Increased pituitary activation following metyrapone administration in post-traumatic stress disorder

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-16

  Yehuda, Rachel ^a,b   Levengood, Robert A ^a   Schmeidler, James ^a   Wilson, Skye ^a   Guo, Ling Song ^a   Gerber, Douglas ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Depression; Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; Metyrapone stimulation test; Negative feedback; Post traumatic stress disorder; Stress

Indexed keywords

CORTICOTROPIN; CORTODOXONE; METYRAPONE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; MALE; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0029922087     PISSN: 03064530     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(95)00055-0     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Ader R (1970) The effects of early experience on the adrenocortical response to different magnitudes of stimulation. Physiol Behav 5:837-839.
2. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, D.C.
3. Amsterdam JB, Maislin G, Winokur A, et al. (1987) Pituitary and adrenocortical responses to the ovine corticotrophin releasing hormone in depressed patients and healthy volunteers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:775-781.
4. Anton RF (1987) Urinary free cortisol in psychotic depression. Biol Psychiatry 22:24-34.
5. Arato M, Banki CM, Bissette G, Nemeroff CB, et al. (1989) Elevated CSF CRF in suicide victims. Biol Psychiatry 25:355-359.
6. Banki CM, Bissette G, Arato M, et al. (1987) CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depression and schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 144:873-877.
7. Beato M (1989) Gene regulation by steroid hormones. Cell 56:335-344.
8. Blake D, Weathers F, Nagy D, Kaloupek G, Klauminzer D, Chamey D, Keane T (1990) A clinician rating scale for current and lifetime PTSD. Behavior Therapist 13:187-188.
9. Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P (1991) Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:216-222.
10. Carroll BJ, Feinberg M, Greden JF, et al. (1981) A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38:15-22.
11. Chappell PB, Smith MA, Kilts CD, et al. (1986) Alterations in corticotropin-releasing factor like immunoreactivity in discrete rat brain regions after acute chronic stress. J Neurosci 6:2908-2914.
12. Charney DS, Deutsch AY, Krystal JH, Southwick SM, Davis M (1993) Psychobiologic mechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:294-305.
13. Chrousos GP, Gold PW (1992) The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA 267:1244-1252.
14. Darnell A, Bremner JD, Licinio J, Krystal J, Nemeroff CB, Owens M, Erdos J, Charney DS (1994) CSF levels of corticotropin releasing factor in chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Neurosci Abs 20:15A.
15. DeKloet R, Joels M, Oitzl M, Sutanto W (1991) Implication of brain corticosteroid receptor diversity for the adaptation syndrome concept. Methods Achive Exp Pathol 14:104-132.
16. Dinan TG, Barry S, Yatham, LN, Mobayed M, Brown I (1990) A pilot study of a neuroendocrine test battery in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 28:665-672.
17. Evans DL, Nemeroff CB (1983) Use of the dexamethasone suppression test using DSM-III criteria on an inpatient psychiatric unit. Biol Psychiatry 18:505-511.
18. Fellman D, Bugnon C, Gouger A (1982) Immunocytochemical demonstration of corticotropin-like immunoreactivity (CLI) in neurons of the rat amygdala central nucleus (ACN). Neurosci Lett 34:253-258.
19. France RD, Urban B, Krishnan KRR, et al. (1988) CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in chronic pain patients with and without major depression. Biol Psychiatry 23:86-88.
20. Friedman MJ, Yehuda R (1995) Post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbidity: psychobiological approaches to differential diagnosis. In: Friedman MJ, Charney DS, Deutch AY (Eds) Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: From Normal Adaptation to PTSD. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia.
21. Gispen-de Wied CC, Westenberg HG, Koppeschaar HP, Thijssen JH, Van Ree JM (1992) Stimulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis with a low dose [Arg8]-vasopressin in depressed patients and healthy subjects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2:411-419.
