. Abnormal reactions to environmental stress in elderly persons with anxiety disorders: evidence from a population study of diurnal cortisol changes. J Affect Disord 2008; 106: 307-13.
    • (2008) J Affect Disord , vol.106 , pp. 307-313
    • Chaudieu, I.1    Beluche, I.2    Norton, J.3    Boulenger, J.P.4    Ritchie, K.5    Ancelin, M.L.6
  • 61
    • 46249123424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salivary cortisol is associated with diagnosis and severity of late-life generalized anxiety disorder
    • Mantella RC, Butters MA, Amico J.A, et al. Salivary cortisol is associated with diagnosis and severity of late-life generalized anxiety disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33: 773-81.
    • (2008) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.33 , pp. 773-781
    • Mantella, R.C.1    Butters, M.A.2    Amico, J.A.3
  • 62
    • 0033846642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroendocrine responses to psychological stress in adolescents with anxiety disorder
    • Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Zambelli U, et al. Neuroendocrine responses to psychological stress in adolescents with anxiety disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2000; 42: 82-92.
    • (2000) Neuropsychobiology , vol.42 , pp. 82-92
    • Gerra, G.1    Zaimovic, A.2    Zambelli, U.3
  • 64
    • 0004235298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Psychiatric Association, Fourth Edition, Text Revised (DMS-IVTR). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association
    • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revised (DMS-IVTR). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association 2000.
    • (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • 65
    • 0031242729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of blood pressure, cortisol, and prolactine among soldiers injured in the 1991-1993 war in Croatia
    • Sivik T, Delimar D, Korenjak P, Delimar N. The role of blood pressure, cortisol, and prolactine among soldiers injured in the 1991-1993 war in Croatia. Integr Physiol Behav Sci 1997; 32: 364-72.
    • (1997) Integr Physiol Behav Sci , vol.32 , pp. 364-372
    • Sivik, T.1    Delimar, D.2    Korenjak, P.3    Delimar, N.4
  • 66
    • 0030021125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A behavioral animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder featuring repeated exposure to situational reminders
    • Pynoos RS, Ritzmann RF, Steinberg AM, et al. A behavioral animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder featuring repeated exposure to situational reminders. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39: 129-34.
    • (1996) Biol Psychiatry , vol.39 , pp. 129-134
    • Pynoos, R.S.1    Ritzmann, R.F.2    Steinberg, A.M.3
  • 68
    • 0033830026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term behavioral and electrophysiological consequences of underwater trauma
    • Wang, J, Akirav I, Richter-Levin G. Short-term behavioral and electrophysiological consequences of underwater trauma. Physiol Behav 2000; 70: 327-32.
    • (2000) Physiol Behav , vol.70 , pp. 327-332
    • Wang, J.1    Akirav, I.2    Richter-Levin, G.3
  • 69
    • 0032427889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural plasticity, neuropeptides and anxiety in animals: Implications for understanding and treating affective disorder following traumatic stress in humans
    • Adamec R, Kent P, Anisman H, Shallow T, Merali Z http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Anisman H%22%5BAuthor%5D. Neural plasticity, neuropeptides and anxiety in animals: implications for understanding and treating affective disorder following traumatic stress in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1998; 23: 301-18.
    • (1998) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.23 , pp. 301-318
    • Adamec, R.1    Kent, P.2    Anisman, H.3    Shallow, T.4    Merali, Z.5
  • 70
    • 0032448204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NMDA receptors mediate lasting increases in anxiety-like behavior produced by the stress of predator exposure: Implications for anxiety associated with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Adamec, RE, Burton P, Shallow T, Budgell J. NMDA receptors mediate lasting increases in anxiety-like behavior produced by the stress of predator exposure: implications for anxiety associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. Physiol Behav 1999; 65: 723-37.
    • (1999) Physiol Behav , vol.65 , pp. 723-737
    • Adamec, R.E.1    Burton, P.2    Shallow, T.3    Budgell, J.4
  • 71
    • 0348209607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relevance of differential response to trauma in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Cohen, H, Zohar J, Matar M. The relevance of differential response to trauma in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 15: 463-73.
    • (2003) Biol Psychiatry , vol.15 , pp. 463-473
    • Cohen, H.1    Zohar, J.2    Matar, M.3
  • 72
    • 0027210916 scopus 로고
    • Long-lasting hormonal alterations to extreme stress in humans: Normative or maladaptive?
    • Yehuda R, Resnick H, Kahuna B, Giller EL. Long-lasting hormonal alterations to extreme stress in humans: Normative or maladaptive? Psychosom Med 1993b; 55: 287-97.
    • (1993) Psychosom Med , vol.55 , pp. 287-297
    • Yehuda, R.1    Resnick, H.2    Kahuna, B.3    Giller, E.L.4
  • 73
    • 77956640245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroendocrinology of post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Pervanidou P, Chrousos GP. Neuroendocrinology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Prog Brain Res 2010; 182: 149-60.
    • (2010) Prog Brain Res , vol.182 , pp. 149-160
    • Pervanidou, P.1    Chrousos, G.P.2
  • 74
    • 0028917715 scopus 로고
    • Abuse-related posstraumatic stress disorder: Evidence for chronic neurendocrine activation in women
    • Lemieux AM, Coe CL. Abuse-related posstraumatic stress disorder: Evidence for chronic neurendocrine activation in women. Psychosom Med 1995; 57: 105-15.
    • (1995) Psychosom Med , vol.57 , pp. 105-115
    • Lemieux, A.M.1    Coe, C.L.2
  • 75
    • 0033561925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bennett Research Award. Developmental traumatology. Part I: Biological stress systems
    • De Bellis MD, Baum AS, Birmaher B, et al. Bennett Research Award. Developmental traumatology. Part I: Biological stress systems. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1259-70.
