Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and glucose metabolism: a bitter sweet symphony

Cardiovascular Diabetology

Volumn 11, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Mirrakhimov, Aibek E ^a  

^a Kyrgyz State Medical Academy   (Kyrgyzstan)

Author keywords

COPD; Diabetes mellitus endothelial dysfunction; Dysglycemia; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Vasculopathy

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ADIPONECTIN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CORTICOSTEROID; FIBRINOGEN; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 1ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; METFORMIN; RESISTIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VITAMIN D;

ABDOMINAL OBESITY; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; BREATHING MUSCLE; BRONCHITIS; CACHEXIA; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENDURANCE; EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; FORCED VITAL CAPACITY; FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGONADISM; HYPOXEMIA; HYPOXIA; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LUNG BLOOD VESSEL; LUNG EMPHYSEMA; LUNG FUNCTION; MAXIMAL MID EXPIRATORY FLOW; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICROALBUMINURIA; MICROANGIOPATHY; MUSCLE METABOLISM; NEUTROPHILIA; NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCEMIA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SMOKING; SYSTEMIC THERAPY;

ADIPOKINES; ADULT; AGED; ANIMALS; BLOOD GLUCOSE; COMORBIDITY; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; LUNG; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROGNOSIS; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84867792171     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14752840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-132     Document Type: Review

References (259)

1. Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agusti AG, Jones PW, Vogelmeier C, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Fabbri LM, Martinez FJ, Nishimura M, Stockley RA, Sin DD, Rodriguez-Roisin R. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, GOLD Executive Summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, Aug 9. [Epub ahead of print].
2. Fabbri LM, Rabe KF. From COPD to chronic systemic inflammatory syndrome?. Lancet 2007, 370:797-799.
3. Feary JR, Rodrigues LC, Smith CJ, Hubbard RB, Gibson JE. Prevalence of major comorbidities in subjects with COPD and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a comprehensive analysis using data from primary care. Thorax 2010, 65:956-962.
4. Similowski T, Agustí A, MacNee W, Schönhofer B. The potential impact of anaemia of chronic disease in COPD. Eur Respir J 2006, 27:390-396.
5. Couillard A, Prefaut C. From muscle disuse to myopathy in COPD: potential contribution of oxidative stress. Eur Respir J 2005, 26:703-719.
6. Lehouck A, Boonen S, Decramer M, Janssens W. COPD, bone metabolism, and osteoporosis. Chest 2011, 139:648-657.
7. Young RP, Hopkins RJ, Christmas T, Black PN, Metcalf P, Gamble GD. COPD prevalence is increased in lung cancer, independent of age, sex and smoking history. Eur Respir J 2009, 34:380-386.
8. McGarvey LP, John M, Anderson JA, Zvarich M, Wise RA. Ascertainment of cause-specific mortality in COPD: operations of the TORCH Clinical Endpoint Committee. Thorax 2007, 62:411-415.
9. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997, 349:1498-1504.
10. Bakker H, Jaddoe VW. Cardiovascular and metabolic influences of fetal smoke exposure. Eur J Epidemiol 2011, 26:763-770.
11. Rimm EB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rosner B, et al. Cigarette smoking and the risk of diabetes in women. Am J Public Health 1993, 83:211-214.
12. Yanbaeva DG, Dentener MA, Creutzberg EC, Wesseling G, Wouters EF. Systemic effects of smoking. Chest 2007, 131:1557-1566.
13. van Belle TL, Coppieters KT, von Herrath MG. Type 1 diabetes: etiology, immunology, and therapeutic strategies. Physiol Rev 2011, 91:79-118.
14. Matthews DR, Matthews PC. Banting Memorial Lecture 2010^. Type 2 diabetes as an 'infectious' disease: is this the Black Death of the 21st century?. Diabet Med 2011, 28:2-9.
15. Kobylianskiǐ VI, Babadzhanova GI, Suntsov II. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and diabetes mellitus, type I and II. Ter Arkh 2010, 82:13-18.
16. Mannino DM, Thorn D, Swensen A, Holguin F. Prevalence and outcomes of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in COPD. Eur Respir J 2008, 32:962-969.
17. Cazzola M, Bettoncelli G, Sessa E, Cricelli C, Biscione G. Prevalence of comorbidities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 2010, 80:112-119.
18. Sode BF, Dahl M, Nordestgaard BG. Myocardial infarction and other co-morbidities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Danish nationwide study of 7.4 million individuals. Eur Heart J 2011, 32:2365-2375.
19. Joo H, Park J, Lee SD, Oh YM. Comorbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in koreans: a population-based study. J Korean Med Sci 2012, 27:901-906.
20. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JC, James WP, Loria CM, Smith SC. Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: a Joint Interim Statement of the Association for the Study of Obesity Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2009, 120:1640-1645.
21. Gifford AH, Leiter JC, Manning HL. Respiratory function in an obese patient with sleep-disordered breathing. Chest 2010, 138:704-715.
22. Mancuso P. Obesity and lung inflammation. J Appl Physiol 2010, 108:722-728.
23. Leone N, Courbon D, Thomas F, Bean K, Jégo B, Leynaert B, Guize L, Zureik M. Lung function impairment and metabolic syndrome: the critical role of abdominal obesity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 179:509-516.
24. Lam KB, Jordan RE, Jiang CQ, Thomas GN, Miller MR, Zhang WS, Lam TH, Cheng KK, Adab P. Airflow obstruction and metabolic syndrome: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Eur Respir J 2010, 35:317-323.
25. Paek YJ, Jung KS, Hwang YI, Lee KS, Lee DR, Lee JU. Association between low pulmonary function and metabolic risk factors in Korean adults: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. Metabolism 2010, 59:1300-1306.
26. Marquis K, Maltais F, Duguay V, Bezeau AM, LeBlanc P, Jobin J, Poirier P. The metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2005, 25:226-232.
27. Steuten LM, Creutzberg EC, Vrijhoef HJ, Wouters EF. COPD as a multicomponent disease: inventory of dyspnoea, underweight, obesity and fat free mass depletion in primary care. Prim Care Respir J 2006, 15:84-91.
28. Eisner MD, Blanc PD, Sidney S, Yelin EH, Lathon PV, Katz PP, Tolstykh I, Ackerson L, Iribarren C. Body composition and functional limitation in COPD. Respir Res 2007, 8:7.
29. Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Bobadilla A, Martinez FD, Barbee RA. The relation of body mass index to asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Chest 2002, 122:1256-1263.