22. Gold PW, Chrousos P (1985) Clinical studies with corticotropin-releasing factor: implications for the diagnosis and pathophysiology of depression, Cushing's disease and adrenal insufficiency. Psychoneuroendocrinology 10:401-419.
23. Gold PW, Goodwin FK, Chrousos GP (1988) Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: relation to the neurobiology of stress. New Engl J Med 319:348-353.
24. Gold PW, Loriaux DL, Roy A, et al. (1986) Responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypercortisolism of depression and Cushing's disease. New Eng J Med 314:1329-1334.
25. Gormley GJ, Lowy MT, Reder AT, et al. (1985) Glucocorticoid receptors in depression: relationship to the dexamethasone suppression test. Am J Psychiat 142:1278-1284.
26. Green BL, Lindy JD, Grace MC, Leonard AC (1992) Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and diagnostic comorbidity in a disaster sample. J Nerv Ment Dis 180:760-766.
27. Halbreich U, Olympia J, Carson S, et al. (1989) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in indigenously depressed post-traumatic stress disorder patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 14:365-370.
28. Haltmeyer GC, Denenberg W, Zarrow MX (1967) Modification of the plasma corticosterone response as a function of infantile stimulation and electric shock parameters. Physiol Behav 2:61-63.
29. Härfstrand A, Fuxe K, Cintra A, et al. (1986) Glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in monoaminergic neurons of rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:9779-9783.
30. Helzer JE, Robins LN, McEvoy L (1987) Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population: findings of the epidemiological catchment area survey. New Eng J Med 317:1630-1634.
31. Herman JP, Patel PD, Akil H, Watson SJ (1989) Localization and regulation of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor messenger RNAs in the hippocampal formation of the rat. Mol Endocrinol 3:1886-1894.
32. Hess JL, Denenherg VH, Zarrow X, Weifer WD (1969) Modification of the corticosterone response curve as a function of handling in enfancy. Physiol Behav 4:109-111.
33. Hockings GI, Grice JE, Ward WK, Walters MM, Jensen GR, Jackson RV (1993) Hypersensitivity of the hypothalamic-pitutiary-adrenal axis to naloxone in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 33:585-593.
34. Hoffman L, Watson PB, Wilson G, Montgomery J (1989) Low plasma B-endorphin in posttraumatic stress disorder. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 23:269-273.
35. Kathol RG, Jaeckle, RS, Lopez JF, Meller WH (1989) Consistent reduction of ACTH responses to stimulation with CRH, vasopressin and hypoglycemia in patients with major depression. Br J Psychiatry 155:468-478.
36. Keller-Wood ME, Dallman MF (1984) Corticosteroid inhabitation of ACTH secretion. Endocr Rev 5:1-24.
37. Kosten TR, Wahby V, Giller E, Mason J (1990) The dexamethasone suppression test and thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in post-traumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatr 28:657.
38. Kudler H, Davidson J, Meador K, et al. (1987) The DST and post-traumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 144:1068-1071.
39. Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordan BK, Marmor CR, Weiss DS (1991) Trauma the Vietnam War Generation: Report of Findings from the National Vietnam Veterans' Readjustment Study. Brunner/Mazel, New York.
40. Lesch KWE, Ekman R, Lauz G, et al. (1988) Delta sleep-induced peptide response to human corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in major depressive disorder: comparison with CRH-induced corticotropin and cortisol secretion. Biol Psychiatry 24:162-172.
41. Levine S, Haltmeyer CG, Karas GG, Denenberg VH (1967) Physiological and behavioral effects of infantile stimulation. Physiol Behav 2:55-59.
42. Licinio J, Gold PW (1991) Role of corticotropin releasing hormone 41 in depressive illness. Clin Endocrinol Metab 5:51-58.
43. Lisansky J, Peake Gt, Strassman RJ, et al. (1989) Augmented pituitary corticotropin response to a threshold dosage of human corticotropin-releasing hormone in depressive pretreated with metrapone. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:641-649.
