mRNA export and cancer

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: RNA

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 13-25

  Siddiqui, Nadeem ^a,b   Borden, Katherine L B ^a,b  

^a INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY AND CANCER   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MESSENGER RNA; RIBAVIRIN;

BIOCHEMISTRY; CELL FUNCTION; DRUG TARGETING; EUKARYOTIC CELL; GENETIC DISORDER; HUMAN; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TRANSLATION INITIATION;

ANIMALS; EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-4E; HUMANS; KARYOPHERINS; NEOPLASMS; NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC TRANSPORT PROTEINS; RECEPTORS, CYTOPLASMIC AND NUCLEAR; RNA TRANSPORT; RNA, MESSENGER; RNA-BINDING PROTEINS;

EUKARYOTA;

EID: 84867604883     PISSN: 17577004     EISSN: 17577012     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wrna.101     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Keene JD, Tenenbaum SA. Eukaryotic mRNPs may represent posttranscriptional operons. Mol Cell 2002, 9:1161-1167.
2. Keene JD. RNA regulons: coordination of post-transcriptional events. Nat Rev Genet 2007, 8: 533-543.
3. Assouline S, Culjkovic B, Cocolakis E, Rousseau C, Beslu N, Amri A, Caplan S, Leber B, Roy D-C, Miller WH, et al. Molecular targeting of the oncogene eIF4E in acute myeloid leukemia (AML): a proof-of-principle clinical trial with ribavirin. Blood 2009, 114:257-260.
4. Köhler A, Hurt E. Exporting RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007, 8:761-773.
5. Hutten S, Kehlenbach RH. CRM1-mediated nuclear export: to the pore and beyond. Trends Cell Biol 2007, 17:193-201.
6. Cullen BR. Nuclear RNA export. J Cell Sci 2003, 28:419-424.
7. Cullen BR. Nuclear mRNA export: insights from virology. Trends Biochem Sci 2003, 28:419-424.
8. Cole CN, Scarcelli JJ. Transport of messenger RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2006, 18:299-306.
9. Rodriguez MS, Dargemont C, Stutz F. Nuclear export of RNA. Biol Cell 2004, 96:639-655.
10. Stewart M. Nuclear export of mRNA. Trends Biochem Sci 2010, 35:609-617.
11. Morris AR, Mukherjee N, Keene JD. Systematic analysis of posttranscriptional gene expression. Wiley interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med 2010, 2:162-180.
12. Bentley DL. Rules of engagement: co-transcriptional recruitment of pre-mRNA processing factors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2005, 17:251-256.
13. Izaurralde E, Lewis J, McGuigan C, Jankowska M, Darzynkiewicz E, Mattaj IW. A nuclear cap binding protein complex involved in pre-mRNA splicing. Cell 1994, 78:657-668.
14. Le Hir H, Gatfield D, Izaurralde E, Moore MJ. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. EMBO J 2001, 20:4987-4997.
15. Isken O, Maquat LE. Quality control of eukaryotic mRNA: safeguarding cells from abnormal mRNA function. Genes Dev 2007, 21:1833-1856.
16. Luo ML, Zhou Z, Magni K, Christoforides C, Rappsilber J, Mann M, Reed R. Pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA export linked by direct interactions between UAP56 and Aly. Nature 2001, 413:644-647.
17. Masuda S, Das R, Cheng H, Hurt E, Dorman N, Reed R. Recruitment of the human TREX complex to mRNA during splicing. Genes Dev 2005, 19:1512-1517.
18. Dufu K, Livingstone MJ, Seebacher J, Gygi SP, Wilson SA, Reed R. ATP is required for interactions between UAP56 and two conserved mRNA export proteins, Aly and CIP29, to assemble the TREX complex. Genes Dev 2010, 24:2043-2053.
19. Strässer K, Masuda S, Mason P, Pfannstiel J, Oppizzi M, Rodriguez-Navarro S, Rondón AG, Aguilera A, Struhl K, Reed R, et al. TREX is a conserved complex coupling transcription with messenger RNA export. Nature 2002, 417:304-308.
