Elevated cortisol in older adults with generalized anxiety disorder is reduced by treatment: A placebo-controlled evaluation of escitalopram

American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 482-490

  Lenze, Eric J ^a,e   Mantella, Rose C ^c   Shi, Peichang ^a   Goate, Alison M ^a   Nowotny, Petra ^a   Butters, Meryl A ^d   Andreescu, Carmen ^d   Thompson, Paul A ^b   Rollman, Bruce L ^d  

^a Department of Psychiatry   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA   (United States)

^c ABBOTT LABORATORIES   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

aging; antidepressant; Anxiety; cortisol; health; stress

Indexed keywords

ESCITALOPRAM; HYDROCORTISONE; PLACEBO; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER;

ADULT; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; FEMALE; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PREDICTION; PROMOTER REGION; SALIVA;

EID: 79955469074     PISSN: 10647481     EISSN: 15457214     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181ec806c     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. McEwen BS: Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:171-179.
2. Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Kupfer DJ: Effects of gender and age on the levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:2468-2473. (Pubitemid 26240262)
3. Lupien S, Lecours AR, Lussier I, et al: Basal cortisol levels and cognitive deficits in human aging. J Neurosci 1994; 14:2893-2903. (Pubitemid 24140912)
4. Ferrari E, Magri F, Dori D, et al: Neuroendocrine correlates of the aging brain in humans. Neuroendocrinology 1995; 61:464-470.
5. Deuschle M, Gotthardt U, Schweiger U, et al: With aging in humans the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system increases and its diurnal amplitude flattens. Life Sci 1997; 61:2239-2246. (Pubitemid 27521206)
6. Andrews-Hanna JR, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, et al: Disruption of large-scale brain systems in advanced aging. Neuron 2007; 56: 924-935. (Pubitemid 350181355)
7. Pfefferbaum A, Adalsteinsson E, Sullivan EV: Frontal circuitry degradation marks healthy adult aging: evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroimage 2005; 26:891-899. (Pubitemid 40825031)
8. Urry HL, Van Reekum CM, Johnstone T, et al: Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are inversely coupled during regulation of negative affect and predict the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion among older adults. J Neurosci 2006; 26:4415-4425. (Pubitemid 44315400)
9. Kern S, Oakes TR, Stone CK, et al: Glucose metabolic changes in the prefrontal cortex are associated with HPA axis response to a psychosocial stressor. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:517-529.
10. Otte C, Hart S, Neylan TC, et al: A meta-analysis of cortisol response to challenge in human aging: importance of gender. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005; 30:80-91. (Pubitemid 39195047)
11. Seeman TE, Singer B, Wilkinson CW, et al: Gender differences in age-related changes in HPA axis reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001; 26:225-240. (Pubitemid 32144727)
12. Catania C, Sotiropoulos I, Silva R, et al: The amyloidogenic potential and behavioral correlates of stress. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:95-105.
13. Csernansky JG, Dong H, Fagan AM, et al: Plasma cortisol and progression of dementia in subjects with Alzheimer-type dementia. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:2164-2169. (Pubitemid 46114238)
14. Lupien SJ, Nair NP, Briere S, et al: Increased cortisol levels and impaired cognition in human aging: implication for depression and dementia in later life. Rev Neurosci 1999; 10:117-139. (Pubitemid 29392579)
15. Gruenewald TL, Seeman TE, Ryff CD, et al: Combinations of biomarkers predictive of later life mortality. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103:14158-14163. (Pubitemid 44452996)
16. Lee BK, Glass TA, McAtee MJ, et al: Associations of salivary cortisol with cognitive function in the Baltimore memory study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:810-818. (Pubitemid 47026377)
17. Bryant C, Jackson H, Ames D: The prevalence of anxiety in older adults: methodological issues and a review of the literature. J Affect Disord 2008; 109:233-250.
18. Wetherell JL, Thorp SR, Patterson TL, et al: Quality of life in geriatric generalized anxiety disorder: a preliminary investigation. J Psychiatr Res 2004; 38:305-312. (Pubitemid 38299168)
19. Mantella RC, Butters MA, Amico JA, et al: Salivary cortisol is associated with diagnosis and severity of late-life generalized anxiety disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:773-781.
20. Chaudieu I, Beluche I, Norton J, et al: Abnormal reactions to environmental stress in elderly persons with anxiety disorders: evidence from a population study of diurnal cortisol changes. J Affect Disord 2008; 106:307-313.
21. Pezawas L, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Drabant EM, et al: 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8:828-834. (Pubitemid 43085851)
22. Heinz A, Braus DF, Smolka MN, et al: Amygdala-prefrontal coupling depends on a genetic variation of the serotonin transporter. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8:20-21. (Pubitemid 41236725)