30. Harik-Khan RI, Fleg JL, Wise RA. Body mass index and the risk of COPD. Chest 2002, 121:370-376.
31. Watson L, Vonk JM, Löfdahl CG, Pride NB, Pauwels RA, Laitinen LA, et al. Predictors of lung function and its decline in mild to moderate COPD in association with gender: results from the Euroscop study. Respir Med 2006, 100:746-753.
32. Celli BR, Cote CG, Marin JM, Casanova C, de Oca Montes M, Mendez RA, Pinto Plata V, Cabral HJ. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:1005-1012.
33. Sundh J, Ställberg B, Lisspers K, Montgomery SM, Janson C. Co-morbidity, body mass index and quality of life in COPD using the Clinical COPD Questionnaire. COPD 2011, 8:173-181.
34. Wouters EF. Muscle wasting in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: to bother and to measure!. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 173:4-5.
35. Landbo C, Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J, Almdal TP. Prognostic value of nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 160:1856-1861.
36. Prescott E, Almdal T, Mikkelsen KL, Tofteng CL, Vestbo J, Lange P. Prognostic value of weight change in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur Respir J 2002, 20:539-544.
37. Jee SH, Sull JW, Park J, Lee SY, Ohrr H, Guallar E, Samet JM. Body-mass index and mortality in Korean men and women. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:779-787.
38. Marino JS, Xu Y, Hill JW. Central insulin and leptin-mediated autonomic control of glucose homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011, 22:275-285.
39. Lee YH, Magkos F, Mantzoros CS, Kang ES. Effects of leptin and adiponectin on pancreatic β-cell function. Metabolism 2011, 60:1664-1672.
40. Broekhuizen R, Vernooy JH, Schols AM, Dentener MA, Wouters EF. Leptin as local inflammatory marker in COPD. Respir Med 2005, 99:70-74.
41. Bruno A, Chanez P, Chiappara G, Siena L, Giammanco S, Gjomarkaj M, Bonsignore G, Bousquet J, Vignola AM. Does leptin play a cytokine-like role within the airways of COPD patients?. Eur Respir J 2005, 26:398-405.
42. Schols AM, Creutzberg EC, Buurman WA, Campfield LA, Saris WH, Wouters EF. Plasma leptin is related to proinflammatory status and dietary intake in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 160:1220-1226.
43. Takabatake N, Nakamura H, Abe S, Hino T, Saito H, Yuki H, Kato S, Tomoike H. Circulating leptin in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 159:1215-1219.
44. Karakas S, Karadag F, Karul AB, Gurgey O, Gurel S, Guney E, Cildag O. Circulating leptin and body composition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Clin Pract 2005, 59:1167-1170.
45. Wang QY, Zhang H, Yan X, Kang J, Yu RJ. Serum resistin and leptin in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their relationship to nutritional state. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2005, 28:445-447.
46. Al Mutairi SS, Mojiminiyi OA, Shihab-Eldeen A, Al Rammah T, Abdella N. Putative roles of circulating resistin in patients with asthma, COPD and cigarette smokers. Dis Markers 2011, 31:1-7.
47. Hansel NN, Gao L, Rafaels NM, Mathias RA, Neptune ER, Tankersley C, Grant AV, Connett J, Beaty TH, Wise RA, Barnes KC. Leptin receptor polymorphisms and lung function decline in COPD. Eur Respir J 2009, 34:103-110.
48. Calikoglu M, Sahin G, Unlu A, Ozturk C, Tamer L, Ercan B, Kanik A, Atik U. Leptin and TNF-alpha levels in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their relationship to nutritional parameters. Respiration 2004, 71:45-50.
49. Creutzberg EC, Wouters EF, Vanderhoven-Augustin IM, Dentener MA, Schols AM. Disturbances in leptin metabolism are related to energy imbalance during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 162:1239-1245.
50. Pan HY, Lu XZ, Wang DX, Zeng Y, Zhong HB. The investigation of the relationship between Leptin-insulin resistance and pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with acute exacerbation. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2007, 19:519-521.
51. Kythreotis P, Kokkini A, Avgeropoulou S, Hadjioannou A, Anastasakou E, Rasidakis A, Bakakos P. Plasma leptin and insulin-like growth factor I levels during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulm Med 2009, 9:11.
52. Yang YM, Sun TY, Liu XM. The role of serum leptin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in malnutrition of male chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Chin Med J (Engl) 2006, 119:628-633.
53. Tomoda K, Yoshikawa M, Itoh T, Tamaki S, Fukuoka A, Komeda K, Kimura H. Elevated circulating plasma adiponectin in underweight patients with COPD. Chest 2007, 132:135-140.
54. Kirdar S, Serter M, Ceylan E, Sener AG, Kavak T, Karadaǧ F. Adiponectin as a biomarker of systemic inflammatory response in smoker patients with stable and exacerbation phases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2009, 69:219-224.
55. Miller M, Cho JY, Pham A, Ramsdell J, Broide DH. Adiponectin and functional adiponectin receptor 1 are expressed by airway epithelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Immunol 2009, 182:684-691.
56. Summer R, Little FF, Ouchi N, Takemura Y, Aprahamian T, Dwyer D, Fitzsimmons K, Suki B, Parameswaran H, Fine A, Walsh K. Alveolar macrophage activation and an emphysema-like phenotype in adiponectin-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008, 294:L1035-L1042.
57. Yoon H, Li Y, Man SF, Tashkin D, Wise RA, Connett JE, Anthonisen NA, Churg A, Wright JL, Sin DD. The complex relationship of serum adiponectin to COPD outcomes. Chest 2012, 142:885-892.
58. Breyer MK, Rutten EP, Locantore NW, Watkins ML, Miller BE, Wouters EF. Dysregulated adipokine metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2012, 42:983-991.
59. Evans JL, Goldfine ID, Maddux BA, Grodsky GM. Oxidative stress and stress-activated signaling pathways: a unifying hypothesis of type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev 2002, 23:599-622.
60. MacNee W. Pulmonary and systemic oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2005, 2:50-60.
61. Semenza GL. Regulation of oxygen homeostasis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Physiology 2009, 24:97-106.
62. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001, 286:327-334.
63. Spranger J, Kroke A, Möhlig M, Hoffmann K, Bergmann MM, Ristow M, Boeing H, Pfeiffer AF. Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: results of the prospective population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Diabetes 2003, 52:812-817.
64. Zinman B, Hanley AJ, Harris SB, Kwan J, Fantus IG. Circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations in a native Canadian population with high rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:272-278.