20. Cheng H, Dufu K, Lee C-S, Hsu JL, Dias A, Reed R. Human mRNA export machinery recruited to the 5' end of mRNA. Cell 2006, 127:1389-1400.
21. Chávez S, Beilharz T, Rondón AG, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Svejstrup JQ, Lithgow T, Aguilera A. A protein complex containing Tho2, Hpr1, Mft1 and a novel protein, Thp2, connects transcription elongation with mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 2000, 19:5824-5834.
22. Stutz F, Izaurralde E, Mattaj IW, Rosbash M. A role for nucleoporin FG repeat domains in export of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev protein and RNA from the nucleus. Mol Cell Biol 1996, 16:7144-7150.
23. Herold A, Klymenko T, Izaurralde E. NXF1/p15 heterodimers are essential for mRNA nuclear export in Drosophila. RNA 2001, 7:1768-1780.
24. Gatfield D, Le Hir H, Schmitt C, Braun IC, Köcher T, Wilm M, Izaurralde E. The DExH/D box protein HEL/UAP56 is essential for mRNA nuclear export in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2001, 11:1716-1721.
25. Gatfield D, Izaurralde E. REF1 / Aly and the additional exon junction complex proteins are dispensable for nuclear mRNA export. Cell 2002, 159:579-588.
26. Longman D, Johnstone IL, Cáceres JF. The Ref/Aly proteins are dispensable for mRNA export and development in Caenorhabditis elegans. RNA 2003, 9:881-891.
27. Wickramasinghe VO, McMurtrie PI, Mills AD, Takei Y, Penrhyn-Lowe S, Amagase Y, Main S, Marr J, Stewart M, Laskey R. mRNA export from mammalian cell nuclei is dependent on GANP. Curr Biol 2010, 20:25-31.
28. Stutz F, Bachi A, Doerks T, Braun IC, Séraphin B, Wilm M, Bork P, Izaurralde E. REF, an evolutionary conserved family of hnRNP-like proteins, interacts with TAP/Mex67p and participates in mRNA nuclear export. RNA 2000, 6:638-650.
29. Bachi A, Braun IC, Rodrigues JP, Panté N, Ribbeck K, von Kobbe C, Kutay U, Wilm M, Görlich D, Carmo-Fonseca M, et al. The C-terminal domain of TAP interacts with the nuclear pore complex and promotes export of specific CTE-bearing RNA substrates. RNA 2000, 6:136-158.
30. Herold A, Suyama M, Rodrigues JP, Braun IC, Kutay U, Carmo-Fonseca M, Bork P, Izaurralde E. TAP (NXF1) belongs to a multigene family of putative RNA export factors with a conserved modular architecture. Mole Cel Biol 2000, 20:8996-9008.
31. Lund MK, Guthrie C. The DEAD-box protein Dbp5p is required to dissociate Mex67p from exported mRNPs at the nuclear rim. Mol Cell 2005, 20:645-651.
32. Weirich CS, Erzberger JP, Flick JS, Berger JM, Thorner J, Weis K. Activation of the DExD/H-box protein Dbp5 by the nuclear-pore protein Gle1 and its coactivator InsP6 is required for mRNA export. Nat Cell Biol 2006, 8:668-676.
33. Montpetit B, Thomsen ND, Helmke KJ, Seeliger MA, Berger JM, Weis K. A conserved mechanism of DEAD-box ATPase activation by nucleoporins and InsP(6) in mRNA export. Nature 2011, 472:238-242.
34. Alcázar-Román AR, Bolger TA, Wente SR. Control of mRNA export and translation termination by inositol hexakisphosphate requires specific interaction with Gle1. J Biol Chem 2010, 285:16683-16692.
35. Brennan CM, Gallouzi IE, Steitz JA. Protein ligands to HuR modulate its interaction with target mRNAs in vivo. J Cell Biol 2000, 151:1-14.
36. Yang J, Bogerd HP, Wang PJ, Page DC, Cullen BR. Two closely related human nuclear export factors utilize entirely distinct export pathways. Mol Cell 2001, 8:397-406.