    • (1999) Biol Psychiatry , vol.45 , pp. 1259-1270
    • de Bellis, M.D.1    Baum, A.S.2    Birmaher, B.3
  • 77
    • 0035894627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased Pituitary and Adrenal Reactivity in Premenopausal Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
    • Rasmusson Ann M, Lipschitz DS, Wang S, et al. Increased Pituitary and Adrenal Reactivity in Premenopausal Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50: 965-77.
    • (2001) Biol Psychiatry , vol.50 , pp. 965-977
    • Rasmusson, A.M.1    Lipschitz, D.S.2    Wang, S.3
  • 78
    • 0030746976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced dexamethasone suppression of plasma cortisol in adult women traumatized by childhood sexual abuse
    • Stein MB, Yehuda R, Koverola C, Hanna C. Enhanced dexamethasone suppression of plasma cortisol in adult women traumatized by childhood sexual abuse. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 42: 680-6.
    • (1997) Biol Psychiatry , vol.42 , pp. 680-686
    • Stein, M.B.1    Yehuda, R.2    Koverola, C.3    Hanna, C.4
  • 79
    • 0346422384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pituitary-adrenal responses to standard and low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests in adult survivors of child abuse
    • Newport DJ, Heim C, Bonsall R, Miller AH, Nemeroff CB. Pituitary-adrenal responses to standard and low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests in adult survivors of child abuse. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 10-20.
    • (2004) Biol Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 10-20
    • Newport, D.J.1    Heim, C.2    Bonsall, R.3    Miller, A.H.4    Nemeroff, C.B.5
  • 80
    • 77953026285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear potentiation is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in PTSD
    • Jovanovic T, Norrholm SD, Blanding NQ, et al. Fear potentiation is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35: 846-57.
    • (2010) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.35 , pp. 846-857
    • Jovanovic, T.1    Norrholm, S.D.2    Blanding, N.Q.3
  • 81
    • 0642343876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced cellular immune response in women with PTSD related to childhood abuse
    • Altemus M, Cloitre M, Dhabhar FS. Enhanced cellular immune response in women with PTSD related to childhood abuse. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 1705-7.
    • (2003) Am J Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 1705-1707
    • Altemus, M.1    Cloitre, M.2    Dhabhar, F.S.3
  • 82
    • 1942424245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basal and dexamethasone suppressed salivary cortisol concentrations in a community sample of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Lindley SE, Carlson EB, Benoit M. Basal and dexamethasone suppressed salivary cortisol concentrations in a community sample of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 940-5.
    • (2004) Biol Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 940-945
    • Lindley, S.E.1    Carlson, E.B.2    Benoit, M.3
  • 83
    • 0037840323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortisol response to a cognitive stress challenge in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to childhood abuse
    • Bremner JD, Vythilingam M, Vermetten E, et al. Cortisol response to a cognitive stress challenge in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to childhood abuse. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003a; 28: 733-50.
    • (2003) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.28 , pp. 733-750
    • Bremner, J.D.1    Vythilingam, M.2    Vermetten, E.3
  • 84
    • 33644851861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PTSD and the HPA axis: Differences in response to the cold pressor task among indi viduals with child vs. adult trauma
    • Santa Ana EJ, Saladin ME, Back SE, et al. PTSD and the HPA axis: differences in response to the cold pressor task among indi viduals with child vs. adult trauma. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006; 31(4): 501-9.
    • (2006) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 501-509
    • Santa, A.E.J.1    Saladin, M.E.2    Back, S.E.3
  • 85
  • 86
    • 35948999640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Meewisse ML, Reitsma JB, de Vries GJ, Gersons BP, Olff M. Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 191: 387-92.
    • (2007) Br J Psychiatry , vol.191 , pp. 387-392
    • Meewisse, M.L.1    Reitsma, J.B.2    de Vries, G.J.3    Gersons, B.P.4    Olff, M.5
  • 87
    • 1642320206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypocortisolism and increased glucocorticoid sensitivity of pro-Inflammatory cytokine production in Bosnian war refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Rohleder N, Joksimovic L, Wolf JM, Kirschbaum C. Hypocortisolism and increased glucocorticoid sensitivity of pro-Inflammatory cytokine production in Bosnian war refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 745-51.
    • (2004) Biol Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 745-751
    • Rohleder, N.1    Joksimovic, L.2    Wolf, J.M.3    Kirschbaum, C.4
  • 88
    • 0025986164 scopus 로고
    • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction in post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Yehuda R, Giller EL, Southwick S. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction in post-traumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry 1991; 30: 1031-48.
    • (1991) Biological Psychiatry , vol.30 , pp. 1031-1048
    • Yehuda, R.1    Giller, E.L.2    Southwick, S.3
  • 89
    • 0029014848 scopus 로고
    • Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Yehuda R, Kahana B, Binder-Brynes K. Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995b; 152: 982-86.
    • (1995) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 982-986
    • Yehuda, R.1    Kahana, B.2    Binder-Brynes, K.3
  • 90
    • 28444468161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered cortisol awakening response in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Wessa M, Rohleder N, Kirschbaum C, Flor H. Altered cortisol awakening response in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006; 31: 209-15.
    • (2006) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.31 , pp. 209-215
    • Wessa, M.1    Rohleder, N.2    Kirschbaum, C.3    Flor, H.4
  • 91
    • 0024339957 scopus 로고
    • The corticotropinreleasing hormone test in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Smith MA, Davidson J, Ritchie JC, et al. The corticotropinreleasing hormone test in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1989; 26: 349-55.