44. Lowy MT (1990) Reserpine-induced decrease in type I and II corticosteroid receptors in neuronal and lymphoid tissue of adrenalectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology 51:190-196.
45. Lowy MT (1989) Quantification of type I and II adrenal steroid receptors in neuronal, lymphoid, and pituitary tissues. Brain Res 503:191-197.
46. Lowy MT, Gormley GJ, Reder AT, et al. (1989) Immune function, glucocorticoid receptor regulation and depression. In: Miller AH (Ed.) Depressive Disorders and Immunity. APA Press, Washington, pp 105-134.
47. Mason JW (1968) A review of psychoendocrine research on the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system. Psychosom Med 30:631-653.
48. Mason JW, Giller EL, Kosten TR, Ostroff RB, Podd L (1986) Urinary-free cortisol levels in post-traumatic stress disorder patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 174:145-159.
49. Mason JW, Maher JT, Hartley LH, Mougey EH, Perlow MJ, Jones LG (1976) Selectivity of corticosteroid and catecholamine responses to various natural stimuli. In: Serban G (Ed.) Psychopathology of Human Adaptation. Plenum, New York, pp 147-171.
50. Mason J, Southwick S, Yehuda R, et al. (1994) Elevation of serum free triiodothyronine, total triidothyronine thyroxine-binding globulin, and total thyroxine levels in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:629-641.
51. McEwen BS, DeKloet ER, Rostene WH (1986) Adrenal steroid receptors and actions in the nervous system. Physiol Rev 66:1121-1188.
52. McFarlane AC (1992) Multiple diagnoses in posttraumatic stress disorder in the victims of a natural disaster. Nerv Ment Dis 180:498-504.
53. Meaney MJ, Aitken DH, Berkel C van, Bhatnagar S, Sapolsky RM (1988) Effect of neonatal handling on age-related impairments associated with the hippocampus. Science 239:766-768.
54. Meaney MJ, Aitken DH, Bodnoff SR, Iny U, Sapolsky RM (1985a) The effects of postnatal handling on the development of the glucocorticoid receptor systems and stress recovery in the rat. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 9:731-734.
55. Meaney MJ, Aitken DH, Bodnoff SR, Iny U, Taterewiez JE, Sapolsky RM (1985b) Early postnatal handling alters glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in selected brain regions. Behav Neurosci 99:765-777.
56. Meaney MJ, Aitken DH, Sapolsky RM (1987) Thyroid hormones influence the development of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors in the rat: a mechanism for the effects of postnatal handling on the development of the adrenocortical stress response. Neuroendocrinology 45:278-283.
57. Meaney MJ, Aitken DH, Viau V, Sharma S, Saricau A (1989) Neonatal handling alters adrenocortical negative feedback sensitivity and hippocampal type II glucocorticoid binding in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 50:597-604.
58. Merchenthaler I (1984) Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. Extrahypothalamic distribution. Peptides 5:53S-69S.
59. Murick A, Guyre PM, Holbrook NJ (1984) Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocr Rev 93:9779-9783.
60. Murburg MM (1994) Ed. Catecholamine Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Emerging Concepts. American Psychiatric Press, Washington.
61. Nemeroff CB, Krishnan KR, Reed D, Leder R, Beam C, Dunnick NR (1992) Adrenal gland enlargement in major depression. A computed topographic study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:384-387.
62. Nemeroff CB, Widerlov E, Bissette G, et al. (1984) Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science 226:1342-1344.
63. Nemeroff CB, Widerlov E, Bissette G, et al. (1988) Reduced corticotropin-releasing factor binding sites in the frontal cortex of suicides. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:577-579.
64. Olivera AA, Fero D (1990) Affective disorders, DST, and treatment in PTSD patients: clinical observations. J Traumatic Stress 3:407-414.
65. Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB (1993) The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in the pathophysiology of affective and anxiety disorders: laboratory and clinical studies. Ciba Foundation Symposium 172:296-308.