65. Hu FB, Meigs JB, Li TY, Rifai N, Manson JE. Inflammatory markers and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes 2004, 53:693-700.
66. Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Pankow JS, Ballantyne CM, Couper D, Vigo A, Hoogeveen R, Folsom AR, Heiss G. Low-grade systemic inflammation and the development of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes 2003, 52:1799-1805.
67. Botelho FM, Bauer CM, Finch D, Nikota JK, Zavitz CC, Kelly A, Lambert KN, Piper S, Foster ML, Goldring JJ, Wedzicha JA, Bassett J, Bramson J, Iwakura Y, Sleeman M, Kolbeck R, Coyle AJ, Humbles AA, Stämpfli MR. IL-1α/IL-1R1 expression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mechanistic relevance to smoke-induced neutrophilia in mice. PLoS One 2011, 6:e28457.
68. Attaran D, Lari SM, Towhidi M, Marallu HG, Ayatollahi H, Khajehdaluee M, Ghanei M, Basiri R. Interleukin-6 and airflow limitation in chemical warfare patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2010, 5:335-340.
69. He JQ, Foreman MG, Shumansky K, Zhang X, Akhabir L, Sin DD, Man SF, DeMeo DL, Litonjua AA, Silverman EK, Connett JE, Anthonisen NR, Wise RA, Paré PD, Sandford AJ. Associations of IL6 polymorphisms with lung function decline and COPD. Thorax 2009, 64:698-704.
70. van Durme YM, Lahousse L, Verhamme KM, Stolk L, Eijgelsheim M, Loth DW, Uitterlinden AG, Breteler MM, Joos GF, Hofman A, Stricker BH, Brusselle GG. Mendelian randomization study of interleukin-6 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 2011, 82:530-538.
71. Yanbaeva DG, Dentener MA, Spruit MA, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Kotz D, Passos VL, Wouters EF. IL6 and CRP haplotypes are associated with COPD risk and systemic inflammation: a case-control study. BMC Med Genet 2009, 10:23.
72. Tkacova R, Ukropec J, Skyba P, Ukropcova B, Pobeha P, Kurdiova T, Joppa P, Klimes I, Tkac I, Gasperikova D. Increased adipose tissue expression of proinflammatory CD40, MKK4 and JNK in patients with very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 2011, 81:386-393.
73. Gan WQ, Man SF, Senthilselvan A, Sin DD. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thorax 2004, 59:574-580.
74. Vozarova B, Weyer C, Lindsay RS, Pratley RE, Bogardus C, Tataranni PA. High white blood cell count is associated with a worsening of insulin sensitivity and predicts the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2002, 51:455-461.
75. Dahl M, Vestbo J, Lange P, Bojesen SE, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. C-reactive protein as a predictor of prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 175:250-255.
76. Hersh CP, Miller DT, Kwiatkowski DJ, Silverman EK. Genetic determinants of C-reactive protein in COPD. Eur Respir J 2006, 28:1156-1162.
77. van Durme YM, Verhamme KM, Aarnoudse AJ, Van Pottelberge GR, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Joos GF, Brusselle GG, Stricker BH. C-reactive protein levels, haplotypes, and the risk of incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 179:375-382.
78. Pallayova M, Lazurova I, Donic V. Hypoxic damage to pancreatic beta cells-the hidden link between sleep apnea and diabetes. Med Hypotheses 2011, 77:930-934.
79. Heinonen I, Kemppainen J, Kaskinoro K, Peltonen JE, Sipilä HT, Nuutila P, Knuuti J, Boushel R, Kalliokoski KK. The effects of adenosine, exercise, and acute moderate hypoxia on energy substrate utilization of human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012, 302:R385-R390.
80. Mackenzie R, Elliott B, Maxwell N, Brickley G, Watt P. The effect of hypoxia and work intensity on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012, 97:155-162.
81. Jakobsson P, Jorfeldt L. Oxygen supplementation increases glucose tolerance during euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp procedure in patients with severe COPD and chronic hypoxaemia. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2006, 26:271-274.
82. Moritz W, Meier F, Stroka DM, Giuliani M, Kugelmeier P, Nett PC, Lehmann R, Candinas D, Gassmann M, Weber M. Apoptosis in hypoxic human pancreatic islets correlates with HIF-1alpha expression. FASEB J 2002, 16:745-747.
83. Cheng K, Ho K, Stokes R, Scott C, Lau SM, Hawthorne WJ, O'Connell PJ, Loudovaris T, Kay TW, Kulkarni RN, Okada T, Wang XL, Yim SH, Shah Y, Grey ST, Biankin AV, Kench JG, Laybutt DR, Gonzalez FJ, Kahn CR, Gunton JE. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha regulates beta cell function in mouse and human islets. J Clin Invest 2010, 120:2171-2183.
84. Oltmanns KM, Gehring H, Rudolf S, Schultes B, Rook S, Schweiger U, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A. Hypoxia causes glucose intolerance in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004, 169:1231-1237.
85. Chen B, Lam KS, Wang Y, Wu D, Lam MC, Shen J, Wong L, Hoo RL, Zhang J, Xu A. Hypoxia dysregulates the production of adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 independent of reactive oxygen species in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 341:549-556.
86. Regazzetti C, Peraldi P, Grémeaux T, Najem-Lendom R, Ben-Sahra I, Cormont M, Bost F, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Tanti JF, Giorgetti-Peraldi S. Hypoxia decreases insulin signaling pathways in adipocytes. Diabetes 2009, 58:95-103.
87. Halberg N, Khan T, Trujillo ME, Wernstedt-Asterholm I, Attie AD, Sherwani S, Wang ZV, Landskroner-Eiger S, Dineen S, Magalang UJ, Brekken RA, Scherer PE. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha induces fibrosis and insulin resistance in white adipose tissue. Mol Cell Biol 2009, 29:4467-4483.
88. Catrina SB, Okamoto K, Pereira T, Brismar K, Poellinger L. Hyperglycemia regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha protein stability and function. Diabetes 2004, 53:3226-3232.
89. Holloszy JO. Skeletal muscle "mitochondrial deficiency" does not mediate insulin resistance. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 89:463S-466S.
90. Cartee GD, Douen AG, Ramlal T, Klip A, Holloszy JO. Stimulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle by hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 1991, 70:1593-1600.
91. Wuyam B, Payen JF, Levy P, Bensaïdane H, Reutenauer H, Le Bas JF, Benabid AL. Metabolism and aerobic capacity of skeletal muscle in chronic respiratory failure related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1992, 5:157-162.