    • (1989) Biol Psychiatry , vol.26 , pp. 349-355
    • Smith, M.A.1    Davidson, J.2    Ritchie, J.C.3
  • 92
    • 0029043632 scopus 로고
    • Dose-response changes in plasma cortisol and lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors following dexamethasone administration in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Yehuda R, Boisoneau D, Lowy MT, Giller Jr EL. Dose-response changes in plasma cortisol and lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors following dexamethasone administration in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995a; 52: 583-93.
    • (1995) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.52 , pp. 583-593
    • Yehuda, R.1    Boisoneau, D.2    Lowy, M.T.3    Giller, E.L.4
  • 95
    • 0025060942 scopus 로고
    • Twenty-four hour urinary cortisol and catecholamine excretion in combatrelated posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Pitman R, Orr S. Twenty-four hour urinary cortisol and catecholamine excretion in combatrelated posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 1990; 27: 245-47.
    • (1990) Biol. Psychiatry , vol.27 , pp. 245-247
    • Pitman, R.1    Orr, S.2
  • 96
    • 0032905877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serial CSF corticotrophin-releasing hormone levels and adrenocortical activity in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Baker DG, West SA, Nicholson WE, et al. Serial CSF corticotrophin-releasing hormone levels and adrenocortical activity in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 585-88.
    • (1999) Am J Psychiatry , vol.156 , pp. 585-588
    • Baker, D.G.1    West, S.A.2    Nicholson, W.E.3
  • 97
    • 0031004906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated CSF corticotrophin-releasing factor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Bremner JD, Licinio J, Darnell A, et al. Elevated CSF corticotrophin-releasing factor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 624-9.
    • (1997) Am J Psychiatry , vol.154 , pp. 624-629
    • Bremner, J.D.1    Licinio, J.2    Darnell, A.3
  • 99
    • 70350158216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salivary cortisol and psychopathology in adults bereaved by the September 11, 2001 terror attacks
    • Pfeffer CR, Altemus M, Heo M, Jiang H. Salivary cortisol and psychopathology in adults bereaved by the September 11, 2001 terror attacks. Int J Psychiatry Med 2009; 39: 215-26.
    • (2009) Int J Psychiatry Med , vol.39 , pp. 215-226
    • Pfeffer, C.R.1    Altemus, M.2    Heo, M.3    Jiang, H.4
  • 101
    • 84870229551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroendocrine response to CRF stimulation in veterans with and without PTSD in consideration of war zone era
    • Aug 1, Epub ahead of print
    • Golier JA, Caramanica K, Yehuda R. Neuroendocrine response to CRF stimulation in veterans with and without PTSD in consideration of war zone era. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011 Aug 1. [Epub ahead of print]
    • (2011) Psychoneuroendocrinology
    • Golier, J.A.1    Caramanica, K.2    Yehuda, R.3
  • 102
    • 69849094099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pituitary response to metyrapone in Gulf War veterans: Relationship to deployment, PTSD and unexplained health symptoms
    • Golier JA, Schmeidler J, Yehuda R. Pituitary response to metyrapone in Gulf War veterans: relationship to deployment, PTSD and unexplained health symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34: 1338-45.
    • (2009) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.34 , pp. 1338-1345
    • Golier, J.A.1    Schmeidler, J.2    Yehuda, R.3
  • 103
    • 0036203087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marked lability of urinary free cortisol levels in sub-groups of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Mason J, Wang S, Yehuda R, et al. Marked lability of urinary free cortisol levels in sub-groups of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosom Med 2002; 64: 238-46.
    • (2002) Psychosom Med , vol.64 , pp. 238-246
    • Mason, J.1    Wang, S.2    Yehuda, R.3
  • 104
    • 0344080415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endocrine and cardiovascular responses to corticotropinreleasing hormone in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A role for atrial natriuretic peptide?
    • Kellner, M., Yassouridis, A., Hubner, R., Baker, D.G., Wiedemann, K. Endocrine and cardiovascular responses to corticotropinreleasing hormone in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: a role for atrial natriuretic peptide? Neuropsychobiology 2003; 47: 102-8.
    • (2003) Neuropsychobiology , vol.47 , pp. 102-108
    • Kellner, M.1    Yassouridis, A.2    Hubner, R.3    Baker, D.G.4    Wiedemann, K.5
  • 105
    • 3242763753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saliva cortisol in posttraumatic stress disorder: A community epidemiologic study
    • Young EA, Breslau N. Saliva cortisol in posttraumatic stress disorder: a community epidemiologic study. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 56: 205-9.
    • (2004) Biol Psychiatry , vol.56 , pp. 205-209
    • Young, E.A.1    Breslau, N.2
  • 106
    • 39249085380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the response to the combined DEX-CRH test between PTSD patients with and without co-morbid depressive disorder
    • de Kloet C, Vermetten E, Lentjes E, et al. Differences in the response to the combined DEX-CRH test between PTSD patients with and without co-morbid depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33: 313-20.
    • (2008) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.33 , pp. 313-320
    • de Kloet, C.1    Vermetten, E.2    Lentjes, E.3
  • 108
    • 0035894631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salivary cortisol, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and general health in the acute phase and during 9-month follow-up
    • Aardal-Eriksson E, Eriksson TE, Thorell LH. Salivary cortisol, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and general health in the acute phase and during 9-month follow-up. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50: 986-93.
    • (2001) Biol Psychiatry , vol.50 , pp. 986-993
    • Aardal-Eriksson, E.1    Eriksson, T.E.2    Thorell, L.H.3
  • 109
    • 41649086076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress hormones and post-traumatic stress disorder in civilian trauma victims: A longitudinal study. Part I: HPA axis responses
    • Shalev AY, Videlock EJ, Peleg T, Segman R, Pitman RK, Yehuda R. Stress hormones and post-traumatic stress disorder in civilian trauma victims: a longitudinal study. Part I: HPA axis responses. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 11: 365-72.
