The repetitive DNA content of eukaryotic genomes

Genome Dynamics

Volumn 7, Issue , 2012, Pages 1-28

  Lopez Flores I ^a   Garrido Ramos, M A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CENTROMERE PROTEIN B; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; DNA MINISATELLITE; FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN; GENOMIC DNA; HISTONE H1; HISTONE H2A; HISTONE H2B; HISTONE H3; HISTONE H4; INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER 1; INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER 2; MICROSATELLITE DNA; REPETITIVE DNA; RIBOSOME DNA; RIBOSOME RNA; RNA 5S; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE; SATELLITE DNA; SPACER DNA; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YY1; TRANSFER RNA; TRANSPOSASE; VASOPRESSIN V1A RECEPTOR;

ANT; ARABIDOPSIS; ARTICLE; ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS; BASIDIOMYCETES; BEETLE; CAELIFERA; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CANDIDA GLABRATA; CENTROMERE; CHICKEN; CHIMPANZEE; CHROMOSOME; CHROMOSOME 16; CHROMOSOME 7; CHROMOSOME DUPLICATION; CHROMOSOME PAIRING; COPY NUMBER VARIATION; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; DICTYOSTELIUM; DNA HELIX; DNA REPLICATION; DROSOPHILA; DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; DROSOPHILA SUBSILVESTRIS; DROSOPHILA VIRILIS; DUPLICATE GENE; ENCEPHALITOZOON CUNICULI; EUKARYOTE; EVOLUTION; FISH; FRIEDREICH ATAXIA; GAIN OF FUNCTION MUTATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE STRUCTURE; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOME; GENOME SIZE; HERMIT CRAB; HETEROCHROMATIN; HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER; HOUSE FLY; HUMAN; HUMAN GENOME; INTRON; KENNEDY DISEASE; LEISHMANIA; LIZARD; LOSS OF FUNCTION MUTATION; MAIZE; MULTIGENE FAMILY; MUTATION; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; NONHUMAN; OPEN READING FRAME; ORYZA; PHYLOGENY; PLASMODIUM; PLATYPUS; POLYPLOIDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; RETROPOSON; ROTIFERA; RYE; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE; SEA URCHIN; SEGMENTAL DUPLICATION; SEX CHROMOSOME; SHORT TANDEM REPEAT; SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEAT; STRUCTURAL GENE; TELOMERE; TETRAODONTIFORMES; TRANSPOSON; TRIBOLIUM; X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION; XENOPUS; ANIMAL; GENETICS; PLANT; PLOIDY; REVIEW; VARIABLE NUMBER OF TANDEM REPEAT;

EUKARYOTA;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; CENTROMERE; DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; DNA, SATELLITE; EUKARYOTA; GENOME; GENOME SIZE; HUMANS; MINISATELLITE REPEATS; PLANTS; PLOIDIES; SEGMENTAL DUPLICATIONS, GENOMIC; TELOMERE;