92. Thompson CH, Davies RJ, Kemp GJ, Taylor DJ, Radda GK, Rajagopalan B. Skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise and recovery in patients with respiratory failure. Thorax 1993, 48:486-490.
93. Jakobsson P, Jorfeldt L, Henriksson J. Metabolic enzyme activity in the quadriceps femoris muscle in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:374-377.
94. Whittom F, Jobin J, Simard PM, Leblanc P, Simard C, Bernard S, Belleau R, Maltais F. Histochemical and morphological characteristics of the vastus lateralis muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998, 30:1467-1474.
95. Gosker HR, van Mameren H, van Dijk PJ, Engelen MP, van der Vusse GJ, Wouters EF, Schols AM. Skeletal muscle fibre-type shifting and metabolic profile in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2002, 19:617-625.
96. Gosker HR, Zeegers MP, Wouters EF, Schols AM. Muscle fibre type shifting in the vastus lateralis of patients with COPD is associated with disease severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2007, 62:944-949.
97. Green HJ, Bombardier E, Burnett M, Iqbal S, D'Arsigny CL, O'Donnell DE, Ouyang J, Webb KA. Organization of metabolic pathways in vastus lateralis of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008, 295:R935-R941.
98. Green HJ, Burnett ME, D'Arsigny CL, O'Donnell DE, Ouyang J, Webb KA. Altered metabolic and transporter characteristics of vastus lateralis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Appl Physiol 2008, 105:879-886.
99. Barzilay JI, Cotsonis GA, Walston J, Schwartz AV, Satterfield S, Miljkovic I, Harris TB. Insulin resistance is associated with decreased quadriceps muscle strength in nondiabetic adults aged or=70 years. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:736-738.
100. Jones TH. Effects of testosterone on Type 2 diabetes and components of the metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes 2010, 2:146-156.
101. Svartberg J, Schirmer H, Medbø A, Melbye H, Aasebø U. Reduced pulmonary function is associated with lower levels of endogenous total and free testosterone. The Tromsø study. Eur J Epidemiol 2007, 22:107-112.
102. Laghi F, Antonescu-Turcu A, Collins E, Segal J, Tobin DE, Jubran A, Tobin MJ. Hypogonadism in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence and quality of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 171:728-733.
103. Traish AM, Miner MM, Morgentaler A, Zitzmann M. Testosterone deficiency. Am J Med 2011, 124:578-587.
104. Van Vliet M, Spruit MA, Verleden G, Kasran A, Van Herck E, Pitta F, Bouillon R, Decramer M. Hypogonadism, quadriceps weakness, and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 172:1105-1111.
105. Semple PD, Beastall GH, Watson WS, Hume R. Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in respiratory hypoxia. Thorax 1981, 36:605-609.
106. Barth E, Albuszies G, Baumgart K, Matejovic M, Wachter U, Vogt J, Radermacher P, Calzia E. Glucose metabolism and catecholamines. Crit Care Med 2007, 35:S508-S518.
107. Kanstrup IL, Poulsen TD, Hansen JM, Andersen LJ, Bestle MH, Christensen NJ, Olsen NV. Blood pressure and plasma catecholamines in acute and prolonged hypoxia: effects of local hypothermia. J Appl Physiol 1999, 87:2053-2058.
108. Scalvini S, Volterrani M, Vitacca M, Clark AL, Solfrini R, Panzali AM, Ferrari R, Levi GF. Plasma hormone levels and haemodynamics in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 1996, 51:380-386.
109. Bratel T, Wennlund A, Carlström K. Impact of hypoxaemia on neuroendocrine function and catecholamine secretion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Effects of long-term oxygen treatment. Respir Med. 2000, 94:1221-1228.
110. Kalupahana NS, Moustaid-Moussa N. The renin-angiotensin system: a link between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance. Obes Rev 2012, 13:136-149.
111. Farber MO, Roberts LR, Weinberger MH, Robertson GL, Fineberg NS, Manfredi F. Abnormalities of sodium and H2O handling in chronic obstructive lung disease. Arch Intern Med 1982, 142:1326-1330.
112. Farber MO, Weinberger MH, Robertson GL, Fineberg NS, Manfredi F. Hormonal abnormalities affecting sodium and water balance in acute respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive lung disease. Chest 1984, 85:49-54.
113. Stewart AG, Waterhouse JC, Billings CG, Baylis PH, Howard P. Hormonal, renal, and autonomic nerve factors involved in the excretion of sodium and water during dynamic salt and water loading in hypoxaemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1995, 50:838-845.
114. Mancini GB, Etminan M, Zhang B, Levesque LE, FitzGerald JM, Brophy JM. Reduction of morbidity and mortality by statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 47:2554-2560.
115. Hyppönen E. Vitamin D, and increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes-evidence for an association?. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010, 12:737-743.
116. Mitri J, Muraru MD, Pittas AG. Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011, 65:1005-1015.
117. Herr C, Greulich T, Koczulla RA, Meyer S, Zakharkina T, Branscheidt M, Eschmann R, Bals R. The role of vitamin D in pulmonary disease: COPD, asthma, infection, and cancer. Respir Res 2011, 12:31.
118. Gow SM, Seth J, Beckett GJ, Douglas G. Thyroid function and endocrine abnormalities in elderly patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease. Thorax 1987, 42:520-525.
119. Lazarus R, Sparrow D, Weiss ST. Baseline ventilatory function predicts the development of higher levels of fasting insulin and fasting insulin resistance index: the Normative Aging Study. Eur Respir J 1998, 12:641-645.
120. Ford ES, Mannino DM. Prospective association between lung function and the incidence of diabetes: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:2966-2970.
121. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Rumley A, Sattar N, Whincup PH, Thomas MC, Lowe GD. Lung function and risk of type 2 diabetes and fatal and nonfatal major coronary heart disease events: possible associations with inflammation. Diabetes Care 2010, 33:1990-1996.
122. Yeh HC, Punjabi NM, Wang NY, Pankow JS, Duncan BB, Brancati FL. Vital capacity as a predictor of incident type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:1472-1429.
123. Hsiao FC, Wu CZ, Su SC, Sun MT, Hsieh CH, Hung YJ, He CT, Pei D. Baseline forced expiratory volume in the first second as an independent predictor of development of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 2010, 59:848-853.
124. Engström G, Janzon L. Risk of developing diabetes is inversely related to lung function: a population-based cohort study. Diabet Med 2002, 19:167-170.