    • (2008) Int J Neuropsychopharmacol , vol.11 , pp. 365-372
    • Shalev, A.Y.1    Videlock, E.J.2    Peleg, T.3    Segman, R.4    Pitman, R.K.5    Yehuda, R.6
  • 110
    • 33947160158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental posttraumatic stress symptoms as a moderator of child's acute biological response and subsequent posttraumatic stress symptoms in pediatric injury patients
    • Nugent NR, Ostrowski S, Christopher NC, Delahanty DL. Parental posttraumatic stress symptoms as a moderator of child's acute biological response and subsequent posttraumatic stress symptoms in pediatric injury patients. J Pediatr Psychol 2007; 32: 309-18.
    • (2007) J Pediatr Psychol , vol.32 , pp. 309-318
    • Nugent, N.R.1    Ostrowski, S.2    Christopher, N.C.3    Delahanty, D.L.4
  • 111
    • 34548450682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental posttraumatic stress disorder as a vulnerability factor for low cortisol trait in offspring of holocaust survivors
    • Yehuda R, Teicher MH, Seckl JR, Grossman RA, Morris A, Bierer LM. Parental posttraumatic stress disorder as a vulnerability factor for low cortisol trait in offspring of holocaust survivors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:1040-8.
    • (2007) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.64 , pp. 1040-1048
    • Yehuda, R.1    Teicher, M.H.2    Seckl, J.R.3    Grossman, R.A.4    Morris, A.5    Bierer, L.M.6
  • 112
    • 0038182457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI and PET study of deficits in hippocampal structure and function in women with childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Bremner JD, Vythilingam M, Vermetten E, et al. MRI and PET study of deficits in hippocampal structure and function in women with childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2003b; 160: 924-32.
    • (2003) Am J Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 924-932
    • Bremner, J.D.1    Vythilingam, M.2    Vermetten, E.3
  • 113
    • 36249006861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress-induced changes in hippocampal function
    • Joëls M, Krugers H, Karst H. Stress-induced changes in hippocampal function. Prog Brain Res 2008; 167: 3-15.
    • (2008) Prog Brain Res , vol.167 , pp. 3-15
    • Joëls, M.1    Krugers, H.2    Karst, H.3
  • 114
    • 33746851204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of HPA-axis function in posttraumatic stress disorder: Pharmacological and non-pharmacological challenge tests, a review
    • de Kloet CS, Vermetten E, Geuze E, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ, Westenberg HG. Assessment of HPA-axis function in posttraumatic stress disorder: pharmacological and non-pharmacological challenge tests, a review. J Psychiatr Res 2006; 40: 550-67.
    • (2006) J Psychiatr Res , vol.40 , pp. 550-567
    • de Kloet, C.S.1    Vermetten, E.2    Geuze, E.3    Kavelaars, A.4    Heijnen, C.J.5    Westenberg, H.G.6
  • 115
    • 0038300732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The defense system of fear: Behavior and neurocircuitry
    • Misslin R. The defense system of fear: behavior and neurocircuitry. Neurophysiologie Clinique 2003; 33: 55-66.
    • (2003) Neurophysiologie Clinique , vol.33 , pp. 55-66
    • Misslin, R.1
  • 117
    • 0035991072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethopharmacological analysis of the unstable elevated exposed plus maze, a novel model of extreme anxiety: Predictive validity and sensitivity to anxiogenic agents
    • Jones N, Duxon MS, King SM. Ethopharmacological analysis of the unstable elevated exposed plus maze, a novel model of extreme anxiety: predictive validity and sensitivity to anxiogenic agents. Psychopharmacology 2002; 161: 314-32.
    • (2002) Psychopharmacology , vol.161 , pp. 314-332
    • Jones, N.1    Duxon, M.S.2    King, S.M.3
  • 119
    • 79151479003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased plasma corticosterone levels after periaqueductal gray stimulation-induced escape reaction or panic attacks in rats
    • Lim LW, Blokland A, van Duinen M, et al. Increased plasma corticosterone levels after periaqueductal gray stimulation-induced escape reaction or panic attacks in rats. Behav Brain Res 2011; 218: 301-7.
    • (2011) Behav Brain Res , vol.218 , pp. 301-307
    • Lim, L.W.1    Blokland, A.2    van Duinen, M.3
  • 122
    • 0012798610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociation between reactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system to repeated psychosocial stress
    • Schommer NC, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C. Dissociation between reactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system to repeated psychosocial stress. Psychosom Med 2003; 65: 450-60.
    • (2003) Psychosom Med , vol.65 , pp. 450-460
    • Schommer, N.C.1    Hellhammer, D.H.2    Kirschbaum, C.3
  • 124
    • 0027528446 scopus 로고
    • False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics, and related conditions: An integrative hypothesis
    • Klein DF. False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics, and related conditions: an integrative hypothesis. Archives of General Psychiatry 1993; 50: 306-17.
    • (1993) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.50 , pp. 306-317
    • Klein, D.F.1
  • 127
  • 129
    • 0023922364 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of urinary free cortisol levels in patients with panic disorder to symptoms of depression and agoraphobia
    • Kathol RG, Anton R, Noyes R, Lopez AL, Reich JH. Relationship of urinary free cortisol levels in patients with panic disorder to symptoms of depression and agoraphobia. Psychiatry Res 1988; 24: 211-21.
