Developmental traumatology part I: Biological stress systems

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 45, Issue 10, 1999, Pages 1259-1270

  De Bellis, Michael D ^a,b   Baum, Andrew S ^a,c,d   Birmaher, Boris ^a   Keshavan, Matcheri S ^a   Eccard, Clayton H ^b   Boring, Amy M ^b   Jenkins, Frank J ^c,d   Ryan, Neal D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Child maltreatment; Cortisol; Over anxious disorder (OAD); Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); Sexual abuse; Urinary catecholamines

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; CATECHOLAMINE; DOPAMINE; HYDROCORTISONE; NORADRENALIN;

ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; COMORBIDITY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; MALE; PERSONALITY TEST; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; REVIEW; STATISTICS; SUICIDE; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; URINE;

ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CATECHOLAMINES; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; COMORBIDITY; DOPAMINE; EPINEPHRINE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; MALE; NOREPINEPHRINE; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; SUICIDE; SUICIDE, ATTEMPTED;

EID: 0033561925     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00044-X     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Achenbach TM, Edelbrock CS (1983): Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist. University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, Burlington, VT: Queen City Printers.
2. Aston-Jones G, Shipley MT, Chouvet G, et al (1991): Afferent regulation of locus coeruleus neurons: anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology. Prog Brian Res 88:47-75.
3. Biederman J, Rosenbaum JF, Bolduc-Murphy EA, et al (1993): Behavioral inhibition as a temperamental risk factor for anxiety disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2:667-683.
4. Birmaher B, Dahl RE, Perel J, et al (1996): Corticotropin releasing hormone challenge in prepubertal major depression. Biol Psychiatry 9:267-277.
5. Black B (1993): Neurobiology of anxiety disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2:749-762.
6. Bremner JD, Licinio J, Darnell A, et al (1997): Elevated CSF corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154:624-629.
7. Casat CD, Powell K (1988): The dexamethasone suppression test in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 49:390-393.
8. Chambers WJ, Puig-Antich J, Hirsch M, et al (1985): The assessment of affective disorders in children and adolescents by semi-structured interview: test-retest reliability of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children, present episode version. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42:696-702.
9. Charney DS, Deutch AY, Krystal JH, Southwich SM, Davis M (1993): Psychobiological mechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:294-305.
10. Chrousos GP, Gold PW (1992): The concepts of stress and stress system disorders: overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA 267:1244-1252.
11. Dahl RE, Puig-Antich J, Ryan ND, et al (1989): Cortisol secretion in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80:18-26.
12. Dahl RE, Ryan ND, Puig-Antich J, et al (1991): Twenty-four-hour cortisol measures in adolescents with major depression: a controlled study. Biol Psychiatry 30:25-36.
13. Davidson JRT, Fairbank JA (1993): The epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Davidson JRT, Foa EB, editors. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder DSM-IV and Beyond. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp 147-169.
14. De Bellis MD (1997): Posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. In: Ammerman RT, Hersen M, editors. Handbook of Prevention and Treatment with Children and Adolescents. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp 455-494.
15. De Bellis MD, Chrousos GP, Dorn LD, et al (1994a): Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:249-255.
16. De Bellis MD, Keshavan M, Clark DB, et al (1999): Developmental traumatology part II: Brain development. Biol Psychiatry 45:1271-1284.
17. De Bellis MD, Lefter L, Trickett PK, Putnam FW (1994b): Urinary catecholamine excretion in sexually abused girls. J Am Acad of Child and Adol Psych 33:320-327.
18. De Bellis MD, Putnam FW (1994): The psychobiology of childhood maltreatment. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 3:663-677.
19. Famularo R, Fenton T, Augustyn M, Zuckerman B (1996): Persistence of pediatric post traumatic stress disorder after 2 years. Child Abuse & Neglect 20:1245-1248.
20. Famularo R, Kinsherff R, Fenton T (1988): Propranolol treatment for childhood posttraumatic stress disorder, acute type. Am J Dis Child 142:1244-1247.
21. Fletcher KE (1996): Childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Mash EJ, Barkley RA, editors. Child Psychopathology. New York: Guilford Publications, Inc., pp 242-276.
22. Frances A (1994): Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, pp 424-429.
23. Goenjian AK, Yehuda R, Pynoos RS, et al (1996): Basal cortisol, dexamethasone suppression of cortisol, and MHPG in adolescents after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. Am J Psychiatry 153:929-934.
24. Green A (1985): Children traumatized by physical abuse. In: Eth S, Pynoos RS, editors. Post-Traumatic Stress in Children. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp 133-154.
25. Hart J, Gunnar M, Cicchetti D (1996): Altered neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children related to symptoms of depression. Dev Psychopathol 8:201-214.
26. Higley JD, Thompson WT, Champoux M, et al (1993): Paternal and maternal genetic and environmental contributions to CSF monoamine metabolites in rhesus monkeys. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:615-623.
27. Hollingshead AB (1975): Four factor index of social status. Hollingshead, PO Box 1965, Yale Station, New Haven CT 06520.
28. Kagan J, Reznick JS, Gibbons J (1988): Biological basis of childhood shyness. Science 240:167-171.
29. Karl M, Chrousos GP (1993): Familial glucocorticoid resistance: an overview. Exp Clin Endocrin 101:30-35.
30. Kaufman J (1991): Depressive disorders in maltreated children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 30:257-265.
31. Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, et al (1997a): Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36:980-988.
32. Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Perel J, et al (1997b): The corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge in depressed abused, depressed non-abused, and normal control children. Biol Psychiatry 42:669-679.
33. Kaufman J, Brent DA, Birmaher B, et al (1993): Measures of family adversity, clinical symptomatology, and cortisol secretion in a sample of preadolescent depressed children. Annual Meeting of the Society of Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. Santa Fe, New Mexico.
34. Kosten TR, Mason JW, Giller EL, Ostroff RB, Harkness L (1987): Sustained urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine elevation in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 12:13-20.
35. Kovacs M (1985): The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Psychopharmacol Bull 21:995-998.
36. Lemieux AM, Coe CL (1995): Abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence for chronic neuroendocrine activation in women. Psychosomat Med 57:105-115.
37. Maas JW, Koslow SH, Davis J, et al (1987): Catecholamine metabolism and disposition in healthy and depressed subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:337-344.
38. Marshall WA, Tanner JM (1969): Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Childhood 44:291-293.
39. Marshall WA, Tanner JM (1970): Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Childhood 45:13-23.
40. Mason JW, Giller EL, Kosten TR, Ostroff RB, Podd L (1986): Urinary-free cortisol levels in post-traumatic stress disorder patients. J Nervous Mental Dis 174:145-159.
41. McLeer SV, Callaghan M, Henry D, Wallen J (1994): Psychiatric disorders in sexually abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33:313-319.
42. National Research Council (1993): Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
43. Orvaschel H, Puig-Antich (1987): Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Epidemiologic Version. K-SADS-E Fourth Version.
44. Patchev VK, Montkowski A, Rouskova D, Koranyi L, Holsboer F, Almeida OF (1997): Neonatal treatment of rats with the neuroactive steroid tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) abolishes the behavioral and neuroendocrine consequences of adverse early life events. J Clin Invest 99:962-966.
45. Pelcovitz D, Kaplan S, Goldenberg BA, Mandel F, Lehane J, Guarrera J (1994): Post-traumatic stress disorder in physically abused adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33:305-312.
46. Perry BD (1994): Neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma: PTSD in children. In: Murburg M, editor. Catecholamine Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Emerging Concepts. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., pp 233-255.
47. Pfeffer CR, Stokes P, Shindledecker R (1991): Suicidal behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis indices in child psychiatric inpatients. Biol Psychiatry 29:909-917.
48. Pittman PK (1993): Biological findings in posttraumatic stress disorder: implications for DSM-IV classification. In: Davidson JRT, Foa EB, editors. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder DSM-IV and Beyond. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., pp 173-189.
49. Pittman PK, Orr SP (1990): Twenty-four hour cortisol and catecholamine excretion in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 27:245-247.
50. Pliska SR, Maas JW, Javors MA, Rogeness GA, Baker J (1994): Urinary catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid anxiety. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33:1165-1173.
51. Puig-Antich J, Dahl R, Ryan N, et al (1989): Cortisol secretion in prepubertal children with major depressive disorder. Episode and recovery. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:801-809.
52. Putnam FW, Peterson G (1994): Further validation of the Child Dissociative Checklist: Dissociation, VII, pp 204-211.
53. Putnam FW, Trickett PK, Helmers K, Dorn L, Everett B (1991): Cortisol abnormalities in sexually abused girls, 144th Annual Meeting Program. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp 107.
54. Pynoos RS, Eth S (1985): Witnessing acts of personal violence. In: Eth S, Pynoos RS, editors. Post-Traumatic Stress in Children. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp 17-43.
55. Pynoos RS, Nader K (1989): Children's memory and proximity to violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 28:236-241.
56. Queiroz EA, Lombardi AB, Santos Furtado CRH, et al (1991): Biochemical correlate of depression in children. Arq Neuro-Psiquiat 49:418-425.
57. Ross RJ, Ball WA, Sullivan KA, Caroff SN (1989): Sleep disturbance as the hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 146:697-707.
58. Scheeringa MS, Zeanah CH, Drell MJ, Larrieu JA (1995): Two approaches to the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in infancy and early childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34:191-200.
59. Shaffer D, Gould MS, Brasic J, et al (1983): A Children's Global Assessment Scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:1228-1231.
60. Simson PE, Weiss JM (1988): Altered activity of the locus coeruleus in an animal model of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 1:287-295.
61. Southwick SM, Yehuda R, Morgan CA (1995): Clinical studies of neurotransmitter alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder. In: Friedman MJ, Charney DS, Deutch AY, editors. Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: From Normal Adaptation to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 335-349.
62. Southwick SS, Yehuda R, Wang S (1998): Neuroendocrine alterations in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiat Ann 28:436-442.
63. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E (1978): Research Diagnostic Criteria: rationale and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35:-773-782.
64. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1998): Child Maltreatment 1996: Reports from the States to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
65. Yehuda R, Kahana B, Binder-Brynes K, Southwick S, Mason JW, Giller EL (1995): Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152:982-986.
66. Yehuda R, Levengood RA, Schmeidler J, Wilson S, Guo LS, Gerber D (1996): Increased pituitary activation following metyrapone administration in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 21:1-16.
67. Yehuda R, Southwick S, Giller EL, Ma X, Mason JW (1991): Low urinary cortisol excretion in PTSD. J Nerv Mental Dis 178:366-369.
68. Yehuda R, Southwick S, Giller EL, Ma X, Mason JW (1992): Urinary catecholamine excretion and severity of PTSD symptoms in Vietnam combat veterans. J Nerv Mental Dis 180:321-325.