125. Engström G, Hedblad B, Nilsson P, Wollmer P, Berglund G, Janzon L. Lung function, insulin resistance and incidence of cardiovascular disease: a longitudinal cohort study. J Intern Med 2003, 253:574-581.
126. Kwon CH, Rhee EJ, Song JU, Kim JT, Sung KC. Reduced lung function is independently associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean men. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012, 11(1):38. Epub ahead of print.
127. Oda E, Kawai R. A cross-sectional relationship between vital capacity and metabolic syndrome and between vital capacity and diabetes in a sample Japanese population. Environ Health Prev Med. 2009, 14:284-291.
128. Kim SK, Hur KY, Choi YH, Kim SW, Chung JH, Kim HK, Lee MK, Min YK, Kim KW, Kim JH. The Relationship between Lung Function and Metabolic Syndrome in Obese and Non-Obese Korean Adult Males. Korean Diabetes J 2010, 34:253-260.
129. Lim SY, Rhee EJ, Sung KC. Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation as risk factors for reduced lung function in Korean nonsmoking males. J Korean Med Sci 2010, 25:1480-1486.
130. Chlif M, Keochkerian D, Mourlhon C, Choquet D, Ahmaidi S. Noninvasive assessment of the tension-time index of inspiratory muscles at rest in obese male subjects. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005, 29:1478-1483.
131. Yeh F, Dixon AE, Marion S, Schaefer C, Zhang Y, Best LG, Calhoun D, Rhoades ER, Lee ET. Obesity in adults is associated with reduced lung function in metabolic syndrome and diabetes: the Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 2011, 34:2306-2313.
132. Heianza Y, Arase Y, Tsuji H, Saito K, Amakawa K, Hsieh SD, Kodama S, Shimano H, Yamada N, Hara S, Sone H. Low Lung Function and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese Men: The Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 9 (TOPICS 9). Mayo Clin Proc 2012, 87:853-861.
133. Rana JS, Mittleman MA, Sheikh J, Hu FB, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Barr RG, Camargo CA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:2478-2484.
134. Song Y, Klevak A, Manson JE, Buring JE, Liu S. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and type 2 diabetes in the Women's Health Study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010, 90:365-371.
135. Bolton CE, Evans M, Ionescu AA, Edwards SM, Morris RH, Dunseath G, Luzio SD, Owens DR, Shale DJ. Insulin resistance and inflammation - A further systemic complication of COPD. COPD 2007, 4:121-126.
136. Bayliss EA, Blatchford PJ, Newcomer SR, Steiner JF, Fairclough DL. The effect of incident cancer, depression and pulmonary disease exacerbations on type 2 diabetes control. J Gen Intern Med 2011, 26:575-581.
137. Spies CM, Strehl C, van der Goes MC, Bijlsma JW, Buttgereit F. Glucocorticoids. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2011, 25:891-900.
138. Niewoehner DE, Erbland ML, Deupree RH, Collins D, Gross NJ, Light RW, Anderson P, Morgan NA. Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999, 340:1941-1947.
139. Burt MG, Roberts GW, Aguilar-Loza NR, Frith P, Stranks SN. Continuous monitoring of circadian glycemic patterns in patients receiving prednisolone for COPD. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 96:1789-1796.
140. Decramer M, Lacquet LM, Fagard R, Rogiers P. Corticosteroids contribute to muscle weakness in chronic airflow obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:11-16.
141. Gallagher CG. Respiratory steroid myopathy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:4-6.
142. Perez T, Becquart LA, Stach B, Wallaert B, Tonnel AB. Inspiratory muscle strength and endurance in steroid-dependent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996, 153:610-615.
143. Weiner P, Azgad Y, Weiner M. The effect of corticosteroids on inspiratory muscle performance in humans. Chest 1993, 104:1788-1791.
144. Ernst P, Suissa S. Systemic effects of inhaled corticosteroids. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2012, 18:85-89.
145. O'Byrne PM, Rennard S, Gerstein H, Radner F, Peterson S, Lindberg B, Carlsson LG, Sin DD. Risk of new onset diabetes mellitus in patients with asthma or COPD taking inhaled corticosteroids. Respir Med 2012, 106:1487-1493.
146. Slatore CG, Bryson CL, Au DH. The association of inhaled corticosteroid use with serum glucose concentration in a large cohort. Am J Med 2009, 122:472-478.
147. van den Oever IA, Raterman HG, Nurmohamed MT, Simsek S. Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and apoptosis in diabetes mellitus. Mediators Inflamm 2010, 2010:792393.
148. Jermendy G. Vascular memory: can we broaden the concept of the metabolic memory?. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012, 11:44.
149. Guazzi M, Brambilla R, De Vita S, Guazzi MD. Diabetes worsens pulmonary diffusion in heart failure, and insulin counteracts this effect. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 166:978-982.
150. Guazzi M, Oreglia I, Guazzi MD. Insulin improves alveolar-capillary membrane gas conductance in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:1802-1806.
151. Hsia CC, Raskin P. The diabetic lung: relevance of alveolar microangiopathy for the use of inhaled insulin. Am J Med 2005, 118:205-211.
152. Ceglia L, Lau J, Pittas AG. Meta-analysis: efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin therapy in adults with diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2006, 145:665-675.
153. Davis TM, Davis WA. An assessment of eligibility for inhaled insulin (Exubera): the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:360-361.
154. Becker RH, Sha S, Frick AD, Fountaine RJ. The effect of smoking cessation and subsequent resumption on absorption of inhaled insulin. Diabetes Care 2006, 29:277-282.
155. Ang E, Lawrence MK, Heilmann CR, Ferguson JA, Tobian JA, Webb DM, Berclaz PY. Safety and efficacy of AIR inhaled insulin compared with subcutaneous insulin in patients having diabetes and asthma: A 12-month, randomized, noninferiority trial. Diabetes Technol Ther 2009, 11(Suppl 2):S35-S44.
156. Raskin P, Heller S, Honka M, Chang PC, Boss AH, Richardson PC, Amin N. Pulmonary function over 2 years in diabetic patients treated with prandial inhaled Technosphere Insulin or usual antidiabetes treatment: a randomized trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012, 14:163-173.
157. Guvener N, Tutuncu NB, Akcay S, Eyuboglu F, Gokcel A. Alveolar gas exchange in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr J 2003, 50:663-667.
158. Chance WW, Rhee C, Yilmaz C, Dane DM, Pruneda ML, Raskin P, Hsia CC. Diminished alveolar microvascular reserves in type 2 diabetes reflect systemic microangiopathy. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:1596-1601.