    • (1988) Psychiatry Res , vol.24 , pp. 211-221
    • Kathol, R.G.1    Anton, R.2    Noyes, R.3    Lopez, A.L.4    Reich, J.H.5
  • 130
    • 0023829628 scopus 로고
    • Normal urinary free cortisol and plasma MHPG in panic disorder: Clinical and theoretical implications
    • Uhde T, Joffe RT, Jimerson DC, Post RM. Normal urinary free cortisol and plasma MHPG in panic disorder: Clinical and theoretical implications. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 23: 575-85.
    • (1988) Biol Psychiatry , vol.23 , pp. 575-585
    • Uhde, T.1    Joffe, R.T.2    Jimerson, D.C.3    Post, R.M.4
  • 133
    • 0025966899 scopus 로고
    • The prognostic significance of HPAaxis disturbance in panic disorder: A three-year follow-up
    • Coryell W, Noyes R, Reich J. The prognostic significance of HPAaxis disturbance in panic disorder: A three-year follow-up. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 29: 96-102.
    • (1991) Biol Psychiatry , vol.29 , pp. 96-102
    • Coryell, W.1    Noyes, R.2    Reich, J.3
  • 134
    • 0024328345 scopus 로고
    • The significance of HPA axis disturbance in panic disorder
    • Coryell W, Noyes R, Schlechte J. The significance of HPA axis disturbance in panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1989b; 25: 989-1002.
    • (1989) Biol Psychiatry , vol.25 , pp. 989-1002
    • Coryell, W.1    Noyes, R.2    Schlechte, J.3
  • 136
    • 77649272482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A striking pattern of cortisol non-responsiveness to psychosocial stress in patients with panic disorder with concurrent normal cortisol awakening responses
    • Petrowski K, Herold U, Joraschky P, Wittchen HU, Kirschbaum C. A striking pattern of cortisol non-responsiveness to psychosocial stress in patients with panic disorder with concurrent normal cortisol awakening responses. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35: 414-21.
    • (2010) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.35 , pp. 414-421
    • Petrowski, K.1    Herold, U.2    Joraschky, P.3    Wittchen, H.U.4    Kirschbaum, C.5
  • 138
    • 80052482236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of stressful life events on the course of panic disorder in adults
    • Moitra E, Dyck I, Beard C, et al. Impact of stressful life events on the course of panic disorder in adults. J Affect Disord 2011; 134: 373-76.
    • (2011) J Affect Disord , vol.134 , pp. 373-376
    • Moitra, E.1    Dyck, I.2    Beard, C.3
  • 140
  • 141
    • 33748677535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: A study of comorbidity
    • Kar N, Bastia BK. Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: a study of comorbidity. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health 2006; 2-17.
    • (2006) Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health , pp. 2-17
    • Kar, N.1    Bastia, B.K.2
  • 142
    • 0022617235 scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric reactions to disaster: The Mount St. Helens experience
    • Shore JH, Tatum EL, Vollmer WM. Psychiatric reactions to disaster: the Mount St. Helens experience. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 590-95.
    • (1986) Am J Psychiatry , vol.143 , pp. 590-595
    • Shore, J.H.1    Tatum, E.L.2    Vollmer, W.M.3
  • 143
    • 0141792306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiological factors of generalized anxiety disorder
    • Gosselin P, Laberge B. Etiological factors of generalized anxiety disorder. Encephale 2003; 29: 351-61.
    • (2003) Encephale , vol.29 , pp. 351-361
    • Gosselin, P.1    Laberge, B.2
  • 144
    • 0042655450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life event dimensions of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression and generalized anxiety
    • Kendler KS, Hettema JM, Butera F, Gardner CO, Prescott CA. Life event dimensions of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression and generalized anxiety. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 789-96.
    • (2003) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.60 , pp. 789-796
    • Kendler, K.S.1    Hettema, J.M.2    Butera, F.3    Gardner, C.O.4    Prescott, C.A.5
  • 145
    • 77956326616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between abnormal psychosocial situations in childhood, generalized anxiety disorder and oppositional defiant disorder
    • Nordahl HM, Wells A, Olsson CA, Bjerkeset O. Association between abnormal psychosocial situations in childhood, generalized anxiety disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2010; 44: 852-8.
    • (2010) Aust N Z J Psychiatry , vol.44 , pp. 852-858
    • Nordahl, H.M.1    Wells, A.2    Olsson, C.A.3    Bjerkeset, O.4
  • 147
    • 0023837796 scopus 로고
    • The dexamethasone suppression test and plasma dexamethasone in generalized anxiety disorder
    • Tiller JW, Biddle N, Maguire KP, Davies BM. The dexamethasone suppression test and plasma dexamethasone in generalized anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 23: 261-70.
    • (1988) Biol Psychiatry , vol.23 , pp. 261-270
    • Tiller, J.W.1    Biddle, N.2    Maguire, K.P.3    Davies, B.M.4
  • 149
    • 14544307907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortisol response to diazepam: Its relationship to age, dose, duration of treatment, and presence of generalized anxiety disorder
    • Pomara N, Willoughby LM, Sidtis JJ, Cooper TB, Greenblatt DJ. Cortisol response to diazepam: its relationship to age, dose, duration of treatment, and presence of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 178: 1-8.
    • (2005) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.178 , pp. 1-8
    • Pomara, N.1    Willoughby, L.M.2    Sidtis, J.J.3    Cooper, T.B.4    Greenblatt, D.J.5
  • 150
    • 21244459240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in response to cognitive therapy in patients with generalized anxiety disorder
    • Tafet GE, Feder DJ, Abulafia DP, Roffman SS. Regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in response to cognitive therapy in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2005; 5: 37-40.