66. Patel PD, Sherman TG, Goldman DJ, Watson SJ (1989) Molecular cloning of a mineralocorticoid (type I) receptor complementary DNA from rat hippocampus. Mol Endocrinol 3:1877-1885.
67. Pitman RK, Orr S (1990) Twenty-four hour urinary cortisol and catecholamine excretion in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 27:245-247.
68. Pitman RK, Off SP, Forgue DF, DeJong JB, Clairborn JM (1987) Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in Vietnam combat veterans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:970-975.
69. Resnick HS, Kilpatrick DG, Danski BD, Saunders BE, Best CL (1993) Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. J Consult Clin Psychol 61:984-991.
70. Rivier C, Rivier J, Vale W (1982) Inhibition of adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion in the rat by immunoneutralization of corticotropin-releasing factor. Science 218:377-378.
71. Rivier CL, Plotsky PM (1986) Mediation by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) of adenohypophysial hormone secretion. Ann Rev Physiol 48:475-494.
72. Sapolsky RM, Krey LC, McEwen BS (1984) Stress down-regulates corticosterone receptors in a site-specific manner in the brain. Endocrinology 114:287-292.
73. Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW (1985) Localization, colocalization and plasticity of corticotropin releasing factor immunoreactivity in rat brain. Fed Proc 44:221-227.
74. Schlecte JA, Ginsburg BH, Sherman WL (1982) Regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human lymphocytes. J Steroid Biochem 16:69-74.
75. Selye H (1956) The Stress of Life. McGraw Hill, New York.
76. Shalev AY, Orr FP, Pitman RK (1993) Psychophysiologic assessment of traumatic imagery in Israeli civilian patients with posttraumatic stress disorders. Am J Psychiatry 150:620-624.
77. Shalev AY, Orr SP, Peri P, Schreiber S, Pitman RK (1992) Physiologic responses to loud tones in Israeli post-traumatic stress disorder patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:870-975.
78. Shore JH, Vollmer WM, Tatum EL (1989) Community patterns of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 177:681-685.
79. Smith MA, Bissette G, Slotkin TA, et al. (1986) Release of corticotropin-releasing factor from rat brain regions in vitro. Endocrinology 118:1997-2001.
80. Smith MA, Davidson J, Ritchic JC, Kudler H, Lipper S, Chappell P, Nemeroff CB (1989) The corticotropin releasing hormone test in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 26:349-355.
81. Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Morjogan CA, Johnson D, Nagy LM, Nicolaou A, Heninger GR, Charney DS (1993) Abnormal noradrenergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:266-274.
82. Southwick SM, Yehuda R, Charney DS (1995) Neurobiological alterations in posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the clinical literature. In: Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ (Eds) Acute and Longterm Responses to Trauma and Disaster. American Psychiatric Press, pp 119-195.
83. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW (1989) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Biometrics Research Department, N.Y. State Psychiatric Institute.
84. Svec F (1985) Minireview: Glucocorticoid receptor regulation. Life Sci 35:2359-2366.
85. Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J, Vale WW (1983) Organization of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat brain: an immunohistochemical study. Neuroendocrinology 36:165-186.
86. Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA, Vale WW, Koob GF (1986) Corticotropin-releasing factor potentiates acoustic starde in rats: blockade by chlordiazepoxide. Psychopharmacology 88:147-152.
87. Tepperman J (1981) Metabolic and Endocrine Physiology, 4th ed. Year Book Medical Publishers, New York.
88. Tornello S, Orti E, DeNicola AF, Rainbow TC, McEwen BS (1982) Regulation of glucocorticoid receptor in brain corticosterone treatment of adrenalectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology 35:411-417.
89. Ur E, Dinan TG, O'Keane V, Clare AW, McLoughlin L, Rees LH, Turner TH, Grossman M, Besser GM (1992) Effect of metyrapone on the pituitary-adrenal axis in depression: relation to dexamethasone suppressor status. Neuroendocrinology 56:533-538.