159. Minette P, Buysschaert M, Rahier J, Veriter C, Frans A. Pulmonary gas exchange in life-long nonsmoking patients with diabetes mellitus. Respiration 1999, 66:20-24.
160. Schernthaner G, Haber P, Kummer F, Ludwig H. Lung elasticity in juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977, 116:544-546.
161. Sokolov EI. Demidov IuI [Gas exchange function of the lungs in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus]. Ter Arkh 2008, 80:63-66.
162. Asanuma Y, Fujiya S, Ide H, Agishi Y. Characteristics of pulmonary function in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1985, 1:95-101.
163. Sandler M, Bunn AE, Stewart RI. Cross-section study of pulmonary function in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987, 135:223-229.
164. Cooper BG, Taylor R, Alberti KG, Gibson GJ. Lung function in patients with diabetes mellitus. Respir Med 1990, 84:235-239.
165. Ramirez LC, Dal Nogare A, Hsia C, Arauz C, Butt I, Strowig SM, Schnurr-Breen L, Raskin P. Relationship between diabetes control and pulmonary function in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1991, 91:371-376.
166. Niranjan V, McBrayer DG, Ramirez LC, Raskin P, Hsia CC. Glycemic control and cardiopulmonary function in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1997, 103:504-513.
167. Strojek K, Ziora D, Sroczynski JW, Oklek K. Pulmonary complications of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1992, 35:1173-1176.
168. Innocenti F, Fabbri A, Anichini R, Tuci S, Pettinà G, Vannucci F, De Giorgio LA, Seghieri G. Indications of reduced pulmonary function in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1994, 25:161-168.
169. Schnack C, Festa A, Schwarzmaier-D'Assié A, Haber P, Schernthaner G. Pulmonary dysfunction in type 1 diabetes in relation to metabolic long-term control and to incipient diabetic nephropathy. Nephron 1996, 74:395-400.
170. Saler T, Cakmak G, Saglam ZA, Ataoglu E, Yesim Erdem T, Yenigun M. The assessment of pulmonary diffusing capacity in diabetes mellitus with regard to microalbuminuria. Intern Med 2009, 48:1939-1943.
171. Scaramuzza AE, Morelli M, Rizzi M, Borgonovo S, De Palma A, Mameli C, Giani E, Beretta S, Zuccotti GV. Impaired diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in children with type 1 diabetes: is this the first sign of long-term complications?. Acta Diabetol 2012, 49:159-164.
172. Sinha S, Guleria R, Misra A, Pandey RM, Yadav R, Tiwari S. Pulmonary functions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus & correlation with anthropometry & microvascular complications. Indian J Med Res 2004, 119:66-71.
173. Boulbou MS, Gourgoulianis KI, Petinaki EA, Klisiaris VK, Maniatis AN, Molyvdas PA. Pulmonary function and circulating adhesion molecules in patients with diabetes mellitus. Can Respir J 2003, 10:259-264.
174. Benbassat CA, Stern E, Kramer M, Lebzelter J, Blum I, Fink G. Pulmonary function in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Med Sci 2001, 322:127-132.
175. Andersen H. Motor dysfunction in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012, 28(Suppl 1):89-92.
176. Sinclair AJ, Conroy SP, Bayer AJ. Impact of diabetes on physical function in older people. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:233-235.
177. Ottenheijm CA, Heunks LM, Dekhuijzen RP. Diaphragm adaptations in patients with COPD. Respir Res 2008, 9:12.
178. Fierro B, Bennici S, Raimondo DM. Phrenic nerve conduction in diabetic patients. A preliminary study. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 1982, 4:357-361.
179. Wolf E, Shochina M, Fidel Y, Gonen B. Phrenic neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1983, 23:523-530.
180. Wanke T, Paternostro-Sluga T, Grisold W, Formanek D, Auinger M, Zwick H, Irsigler K. Phrenic nerve function in type 1 diabetic patients with diaphragm weakness and peripheral neuropathy. Respiration 1992, 59:233-237.
181. White JE, Bullock RE, Hudgson P, Home PD, Gibson GJ. Phrenic neuropathy in association with diabetes. Diabet Med 1992, 9:954-956.
182. Polotsky VY, Wilson JA, Haines AS, Scharf MT, Soutiere SE, Tankersley CG, Smith PL, Schwartz AR, O'Donnell CP. The impact of insulin-dependent diabetes on ventilatory control in the mouse. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 163:624-632.
183. Ramamurthy B, Höök P, Jones AD, Larsson L. Changes in myosin structure and function in response to glycation. FASEB J 2001, 15:2415-2422.
184. Wanke T, Formanek D, Auinger M, Popp W, Zwick H, Irsigler K. Inspiratory muscle performance and pulmonary function changes in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991, 143:97-100.
185. Tang EW, Jardine DL, Rodins K, Evans J. Respiratory failure secondary to diabetic neuropathy affecting the phrenic nerve. Diabet Med 2003, 20:599-601.
186. Rison RA, Beydoun SR. Bilateral phrenic neuropathies in a diabetic patient responsive to intravenous immunoglobulin: a case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2011, 113:788-791.
187. Brannagan TH, Promisloff RA, McCluskey LF, Mitz KA. Proximal diabetic neuropathy presenting with respiratory weakness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999, 67:539-541.
188. Dharwadkar AR, Dharwadkar AA, Banu G, Bagali S. Reduction in lung functions in type-2 diabetes in Indian population: correlation with glycemic status. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2011, 55:170-175.
189. Scano G, Seghieri G, Mancini M, Filippelli M, Duranti R, Fabbri A, Innocenti F, Iandelli I, Misuri G. Dyspnoea, peripheral airway involvement and respiratory muscle effort in patients with type I diabetes mellitus under good metabolic control. Clin Sci (Lond) 1999, 96:499-506.
190. Mancini M, Filippelli M, Seghieri G, Iandelli I, Innocenti F, Duranti R, Scano G. Respiratory muscle function and hypoxic ventilatory control in patients with type I diabetes. Chest 1999, 115:1553-1562.
191. Scano G, Filippelli M, Romagnoli I, Mancini M, Misuri G, Duranti R, Rosi E. Hypoxic and hypercapnic breathlessness in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Chest 2000, 117:960-967.
192. Fuso L, Pitocco D, Longobardi A, Zaccardi F, Contu C, Pozzuto C, Basso S, Varone F, Ghirlanda G, Antonelli Incalzi R. Reduced respiratory muscle strength and endurance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012, 28:370-375.