    • (2005) Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 37-40
    • Tafet, G.E.1    Feder, D.J.2    Abulafia, D.P.3    Roffman, S.S.4
  • 152
    • 79955469074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated cortisol in older adults with generalized anxiety disorder is reduced by treatment: A placebo-controlled evaluation of escitalopram
    • Lenze EJ, Mantella RC, Shi P, et al. Elevated cortisol in older adults with generalized anxiety disorder is reduced by treatment: a placebo-controlled evaluation of escitalopram. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 19: 482-90.
    • (2011) Am J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.19 , pp. 482-490
    • Lenze, E.J.1    Mantella, R.C.2    Shi, P.3
  • 153
    • 0028864470 scopus 로고
    • Clinical similarity and biological diversity in the response to alprazolam in patients with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder
    • Klein E, Zinder O, Colin V, Zilberman I, Levy N, Greenberg A, Lenox RH. Clinical similarity and biological diversity in the response to alprazolam in patients with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995; 92: 399-408.
    • (1995) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.92 , pp. 399-408
    • Klein, E.1    Zinder, O.2    Colin, V.3    Zilberman, I.4    Levy, N.5    Greenberg, A.6    Lenox, R.H.7
  • 154
  • 156
    • 79952360125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased hair cortisol concentrations in generalised anxiety disorder
    • Steudte S, Stalder T, Dettenborn L, et al. Decreased hair cortisol concentrations in generalised anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res 2011; 186: 310-4.
    • (2011) Psychiatry Res , vol.186 , pp. 310-314
    • Steudte, S.1    Stalder, T.2    Dettenborn, L.3
  • 158
    • 0037646366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of the Yale Children's Global Stress Index (YCGSI) and its application in children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome and obsessivecompulsive disorder
    • Findley DB, Leckman JF, Katsovich L, et al. Development of the Yale Children's Global Stress Index (YCGSI) and its application in children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome and obsessivecompulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003; 42: 450-7.
    • (2003) J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , vol.42 , pp. 450-457
    • Findley, D.B.1    Leckman, J.F.2    Katsovich, L.3
  • 159
    • 80053331478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Translational approaches to obsessive-compulsive disorder: From animal models to clinical treatment
    • Fineberg NA, Chamberlain SR, Hollander E, Boulougouris V, Robbins TW. Translational approaches to obsessive-compulsive disorder: from animal models to clinical treatment. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 164: 1044-61.
    • (2011) Br J Pharmacol , vol.164 , pp. 1044-1061
    • Fineberg, N.A.1    Chamberlain, S.R.2    Hollander, E.3    Boulougouris, V.4    Robbins, T.W.5
  • 160
    • 34247587203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An investigation of traumatic life events and obsessive-compulsive disorder
    • Cromer KR, Schmidt NB, Murphy DL. An investigation of traumatic life events and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45: 1683-91.
    • (2007) Behav Res Ther , vol.45 , pp. 1683-1691
    • Cromer, K.R.1    Schmidt, N.B.2    Murphy, D.L.3
  • 162
    • 37349097091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Grabe HJ, Ruhrmann S, Spitzer C, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopathology 2008; 41: 129-34.
    • (2008) Psychopathology , vol.41 , pp. 129-134
    • Grabe, H.J.1    Ruhrmann, S.2    Spitzer, C.3
  • 163
    • 0032796885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent life events and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): The role of pregnancy/ delivery
    • Maina G, Albert U, Bogetto F, Vaschetto P, Ravizza L. Recent life events and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): the role of pregnancy/ delivery. Psychiatry Res 1999; 89: 49-58.
    • (1999) Psychiatry Res , vol.89 , pp. 49-58
    • Maina, G.1    Albert, U.2    Bogetto, F.3    Vaschetto, P.4    Ravizza, L.5
  • 164
    • 79955579177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stressful life events at onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder are associated with a distinct clinical pattern
    • Real E, Labad J, Alonso P, et al. Stressful life events at onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder are associated with a distinct clinical pattern. Depression and Anxiety 2011; 28: 367-76.
    • (2011) Depression and Anxiety , vol.28 , pp. 367-376
    • Real, E.1    Labad, J.2    Alonso, P.3
  • 165
    • 0028240305 scopus 로고
    • Circadian rhythms of melatonin, cortisol and prolactin in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
    • Monteleone P, Catapano F, Del Buono G, Maj M. Circadian rhythms of melatonin, cortisol and prolactin in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 89: 411-15.
    • (1994) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.89 , pp. 411-415
    • Monteleone, P.1    Catapano, F.2    del Buono, G.3    Maj, M.4
  • 166
    • 0026545071 scopus 로고
    • Abnormalities in the regulation of vasopressin and corticotropin releasing factor secretion in obsessive-compulsive disorder
    • Altemus M, Pigott T, Kalogeras KT, et al. Abnormalities in the regulation of vasopressin and corticotropin releasing factor secretion in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 9-20.
    • (1992) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.49 , pp. 9-20
    • Altemus, M.1    Pigott, T.2    Kalogeras, K.T.3
  • 167
    • 0025689981 scopus 로고
    • Dexamethasone suppression test in patients with primary obsessive-compulsive disorder and in healthy controls
    • Catapano F, Monteleone P, Maj M, Kemali D. Dexamethasone suppression test in patients with primary obsessive-compulsive disorder and in healthy controls. Neuropsychobiology 1990; 23: 53-6.
    • (1990) Neuropsychobiology , vol.23 , pp. 53-56
    • Catapano, F.1    Monteleone, P.2    Maj, M.3    Kemali, D.4
  • 169
    • 84870161128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress response in postpartum women with and without obsessive-compulsive symptoms: An fMRI study
    • Lord C, Steiner M, Soares CN, Carew CL, Hall GB. Stress response in postpartum women with and without obsessive-compulsive symptoms: an fMRI study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2011; 36: 110005.