90. US Government Printing Office (1981) Long-term Stress Reactions: Some Causes, Consequences and Naturally Occurring Support Systems: Legacies of Vietnam: Comparative Adjustment of Veterans and Their Peers, Vol. 14, Washington, DC.
91. Whalley LJ, Borthwick N, Copolov D, et al. (1986) Glucocorticoid receptors and depression. Br Med J 292:859-861.
92. Widerlov E, Bissette G, Nemeroff CB (1988) Monoamine metabolites, corticotropin-releasing factor, and somatostatin as CSF markers in depressed patients. J Affect Disord 14:99-107.
93. Yehuda R, Boisoneau D, Lowy MT, Giller EL (1995c). Dose-response changes in plasma cortisol and lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors following dexamethasone administration in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:583-593.
94. Yehuda R, Boisoneau D, Mason JW, Giller EL (1993b) Relationship between lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor number and urinary-free cortisol excretion in mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 34:18-25.
95. Yehuda R, Giller EL, Levengood RA, Southwick SM, Siever LJ (1995a) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal functioning in post-traumatic stress disorder: expanding the concept of the stress response spectrum. In: Friedman MJ, Charney DS, Deutch AY (Eds) Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: From Normal Adaptation to PTSD. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia.
96. Yehuda R, Giller EL, Southwick SM, Lowy MT, Mason JW (1991a) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 30:1031-1048.
97. Yehuda R, Kahana B, Schmeidler J, Southwick SM, Wilson S, Giller EL. (1995d) The impact of cumulative lifetime trauma and recent stress on current posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Holocaust survivors. Am J Psychiatry 152:1815-1818.
98. Yehuda R, Kahana B, Binder-Brynes K, Southwick S, Zemelman S, Mason M, Giller EL (1995b) Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152:7.
99. Yehuda R, Lowy MT, Southwick SM, Shaffer S, Giller EL (1991b) Increased lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor number in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 149:499-504.
100. Yehuda R, Nemeroff CB (1994) Neuropeptide alterations in affective and anxiety disorders. In: DenBoer JA, Sitsen A (Eds) Handbook on Depression and Anxiety: A Biological Approach. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 543-571.
101. Yehuda R, Resnick H, Kahana B, Giller EL (1993a) Persistent hormonal alterations following extreme stress in humans: adaptive or maladaptive? Psychosom Med 55:287-297.
102. Yehuda R, Southwick SM, Krystal JM, Charney DS, Mason JW (1993c) Enhanced suppression of cortisol following dexamethasone administration in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 150:83-86.
103. Yehuda R, Southwick SM, Ma X, Giller EL, Mason JW (1992) Urinary catecholamine excretion and severity of symptoms in PTSD. J Nerv Ment Dis 180:321-325.
104. Yehuda R, Southwick SM, Ma X, Giller EL, Mason JW (1994b) Catecholamine excretion and severity of symptoms in combat veterans and Holocaust survivors. In: Murburgh MM (Ed.) Catecholamine Function in PTSD: Emerging Concepts. APA Press, Washington, D.C.
105. Yehuda R, Southwick SM, Mason JW, Giller EL (1990b) Interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the catecholaminergic system in posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Giller EL (Ed.) Biological Assessment and Treatment of PTSD. American Psychiatric Press. Washington, pp 117-134.
106. Yehuda R, Southwick SM, Nussbaum G, Giller EL, Mason JW (1990a) Low urinary cortisol excretion in PTSD. J Nerv Ment Dis 178:366-369.
107. Yehuda R, Teicher MH, Levengood RA, Trestman RL, Siever LJ (1994a) Circadian regulation of basal cortisol levels in posttraumatic stress disorder. Ann NY Acad Sci 746:378-380.
108. Young EA, Haskett Rf, Murphy-Weinberg V, Watson SJ, Akil H (1991) Loss of glucocorticoid fast feedback in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:693-699.
109. Young EA, Haskett RF, Grunhaus L, Pande A, Murphy Weinberg V, Watson SJ (1994) Increased evening activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:701-707.