193. Lange P, Parner J, Schnohr P, Jensen G. Copenhagen City Heart Study: longitudinal analysis of ventilatory capacity in diabetic and nondiabetic adults. Eur Respir J 2002, 20:1406-1412.
194. Walter RE, Beiser A, Givelber RJ, O'Connor GT, Gottlieb DJ. Association between glycemic state and lung function: the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 167:911-916.
195. Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Smith GD. Associations of measures of lung function with insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study. Diabetologia 2004, 47:195-203.
196. Davis WA, Knuiman M, Kendall P, Grange V, Davis TM. Glycemic exposure is associated with reduced pulmonary function in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:752-757.
197. McKeever TM, Weston PJ, Hubbard R, Fogarty A. Lung function and glucose metabolism: an analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol 2005, 161:546-556.
198. Litonjua AA, Lazarus R, Sparrow D, Demolles D, Weiss ST. Lung function in type 2 diabetes: the Normative Aging Study. Respir Med 2005, 99:1583-1590.
199. Duvoix A, Dickens J, Haq I, Mannino D, Miller B, Tal-Singer R, Lomas DA. Blood fibrinogen as a biomarker of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2012, 2012 Jun 28. [Epub ahead of print].
200. Groenewegen KH, Postma DS, Hop WC, Wielders PL, Schlösser NJ, Wouters EF. Increased systemic inflammation is a risk factor for COPD exacerbations. Chest 2008, 133:350-357.
201. Anzueto A. Impact of exacerbations on COPD. Eur Respir Rev 2010, 19:113-118.
202. Muller LM, Gorter KJ, Hak E, Goudzwaard WL, Schellevis FG, Hoepelman AI, Rutten GE. Increased risk of common infections in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:281-288.
203. Philips BJ, Meguer JX, Redman J, Baker EH. Factors determining the appearance of glucose in upper and lower respiratory tract secretions. Intensive Care Med 2003, 29:2204-2210.
204. Philips BJ, Redman J, Brennan A, Wood D, Holliman R, Baines D, Baker EH. Glucose in bronchial aspirates increases the risk of respiratory MRSA in intubated patients. Thorax 2005, 60:761-764.
205. Lee AS, Huttner B, Harbarth S. Control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2011, 25:155-179.
206. McAlister FA, Majumdar SR, Blitz S, Rowe BH, Romney J, Marrie TJ. The relation between hyperglycemia and outcomes in 2,471 patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:810-815.
207. Baker EH, Janaway CH, Philips BJ, Brennan AL, Baines DL, Wood DM, Jones PW. Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2006, 61:284-289.
208. Chakrabarti B, Angus RM, Agarwal S, Lane S, Calverley PM. Hyperglycaemia as a predictor of outcome during non-invasive ventilation in decompensated COPD. Thorax 2009, 64:857-862.
209. Küpeli E, Ulubay G, Ulasli SS, Sahin T, Erayman Z, Gürsoy A. Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk of acute exacerbation of COPD: a preliminary study. Endocrine 2010, 38:76-82.
210. Kim HJ, Lee JY, Jung HS, Kim DK, Lee SM, Yim JJ, Yang SC, Yoo CG, Chung HS, Kim YW, Han SK, Shim YS, Lee CH. The impact of insulin sensitisers on lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010, 14:362-367.
211. Man SF, Sin DD. Could oral hypoglycemics be the new therapeutic answer to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010, 14:262.
212. Kelly AS, Bergenstal RM, Gonzalez-Campoy JM, Katz H, Bank AJ. Effects of Exenatide vs. Metformin on Endothelial Function in Obese Patients with Pre-Diabetes: A Randomized Trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012, 11:64. Epub ahead of print.
213. Lai SW, Liao KF, Chen PC, Tsai PY, Hsieh DP, Chen CC. Antidiabetes drugs correlate with decreased risk of lung cancer: a population-based observation in Taiwan. Clin Lung Cancer 2012, 13:143-148.
214. Celli BR. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer: common pathogenesis, shared clinical challenges. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2012, 9:74-79.
215. Memmott RM, Mercado JR, Maier CR, Kawabata S, Fox SD, Dennis PA. Metformin prevents tobacco carcinogen-induced lung tumorigenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010, 3:1066-1076.
216. Wu N, Gu C, Gu H, Hu H, Han Y, Li Q. Metformin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through activating JNK/p38 MAPK pathway and GADD153. Neoplasma 2011, 58:482-490.
217. Ashinuma H, Takiguchi Y, Kitazono S, Kitazono-Saitoh M, Kitamura A, Chiba T, Tada Y, Kurosu K, Sakaida E, Sekine I, Tanabe N, Iwama A, Yokosuka O, Tatsumi K. Antiproliferative action of metformin in human lung cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep 2012, 28:8-14.
218. Tan BX, Yao WX, Ge J, Peng XC, Du XB, Zhang R, Yao B, Xie K, Li LH, Dong H, Gao F, Zhao F, Hou JM, Su JM, Liu JY. Prognostic influence of metformin as first-line chemotherapy for advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cancer 2011, 117:5103-5111.
219. Noto H, Goto A, Tsujimoto T, Noda M. Cancer risk in diabetic patients treated with metformin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012, 7:e33411.
220. Bodmer M, Becker C, Jick SS, Meier CR. Metformin does not alter the risk of lung cancer: A case-control analysis. Lung Cancer 2012, 2012 Sep 6. [Epub ahead of print].
221. Tsaknis G, Siempos II, Kopterides P, Maniatis NA, Magkou C, Kardara M, Panoutsou S, Kotanidou A, Roussos C, Armaganidis A. Metformin attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury. Crit Care 2012, 16:R134.
222. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:1230-1235.
223. Lavie L. Oxidative stress inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012, 4:1391-1403.
224. Hakim F, Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Sympathetic and catecholaminergic alterations in sleep apnea with particular emphasis on children. Front Neurol. 2012, 3:7.
225. Phillips CL, Yee BJ, Marshall NS, Liu PY, Sullivan DR, Grunstein RR. Continuous positive airway pressure reduces postprandial lipidemia in obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 184:355-361.
226. Ansar S, Koska J, Reaven PD. Postprandial hyperlipidemia, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk: focus on incretins. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011, 10:61.
227. Toth PP, Simko RJ, Palli SR, Koselleck D, Quimbo RA, Cziraky MJ. The impact of serum lipids on risk for microangiopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012, 11:109. Epub ahead of print.