    • (2011) J Psychiatry Neurosci , vol.36 , pp. 110005
    • Lord, C.1    Steiner, M.2    Soares, C.N.3    Carew, C.L.4    Hall, G.B.5
  • 170
    • 0141463663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging
    • Ursu S, Stenger VA, Shear MK, Jones MR, Carter CS. Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychol Sci 2003; 14: 347-53.
    • (2003) Psychol Sci , vol.14 , pp. 347-353
    • Ursu, S.1    Stenger, V.A.2    Shear, M.K.3    Jones, M.R.4    Carter, C.S.5
  • 172
    • 0028316471 scopus 로고
    • Normal urinary free cortisol and postdexamethasone cortisol in social phobia: Comparison to normal volunteers
    • Uhde TW, Tancer ME, Gelernter CS, Vittone BJ. Normal urinary free cortisol and postdexamethasone cortisol in social phobia: comparison to normal volunteers. J Affect Disord 1994; 30: 155-61.
    • (1994) J Affect Disord , vol.30 , pp. 155-161
    • Uhde, T.W.1    Tancer, M.E.2    Gelernter, C.S.3    Vittone, B.J.4
  • 173
    • 77957234123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortisol plasma levels in social anxiety disorder patients correlate with serotonin-1A receptor binding in limbic brain regions
    • Lanzenberger R, Wadsak W, Spindelegger C, et al. Cortisol plasma levels in social anxiety disorder patients correlate with serotonin-1A receptor binding in limbic brain regions. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13: 1129-43.
    • (2010) Int J Neuropsychopharmacol , vol.13 , pp. 1129-1143
    • Lanzenberger, R.1    Wadsak, W.2    Spindelegger, C.3
  • 174
    • 58349120168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperresponsiveness is associated with increased social avoidance behavior in social phobia
    • Roelofs K, van Peer J, Berretty E, Jong P, Spinhoven P, Elzinga BM. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperresponsiveness is associated with increased social avoidance behavior in social phobia. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65: 336-43.
    • (2009) Biol Psychiatry , vol.65 , pp. 336-343
    • Roelofs, K.1    van Peer, J.2    Berretty, E.3    Jong, P.4    Spinhoven, P.5    Elzinga, B.M.6
  • 175
    • 0027301918 scopus 로고
    • Responses of "generalized" and "discrete" social phobics during public speaking
    • Levin AP, Saoud JB, Strauman T, et al. Responses of "generalized" and "discrete" social phobics during public speaking. J Anxiety Disord 1993; 7: 207-21.
    • (1993) J Anxiety Disord , vol.7 , pp. 207-221
    • Levin, A.P.1    Saoud, J.B.2    Strauman, T.3
  • 176
    • 0035881967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal salivary cortisol levels in social phobic patients in response to acute psychological but not physical stress
    • Furlan PM, DeMartinis N, Schweizer E, Rickels K, Lucki I. Abnormal salivary cortisol levels in social phobic patients in response to acute psychological but not physical stress. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50: 254-9.
    • (2001) Biol Psychiatry , vol.50 , pp. 254-259
    • Furlan, P.M.1    Demartinis, N.2    Schweizer, E.3    Rickels, K.4    Lucki, I.5
  • 178
    • 54049094422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal reactivity in prepubertal children with social phobia
    • van West D, Claes S, Sulon J, Deboutte D. Hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal reactivity in prepubertal children with social phobia. J Affect Disord 2008; 111: 281-90.
    • (2008) J Affect Disord , vol.111 , pp. 281-290
    • van West, D.1    Claes, S.2    Sulon, J.3    Deboutte, D.4
  • 179
    • 84871393996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subjective, Autonomic, and Endocrine Reactivity during Social Stress in Children with Social Phobia
    • Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]
    • Krämer M, Seefeldt WL, Heinrichs N, et al. Subjective, Autonomic, and Endocrine Reactivity during Social Stress in Children with Social Phobia. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2011 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]
    • (2011) J Abnorm Child Psychol
    • Krämer, M.1    Seefeldt, W.L.2    Heinrichs, N.3
  • 180
    • 84871365739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortisol levels in response to starting school in children at increased risk for social phobia
    • Aug 16. [Epub ahead of print]
    • Russ SJ, Herbert J, Cooper P, et al. Cortisol levels in response to starting school in children at increased risk for social phobia. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011 Aug 16. [Epub ahead of print]
    • (2011) Psychoneuroendocrinology
    • Russ, S.J.1    Herbert, J.2    Cooper, P.3
  • 181
    • 0034523242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoidant personality disorder, generalized social phobia, and shyness: Putting the personality back into personality disorders
    • Rettew DC. Avoidant personality disorder, generalized social phobia, and shyness: putting the personality back into personality disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2000; 8: 283-97.
    • (2000) Harv Rev Psychiatry , vol.8 , pp. 283-297
    • Rettew, D.C.1
  • 182
    • 0031092228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses in shy children
    • Schmidt LA, Fox NA, Rubin KH, et al. Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses in shy children. Dev Psychobiol 1997; 30: 127-40.
    • (1997) Dev Psychobiol , vol.30 , pp. 127-140
    • Schmidt, L.A.1    Fox, N.A.2    Rubin, K.H.3
  • 183
    • 79952617896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children suffering from separation anxiety disorder (SAD) show increased HPA axis activity compared to healthy controls
    • Brand S, Wilhelm FH, Kossowsky J, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Schneider S. Children suffering from separation anxiety disorder (SAD) show increased HPA axis activity compared to healthy controls. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45: 452-9.