37. Topisirovic I, Siddiqui N, Lapointe VL, Trost M, Thibault P, Bangeranye C, Piñol-Roma S, Borden KLB. Molecular dissection of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) export-competent RNP. EMBO J 2009, 28:1087-1098.
38. Stewart M. Ratcheting mRNA out of the nucleus. Mol Cell 2007, 25:327-330.
39. Alcázar-Román AR, Tran EJ, Guo S, Wente SR. Inositol hexakisphosphate and Gle1 activate the DEAD-box protein Dbp5 for nuclear mRNA export. Nat Cell Biol 2006, 8:711-716.
40. Tran EJ, Zhou Y, Corbett AH, Wente SR. The DEAD-box protein Dbp5 controls mRNA export by triggering specific RNA:protein remodeling events. Mol Cell 2007, 28:850-859.
41. Carmody SR, Tran EJ, Apponi LH, Corbett AH, Wente SR. The mitogen-activated protein kinase Slt2 regulates nuclear retention of non-heat shock mRNAs during heat shock-induced stress. Mol Cell Biol 2010, 30:5168-5179.
42. Rollenhagen C, Hodge CA, Cole CN. The nuclear pore complex and the DEAD box protein Rat8p/Dbp5p have nonessential features which appear to facilitate mRNA export following heat shock. Mol Cell Biol 2004, 24:4869-4879.
43. Vainberg IE, Dower K, Rosbash M. Nuclear export of heat shock and non-heat-shock mRNA occurs via similar pathways. Mol Cell Biol 2000, 20:3996-4005.
44. Katahira J, Inoue H, Hurt E, Yoneda Y. Adaptor Aly and co-adaptor Thoc5 function in the Tap-p15-mediated nuclear export of HSP70 mRNA. EMBO J 2009, 28:556-567.
45. Englmeier L, Fornerod M, Bischoff FR, Petosa C, Mattaj IW, Kutay U. RanBP3 influences interactions between CRM1 and its nuclear protein export substrates. EMBO Rep 2001, 2:926-932.
46. Bischoff FR, Ponstingl H. Catalysis of guanine nucleotide exchange on Ran by the mitotic regulator RCC1. Nature 1991, 354:80-82.
47. Bischoff FR, Krebber H, Smirnova E, Dong W, Ponstingl H. Co-activation of RanGTPase and inhibition of GTP dissociation by Ran-GTP binding protein RanBP1. EMBO J 1995, 14:705-715.
48. Kehlenbach RH, Dickmanns A, Kehlenbach A, Guan T, Gerace L. A role for RanBP1 in the release of CRM1 from the nuclear pore complex in a terminal step of nuclear export. J Cell Biol 1999, 145:645-657.
49. Bernad R, van der Velde H, Fornerod M, Pickersgill H. Nup358/RanBP2 attaches to the nuclear pore complex via association with Nup88 and Nup214/CAN and plays a supporting role in CRM1-mediated nuclear protein export. Mol Cell Biol 2004, 24:2373-2384.
50. Xu S, Powers MA. Nuclear pore proteins and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009, 20:620-630.
51. Hutten S, Kehlenbach RH. Nup214 is required for CRM1-dependent nuclear protein export in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2006, 26:6772-6785.
52. Forler D, Rabut G, Ciccarelli FD, Herold A, Köcher T, Niggeweg R, Bork P, Ellenberg J, Izaurralde E. RanBP2/ Nup358 provides a major binding site for NXF1-p15 dimers at the nuclear pore complex and functions in nuclear mRNA export. Mol Cell Biol 2004, 24:1155-1167.
53. Weirich CS, Erzberger JP, Berger JM, Weis K. The N-terminal domain of Nup159 forms a β-propeller that functions in mRNA export by tethering the helicase Dbp5 to the nuclear pore. Mol Cell 2004, 16:749-760.
54. van Deursen J, Boer J, Kasper L, Grosveld G. G2 arrest and impaired nucleocytoplasmic transport in mouse embryos lacking the proto-oncogene CAN/Nup214. EMBO J 1996, 15:5574-5583.
55. Wente SR, Rout MP. The nuclear pore complex and nuclear transport. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010, 2:a000562.