228. Kasai T, Floras JS, Bradley TD. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a bidirectional relationship. Circulation 2012, 126:1495-1510.
229. Jaffe LM, Kjekshus J, Gottlieb SS. Importance and management of chronic sleep apnoea in cardiology. Eur Heart J 2012, 2012 Mar 16. [Epub ahead of print].
230. Baguet JP, Barone-Rochette G, Tamisier R, Levy P, Pépin JL. Mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea. Nat Rev Cardiol 2012, 2012 Sep 25.[Epub ahead of print].
231. Mirrakhimov AE. Obstructive sleep apnea and kidney disease: is there any direct link?. Sleep Breath 2011, 2011 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print].
232. Mirrakhimov AE. Supine fluid redistribution: should we consider this as an important risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea?. Sleep Breath 2012, 2012 Aug 8. [Epub ahead of print].
233. Mannarino MR, Di Filippo F, Pirro M. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Eur J Intern Med 2012, 23:586-593.
234. McNicholas WT. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea: overlaps in pathophysiology, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 180:692-700.
235. Nadel JA, Widdicombe JG. Reflex effects of upper airway irritation on total lung resistance and blood pressure. J Appl Physiol 1962, 17:861-865.
236. Machado MC, Vollmer WM, Togeiro SM, Bilderback AL, Oliveira MV, Leitão FS, Queiroga F, Lorenzi-Filho G, Krishnan JA. CPAP and survival in moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and hypoxaemic COPD. Eur Respir J 2010, 35:132-137.
237. Marin JM, Soriano JB, Carrizo SJ, Boldova A, Celli BR. Outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea: the overlap syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 182:325-331.
238. Lesser DJ, Bhatia R, Tran WH, Oliveira F, Ortega R, Keens TG, Mittelman SD, Khoo MC, Davidson Ward SL. Sleep fragmentation and intermittent hypoxemia are associated with decreased insulin sensitivity in obese adolescent Latino males. Pediatr Res 2012, 72:293-298.
239. Jain SK, Kahlon G, Morehead L, Lieblong B, Stapleton T, Hoeldtke R, Farrington Bass P, Levine SN. The Effect of Sleep Apnea and Insomnia on Blood Levels of Leptin, Insulin Resistance, IP-10, and Hydrogen Sulfide in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012, 10:331-336.
240. Qian X, Yin T, Li T, Kang C, Guo R, Sun B, Liu C. High levels of inflammation and insulin resistance in obstructive sleep apnea patients with hypertension. Inflammation 2012, 35:1507-1511.
241. Pamidi S, Tasali E. Obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes: is there a link?. Front Neurol. 2012, 3:126.
242. Fredheim JM, Rollheim J, Omland T, Hofsø D, Røislien J, Vegsgaard K, Hjelmesæth J. Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes are associated with obstructive sleep apnea in extremely obese subjects: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011, 10:84.
243. Pallayova M, Steele KE, Magnuson TH, Schweitzer MA, Hill NR, Bevans-Fonti S, Schwartz AR. Sleep apnea predicts distinct alterations in glucose homeostasis and biomarkers in obese adults with normal and impaired glucose metabolism. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2010, 9:83.
244. Togeiro SM, Carneiro G, Ribeiro Filho FF, Zanella MT, Santos-Silva R, Taddei JA, Bittencourt LR, Tufik S. Consequences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Metabolic Profile: A Population-Based Survey. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012, 2012 Jun 14. [Epub ahead of print].
245. Tamura A, Kawano Y, Watanabe T, Kadota J. Obstructive sleep apnea increases hemoglobin A1c levels regardless of glucose tolerance status. Sleep Med 2012, 13:1050-1055.
246. Priou P, Le Vaillant M, Meslier N, Chollet S, Masson P, Humeau MP, Pigeanne T, Bizieux-Thaminy A, Goupil F, Gagnadoux F. Independent Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity and Glycated Hemoglobin in Adults Without Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2012, 35:1902-1906.
247. Pamidi S, Wroblewski K, Broussard J, Day A, Hanlon EC, Abraham V, Tasali E. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Young Lean Men: Impact on insulin sensitivity and secretion. Diabetes Care 2012, 2012 Aug 21. [Epub ahead of print].
248. Botros N, Concato J, Mohsenin V, Selim B, Doctor K, Yaggi HK. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Am J Med 2009, 122:1122-1127.
249. Lindberg E, Theorell-Haglöw J, Svensson M, Gislason T, Berne C, Janson C. Sleep apnea and glucose metabolism - a long-term follow-up in a community-based sample. Chest 2012, 142:935-942.
250. Wang X, Bi Y, Zhang Q, Pan F. Obstructive sleep apnoea and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Respirology 2012, 2012 Sep 18. [Epub ahead of print].
251. Sharma SK, Agrawal S, Damodaran D, Sreenivas V, Kadhiravan T, Lakshmy R, Jagia P, Kumar A. CPAP for the metabolic syndrome in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 2011, 365:2277-2286.
252. Weinstock TG, Wang X, Rueschman M, Ismail-Beigi F, Aylor J, Babineau DC, Mehra R, Redline S. A controlled trial of CPAP therapy on metabolic control in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and sleep apnea. Sleep 2012, 35:617-625B.
253. Duarte FH, Jallad RS, Amaro AC, Drager LF, Lorenzi-Filho G, Bronstein MD. The impact of sleep apnea treatment on carbohydrate metabolism in patients with acromegaly. Pituitary 2012, 2012 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print].
254. Roemmler J, Gutt B, Fischer R, Vay S, Wiesmeth A, Bidlingmaier M, Schopohl J, Angstwurm M. Elevated incidence of sleep apnoea in acromegaly-correlation to disease activity. Sleep Breath 2012, 2012 Jan 13. [Epub ahead of print].
255. Yang D, Liu Z, Yang H, Luo Q. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on glycemic control and insulin resistance in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. Sleep Breath 2012, 2012 Mar 13. [Epub ahead of print].
256. Mirrakhimov AE, Polotsky VY. Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Is the Liver Another Target?. Front. Neur 2012, 3:149.
257. Paredes AH, Torres DM, Harrison SA. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2012, 16:397-419.
258. Bhatia LS, Curzen NP, Calder PC, Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a new and important cardiovascular risk factor?. Eur Heart J 2012, 33:1190-1200.
259. Targher G, Chonchol M, Zoppini G, Abaterusso C, Bonora E. Risk of chronic kidney disease in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: is there a link?. J Hepatol 2011, 54:1020-1029.