    • (2011) J Psychiatr Res , vol.45 , pp. 452-459
    • Brand, S.1    Wilhelm, F.H.2    Kossowsky, J.3    Holsboer-Trachsler, E.4    Schneider, S.5
  • 184
    • 0024281371 scopus 로고
    • Biological bases of childhood shyness
    • Kagan J, Reznick JS, Snidman N. Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science 1988; 240: 167-71.
    • (1988) Science , vol.240 , pp. 167-171
    • Kagan, J.1    Reznick, J.S.2    Snidman, N.3
  • 185
    • 0029910320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of postnatal handling of rats on emotional, HPA-axis, and prolactin reactivity to novelty and conflict
    • Núñez JF, Ferré P, Escorihuela RM, Tobeña A, Fernández-Teruel A. Effects of postnatal handling of rats on emotional, HPA-axis, and prolactin reactivity to novelty and conflict. Physiol Behav 1996; 60: 1355-9.
    • (1996) Physiol Behav , vol.60 , pp. 1355-1359
    • Núñez, J.F.1    Ferré, P.2    Escorihuela, R.M.3    Tobeña, A.4    Fernández-Teruel, A.5
  • 187
    • 33747376132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traumatic and socially stressful life events among persons with social anxiety disorder
    • Erwin BA, Heimberg RG, Marx BP, Franklin ME. Traumatic and socially stressful life events among persons with social anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2006; 20: 896-914.
    • (2006) J Anxiety Disord , vol.20 , pp. 896-914
    • Erwin, B.A.1    Heimberg, R.G.2    Marx, B.P.3    Franklin, M.E.4
  • 188
    • 78650250454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms: The impact of distressing social events
    • Carleton RN, Peluso DL, Collimore KC, Asmundson GJ. Social anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms: the impact of distressing social events. J Anxiety Disord 2011; 25: 49-57.
    • (2011) J Anxiety Disord , vol.25 , pp. 49-57
    • Carleton, R.N.1    Peluso, D.L.2    Collimore, K.C.3    Asmundson, G.J.4
  • 189
    • 13244291284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early traumatic life events, parental rearing styles, family history of mental disorders, and birth risk factors in patients with social anxiety disorder
    • Bandelow B, Charimo Torrente A, Wedekind D, Broocks A, Hajak G, Rüther E. Early traumatic life events, parental rearing styles, family history of mental disorders, and birth risk factors in patients with social anxiety disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004; 254: 397-405.
    • (2004) Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.254 , pp. 397-405
    • Bandelow, B.1    Charimo, T.A.2    Wedekind, D.3    Broocks, A.4    Hajak, G.5    Rüther, E.6
  • 190
    • 70350741350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood maltreatment linked to greater symptom severity and poorer quality of life and function in social anxiety disorder
    • Simon NM, Herlands NN, Marks EH, et al. Childhood maltreatment linked to greater symptom severity and poorer quality of life and function in social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety 2009; 26: 1027-32.
    • (2009) Depress Anxiety , vol.26 , pp. 1027-1032
    • Simon, N.M.1    Herlands, N.N.2    Marks, E.H.3
  • 191
    • 71149115664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of childhood abuse in HPA-axis reactivity in Social Anxiety Disorder: A pilot study
    • Elzinga BM, Spinhoven P, Berretty E, de Jong P, Roelofs K. The role of childhood abuse in HPA-axis reactivity in Social Anxiety Disorder: a pilot study. Biol Psychol 2010; 83: 1-6.
    • (2010) Biol Psychol , vol.83 , pp. 1-6
    • Elzinga, B.M.1    Spinhoven, P.2    Berretty, E.3    de Jong, P.4    Roelofs, K.5
  • 192
    • 41549140795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social anxiety disorder: A review of environmental risk factors
    • Brook CA, Schmidt LA. Social anxiety disorder: a review of environmental risk factors. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4: 123-43.
    • (2008) Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat , vol.4 , pp. 123-143
    • Brook, C.A.1    Schmidt, L.A.2
  • 193
    • 6344221926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The etiology of social phobia: Empirical evidence and an initial model
    • Rapee RM, Spence SH. The etiology of social phobia: empirical evidence and an initial model. Clin Psychol Rev 2004; 24: 737-67.
    • (2004) Clin Psychol Rev , vol.24 , pp. 737-767
    • Rapee, R.M.1    Spence, S.H.2
  • 194
    • 21844434219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental programming of stress responses through DNA methylation: Life at the interface between a dynamic environment and a fixed genome
    • Meaney MJ, Szyf M. Environmental programming of stress responses through DNA methylation: life at the interface between a dynamic environment and a fixed genome. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2005; 7:103-23.
    • (2005) Dialogues Clin Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 103-123
    • Meaney, M.J.1    Szyf, M.2
  • 195
    • 33644763991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal care effects on the hippocampal transcriptome and anxiety-mediated behaviors in the offspring that are reversible in adulthood
    • Weaver IC, Meaney MJ, Szyf M. Maternal care effects on the hippocampal transcriptome and anxiety-mediated behaviors in the offspring that are reversible in adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 10: 3480-85.
    • (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.10 , pp. 3480-3485
    • Weaver, I.C.1    Meaney, M.J.2    Szyf, M.3
  • 196
    • 28844440383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal programming of steroid receptor expression and phenotype through DNA methylation in the rat
    • Szyf M, Weaver IC, Champagne FA, Diorio J, Meaney MJ. Maternal programming of steroid receptor expression and phenotype through DNA methylation in the rat. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2005;26(3-4):139-62
    • (2005) Front Neuroendocrinol , vol.26 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 139-162
    • Szyf, M.1    Weaver, I.C.2    Champagne, F.A.3    Diorio, J.4    Meaney, M.J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.