56. Kimura T, Hashimoto I, Nagase T, Fujisawa J-I. CRM1-dependent, but not ARE-mediated, nuclear export of IFN-α1 mRNA. J Cell Sci 2004, 117: 2259-2270.
57. Ohno M, Segref A, Bachi A, Wilm M, Mattaj IW. PHAX, a mediator of U snRNA nuclear export whose activity is regulated by phosphorylation. Cell 2000, 101:187-198.
58. Ho JH, Kallstrom G, Johnson AW. Nmd3p is a Crm1p-dependent adapter protein for nuclear export of the large ribosomal subunit. J Cell Biol 2000, 151:1057-1066.
59. Trotta CR, Lund E, Kahan L, Johnson AW, Dahlberg JE. Coordinated nuclear export of 60S ribosomal subunits and NMD3 in vertebrates. EMBO J 2003, 22:2841-2851.
60. Yao W, Roser D, Köhler A, Bradatsch B, Bassler J, Hurt E. Nuclear export of ribosomal 60S subunits by the general mRNA export receptor Mex67-Mtr2. Mol Cell 2007, 26:51-62.
61. Herold A, Teixeira L, Izaurralde E. Genome-wide analysis of nuclear mRNA export pathways in Drosophila. EMBO J 2003, 22:2472-2483.
62. Brennan CM, Steitz JA. HuR and mRNA stability. Cell Mol Life Sci 2001, 58:266-277.
63. Iborra FJ, Jackson DA, Cook PR. The case for nuclear translation. J Cell Sci 2004, 117:5713-5720.
64. Cohen N, Sharma M, Kentsis A, Perez JM, Strudwick S, Borden KL. PML RING suppresses oncogenic transformation by reducing the affinity of eIF4E for mRNA. EMBO J 2001, 20:4547-4559.
65. Lang V, Zanchin NI, Lünsdorf H, Tuite M, McCarthy JE. Initiation factor eIF-4E of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Distribution within the cell, binding to mRNA, and consequences of its overproduction. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:6117-6123.
66. Sonenberg N, Hinnebusch AG. Review regulation of translation initiation in eukaryotes : mechanisms and biological targets. Cell 2009, 136:731-745.
67. Culjkovic B, Topisirovic I, Skrabanek L, Ruiz-Gutierrez M, Borden KLB. eIF4E is a central node of an RNA regulon that governs cellular proliferation. J Cell Biol 2006, 175:415-426.
68. Rousseau D, Kaspar R, Rosenwald I, Gehrke L, Sonenberg N. Translation initiation of ornithine decarboxylase and nucleocytoplasmic transport of cyclin D1 mRNA are increased in cells overexpressing eukaryotic initiation factor 4E. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:1065-1070.
69. Culjkovic B, Topisirovic I, Skrabanek L, Ruiz-Gutierrez M, Borden KLB. eIF4E promotes nuclear export of cyclin D1 mRNAs via an element in the 3'UTR. J Cell Biol 2005, 169:245-256.
70. Culjkovic B, Tan K, Orolicki S, Amri A, Meloche S, Borden KLB. The eIF4E RNA regulon promotes the Akt signaling pathway. J Cell Biol 2008, 181:51-63.
71. Hurt JA, Silver PA. mRNA nuclear export and human disease. Dis Models Mech 2008, 1:103-108.
72. Johnson C, Primorac D, McKinstry M, McNeil J, Rowe D, Lawrence JB. Tracking COL1A1 RNA in osteogenesis imperfecta. splice-defective transcripts initiate transport from the gene but are retained within the SC35 domain. J Cell Biol 2000, 150:417-432.
73. Stover ML, Primorac D, Liu SC, McKinstry MB, Rowe DW. Defective splicing of mRNA from one COL1A1 allele of type I collagen in nondeforming (type I) osteogenesis imperfecta. J Clin Invest 1993, 92:1994-2002.
74. Cho DH, Tapscott SJ. Myotonic dystrophy: emerging mechanisms for DM1 and DM2. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007, 1772:195-204.