23. Gotlib IH, Joormann J, Minor KL, et al: HPA axis reactivity: a mechanism underlying the associations among 5-HTTLPR, stress, and depression. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63:847-851. (Pubitemid 351458452)
24. O'Hara R, Schroder CM,Mahadevan R, et al: Serotonin transporter polymorphism, memory and hippocampal volume in the elderly: association and interaction with cortisol. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:544-555. (Pubitemid 46816773)
25. Alessandro S, Kato M: The serotonin transporter gene and effectiveness of SSRIs. Expert Rev Neurother 2008; 8:111-120.
26. Lenze EJ, Rollman BL, Shear MK, et al: Escitalopram for older adults with generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. JAMA 2009; 301:296-303.
27. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID), Clinician Version: Administration Booklet. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 1996.
28. Hamilton M: The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol 1959; 32:50-55.
29. Kraemer HC, Giese-Davis J, YutsisM, et al: Design decisions to optimize reliability of daytime cortisol slopes in an older population. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14:325-333.
30. Pruessner JC, Kirschbaum C, Meinlschmid G, et al: Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28:916-931. (Pubitemid 36936799)
31. Meyer TJ, Miller ML, Metzger RL, et al: Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behav Res Ther 1990; 28:487-495.
32. Zalsman G, Huang YY, Oquendo MA, et al: Association of a triallelic serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism with stressful life events and severity of depression. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1588-1593. (Pubitemid 44465760)
33. Chong RY, Uhart M, McCaul ME, et al: Whites have a more robust hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to a psychological stressor than blacks. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:246-254.
34. Abelson JL, Khan S, Liberzon I, et al: Effects of perceived control and cognitive coping on endocrine stress responses to pharmacological activation. Biol Psychiatry 2008;64:701-707.
35. Mohlman J, Price RB, Eldreth DA, et al: The relation of worry to prefrontal cortex volume in older adults with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res 2009; 173:121-127.
36. Stanley MA, Beck JG, Novy DM, et al: Cognitive-behavioral treatment of late-life generalized anxiety disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 2003; 71:309-319. (Pubitemid 36323935)
37. Bremmer MA, Deeg DJ, Beekman AT, et al: Major depression in late life is associated with both hypo- and hypercortisolemia. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:479-486. (Pubitemid 47284034)
38. Penninx BW, Beekman AT, Bandinelli S, et al: Late-life depressive symptoms are associated with both hyperactivity and hypoactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15:522-529.
39. Beluche I, Chaudieu I, Norton J, et al. Persistence of abnormal cortisol levels in elderly persons after recovery from major depression. J Psychiatr Res 2009;43:777-783.
40. O'Brien JT, Lloyd A, McKeith I, et al: A longitudinal study of hippocampal volume, cortisol levels, and cognition in older depressed subjects. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:2081-2090. (Pubitemid 39441410)
41. Beekman AT, de Beurs E, Van Balkom AJ, et al: Anxiety and depression in later life: co-occurrence and communality of risk factors. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:89-95. (Pubitemid 30027426)
42. Young EA, Abelson JL, Cameron OG: Effect of comorbid anxiety disorders on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to a social stressor in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 56: 113-120. (Pubitemid 38844786)
43. Ising M, Holsboer F: Genetics of stress response and stress-related disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2006; 8:433-444. (Pubitemid 46102243)
44. Gunthert KC, Conner TS, Armeli S, et al: Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and anxiety reactivity in daily life: a daily process approach to gene-environment interaction. Psychosom Med 2007; 69:762-768. (Pubitemid 350287484)
45. O'Hara R: Stress, aging, and mental health. AmJ Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14:295-298.
46. Gallagher-Thompson D, Shurgot GR, Rider K, et al: Ethnicity, stress, and cortisol function in Hispanic and non- Hispanic white women: a preliminary study of family dementia caregivers and noncaregivers. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14:334-342.
47. McCallum TJ, Sorocco KH, Fritsch T: Mental health and diurnal salivary cortisol patterns among African American and European American female dementia family caregivers. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14:684-693. (Pubitemid 44196268)
48. Epel ES, Blackburn EH, Lin J, et al: Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101:17312-17315. (Pubitemid 39627816)
49. Comijs HC, Gerritsen L, Penninx BWJH, et al. The association between serum cortisol and cognitive decline in older persons. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010; 18:42-56