75. Garcia-Lopez A, Monferrer L, Garcia-Alcover I, Vicente-Crespo M, Alvarez-Abril MC, Artero RD. Genetic and chemical modifiers of a CUG toxicity model in Drosophila. PloS one 2008, 3:e1595.
76. Nousiainen HO, Kestilä M, Pakkasjärvi N, Honkala H, Kuure S, Tallila J, Vuopala K, Ignatius J, Herva R, Peltonen L. Mutations in mRNA export mediator GLE1 result in a fetal motoneuron disease. Nat Genet 2008, 40:155-157.
77. Shen A, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Zou L, Sun L, Cheng C. Expression of CRM1 in human gliomas and its significance in p27 expression and clinical prognosis [discussion]. Neurosurgery 2009, 65:153-159.
78. van der Watt PJ, Maske CP, Hendricks DT, Parker MI, Denny L, Govender D, Birrer MJ, Leaner VD. The Karyopherin proteins, Crm1 and Karyopherin β1, are overexpressed in cervical cancer and are critical for cancer cell survival and proliferation. Int J Cancer 2009, 124:1829-1840.
79. Huang W-yi, Yue L, Qiu W-shen, Wang L-W, Zhou X-han, Sun Y-jue. Prognostic value of CRM1 in pancreas cancer. Clin Invest Med 2009, 32:E315.
80. Noske A, Weichert W, Niesporek S, Röske A, Buckendahl A-C, Koch I, Sehouli J, Dietel M, Denkert C. Expression of the nuclear export protein chromosomal region maintenance/exportin 1/Xpo1 is a prognostic factor in human ovarian cancer. Cancer 2008, 112:1733-1743.
81. Turner JG, Marchion DC, Dawson JL, Emmons MF, Hazlehurst LA, Washausen P, Sullivan DM. Human multiple myeloma cells are sensitized to topoisomerase II inhibitors by CRM1 inhibition. Cancer Res 2009, 69:6899-6905.
82. Funasaka T, Wong RW. The role of nuclear pore complex in tumor microenvironment and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011, 30:239-251.
83. Dominguez-Sanchez MS, Saez C, Japon M a, Aguilera A, Luna R. Differential expression of THOC1 and ALY mRNP biogenesis/export factors in human cancers. BMC Cancer 2011, 11:77.
84. Yang J, Li Y, Khoury T, Alrawi S, Goodrich DW, Tan D. Relationships of hHpr1/p84/Thoc1 expression to clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2008, 38:105-112.
85. Guo S, Hakimi M-A, Baillat D, Chen X, Farber MJ, Klein-Szanto AJP, Cooch NS, Godwin AK, Shiekhattar R. Linking transcriptional elongation and messenger RNA export to metastatic breast cancers. Cancer Res 2005, 65:3011-3016.
86. Fujimura S, Xing Y, Takeya M, Yamashita Y, Ohshima K, Kuwahara K, Sakaguchi N. Increased expression of germinal center-associated nuclear protein RNA-primase is associated with lymphomagenesis. Cancer Res 2005, 65:5925-5934.
87. von Lindern M, Fornerod M, van Baal S, Jaegle M, de Wit T, Buijs A, Grosveld G. The translocation (6;9), associated with a specific subtype of acute myeloid leukemia, results in the fusion of two genes, dek and can, and the expression of a chimeric, leukemia-specific dek-can mRNA. Mol Cell Biol 1992, 12:1687-1697.
88. von Lindern M, Fornerod M, Soekarman N, van Baal S, Jaegle M, Hagemeijer A, Bootsma D, Grosveld G. Translocation t(6;9) in acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia results in the formation of a DEK-CAN fusion gene. Baillière's Clin Haematol 1992, 5:857-879.
89. Borden KLB, Culjkovic-kraljacic B. Ribavirin as an anti-cancer therapy: acute myeloid leukemia and beyond? Leuk Lymphoma 2010, 51:1805-1815.
90. Köhler A, Hurt E. Gene regulation by nucleoporins and links to cancer. Mol Cell 2010, 38:6-15.
91. Dawlaty MM, Malureanu L, Jeganathan KB, Kao E, Sustmann C, Tahk S, Shuai K, Grosschedl R, van Deursen JM. Resolution of sister centromeres requires RanBP2-mediated SUMOylation of topoisomerase IIα. Cell 2008, 133:103-115.
92. Agudo D, Gómez-Esquer F, Martínez-Arribas F, Núñez-Villar MJ, Pollán M, Schneider J. Nup88 mRNA overexpression is associated with high aggressiveness of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2004, 109:717-720.
93. Takahashi N, van Kilsdonk JWJ, Ostendorf B, Smeets R, Bruggeman SWM, Alonso A, van de Loo F, Schneider M, van den Berg WB, Swart GWM. Tumor marker nucleoporin 88 kDa regulates nucleocytoplasmic transport of NF-κB. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008, 374:424-430.
94. Fornerod M, van Deursen J, van Baal S, Reynolds A, Davis D, Murti KG, Fransen J, Grosveld G. The human homologue of yeast CRM1 is in a dynamic subcomplex with CAN/Nup214 and a novel nuclear pore component Nup88. EMBO J 1997, 16:807-816.
95. Gould VE, Orucevic A, Zentgraf H, Gattuso P, Martinez N, Alonso A. Nup88 (karyoporin) in human malignant neoplasms and dysplasias: correlations of immunostaining of tissue sections, cytologic smears, and immunoblot analysis. Hum Pathol 2002, 33:536-544.
96. Bastos R, Ribas de Pouplana L, Enarson M, Bodoor K, Burke B. Nup84, a novel nucleoporin that is associated with CAN/Nup214 on the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore complex. J Cell Biol 1997, 137:989-1000.
97. Bastos R, Lin A, Enarson M, Burke B. Targeting and function in mRNA export of nuclear pore complex protein Nup153. J Cell Biol 1996, 134:1141-1156.
98. Boer J, Bonten-Surtel J, Grosveld G. Overexpression of the nucleoporin CAN/NUP214 induces growth arrest, nucleocytoplasmic transport defects, and apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 1998, 18:1236-1247.
99. Chakraborty P, Wang Y, Wei J-H, van Deursen J, Yu H, Malureanu L, Dasso M, Forbes DJ, Levy DE, Seemann J, et al. Nucleoporin levels regulate cell cycle progression and phase-specific gene expression. Dev Cell 2008, 15:657-667.
100. Hashizume C, Nakano H, Yoshida K, Wong RW. Characterization of the role of the tumor marker Nup88 in mitosis. Mol Cancer 2010, 9:119.
101. Abdelmohsen K, Gorospe M. Posttranscriptional regulation of cancer traits by HuR. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 2010, 1:214-229.
102. Monserrate JP, York JD. Inositol phosphate synthesis and the nuclear processes they affect. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010, 22:365-373.
103. Carmody SR, Wente SR. mRNA nuclear export at a glance. J Cell Sci 2009, 122:1933-1937.
104. Graff JR, Konicek BW, Carter JH, Marcusson EG. Targeting the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E for cancer therapy. Cancer Res 2008, 68:631-634.
105. Topisirovic I, Guzman ML, McConnell MJ, Licht JD, Culjkovic B, Neering SJ, Jordan CT, Borden KLB. Aberrant eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-dependent mRNA transport impedes hematopoietic differentiation and contributes to leukemogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2003, 23:8992-9002.
106. Kentsis A, Topisirovic I, Culjkovic B, Shao L, Borden KLB. Ribavirin suppresses eIF4E-mediated oncogenic transformation by physical mimicry of the 7-methyl guanosine mRNA cap. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:18105-18110.
107. Dostie J, Lejbkowicz F, Sonenberg N. Nuclear eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) colocalizes with splicing factors in speckles. J Cell Biol 2000, 148:239-247.
108. Pettersson F, Yau C, Dobocan MC, Culjkovic-Kraljacic B, Retrouvay H, Puckett R, Flores LM, Krop IE, Rousseau C, Cocolakis E, et al. Ribavirin treatment effects on breast cancers overexpressing eIF4E, a biomarker with prognostic specificity for luminal B-type breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011, 17:2874-2884.
109. (Accessed July 13, 2011).