EID: 84866436963     PISSN: 16609263     EISSN: 16623797     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1159/000337118     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Britten RJ, Kohne DE: Repeated sequences in DNA. Science 1968;161:529-540.
2. Long EO, Dawid IB: Repeated genes in eukaryotes. Ann Rev Biochem 1980;49:727-764.
3. Nei M, Rooney AP: Concerted and birth-and-death evolution of multigene families. Annu Rev Genet 2005;39:121-152.
4. Prokopowich CD, Gregory TR, Crease TJ: The correlation between rDNA copy number and genome size in eukaryotes. Genome 2003;46:48-50.
5. Dover GA: Molecular drive. Trends Genet 2002;18:587-589.
6. Robles F, de la Herrán R, Ludwig A, Ruiz Rejón C, Ruiz Rejón M, Garrido-Ramos MA: Genomic organization and evolution of the 5S ribosomal DNA in the ancient fish sturgeon. Genome 2005;48:18-28.
7. Freire R, Arias A, Insua AM, Méndez J, Eirín-López JM: Evolutionary dynamics of the 5S rDNA gene family in the mussel Mytilus: mixed effects of birth-and-death and concerted evolution. J Mol Evol 2010;70:413-426.
8. Rooney A P, Piontkivska H, Nei M: Molecular evolution of the nontandemly repeated genes of the his-tone 3 multigene family. Mol Biol Evol 2002;19:68-75.
9. Ausio J: Histone variants-the structure behind the function. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 2006;5:228-243.
10. González-Romero R, Rivera-Casas C, Ausió J, Méndez J, Eirín-López JM: Birth-and-death longterm evolution promotes histone H2B variant diversification in the male germinal cell line. Mol Biol Evol 2010;27:1802-1812.
11. Tóth G, Gáspári Z, Jurka J: Microsatellites in different eukaryotic genomes: survey and analysis. Genome Res 2000;10:967-981.
12. Estoup AM, Solignac MH, Cornuet JM: Characterization of (GT)n and (CT)n microsatellites in two insect species: Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris. Nucleic Acids Res 1993;21:1427-1431.
13. Naciri Y, Vigouroux Y, Dallas J, Desmarais E, Delsert C, Bonhomme F: Identification and inheritance of (GA/TC)n and (AC/GT)n repeats in the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis (L.). Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 1995;4:83-89.
14. Morgante M, Hanafey M, Powell W: Microsatellites are preferentially associated with nonrepetitive DNA in plant genomes. Nat Genet 2002;30:194-200.
15. Gemayel R, Vinces MD, Legendre M, Verstrepen KJ: Variable tandem repeats accelerate evolution of coding and regulatory sequences. Annu Rev Genet 2010;44:445-477.
16. Ellegren H: Microsatellites: simple sequences with complex evolution. Nat Rev Genet 2004;5:435-445.
17. Webster MS, Reichart L: Use of microsatellites for parentage and kinship analyses in animals. Methods Enzymol 2005;395:222-238.
18. Brower JR, Willemsen R, Oostra BA: Microsatellite repeat instability and neurological disease. Bioessays 2009;31:71-83.
19. Hammock EA, Young LJ: Microsatellite instability generates diversity in brain and sociobehavioral traits. Science 2005;308:1630-1634.
20. Vergnaud G, Denoeud F: Minisatellites: mutability and genome architecture. Genome Res 2000;10:899-907.
21. Roest-Crollius H, Jaillon O, Dasilva C, Ozouf-Costaz C, Fizames C, et al: Characterization and repeat analysis of the compact genome of the freshwater pufferfish Tetraodon nigroviridis. Genome Res 2000;10:939-949.
22. Richard GF, Dujon B: Molecular evolution of minisatellites in hemiascomycetous yeasts. Mol Biol Evol 2006;23:189-202.
23. Levdansky E, Romano J, Shadkchan Y, Sharon H, Verstrepen KJ, et al: Coding tandem repeats generate diversity in Aspergillus fumigatus genes. Eukaryot Cell 2007;6:1380-1391.
24. Thierry A, Bouchier C, Dujon B, Richard GF: Megasatellites: a new class of large tandem repeats discovered in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010;67:671-676.
25. Young ET, Sloan JS, van Riper K: Trinucleotide repeats are clustered in regulatory genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2000;154:1053-1068.
26. Bonaccorsi S, Lohe A: Fine mapping of satellite DNA sequences along the Y chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster: Relationships between satellite sequences and fertility factors. Genetics 1991;129:177-189.
27. Chambers CA, Schell MP, Skinner DM: The primary sequence of a crustacean satellite DNA containing a family of repeats. Cell 1978;13:97-110.
28. Macas J, Neumann P, Novák P, Jiang J: Global sequence characterization of rice centromeric satellite based on oligomer frequency analysis in large-scale sequencing data. Bioinformatics 2010;26:2101-2108.
29. Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, et al: Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001;409:860-921.
30. Garrido-Ramos MA, Jamilena M, Lozano R, Ruiz Rejón C, Ruiz Rejón M: The EcoRI centromeric satellite DNA of the Sparidae family (Pisces, Perciformes) contains a sequence motive common to other vertebrate centromeric satellite DNAs. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1995;71:345-351.
31. Nijman IJ, Lenstra JA: Mutation and recombination in cattle satellite DNA: a feedback model for the evolution of satellite DNA repeats. J Mol Evol 2001; 52:361-371.
32. Palomeque T, Lorite P: Satellite DNA in insects: a review. Heredity 2008;100:564-573.
33. Buscaino A, Allshire R, Pidoux A: Building centromeres: home sweet home or a nomadic existence? Curr Opin Gen Dev 2010;20:118-126.
34. Garrido-Ramos MA, de la Herran R, Ruiz-Rejón M, Ruiz-Rejón C: A satellite DNA of the Sparidae family (Pisces, Perciformes) associated with telomeric sequences. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1998;83:3-9.
35. Petrovic V, Pérez-García C, Pasantes JJ, Šatović E, Prats E, Plohl M: A GC-rich satellite DNA and kary-ology of the bivalve mollusk Donax trunculus: a dominance of GC-rich heterochromatin. Cytogenet Genome Res 2009;124:63-71.
36. Garrido-Ramos MA, de la Herran R, Ruiz-Rejón M, Ruiz-Rejón C: A subtelomeric satellite DNA family isolated from the genome of the dioecious plant Silene latifolia. Genome 1999;42:442-446.
37. Sharma S, Raina SN: Organization and evolution of highly repeated DNA sequences in plant chromosomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005;109:15-26.
38. De la Herrán R, Robles F, Cuñado N, Santos JL, Ruiz-Rejón M, et al: A heterochromatic satellite DNA is highly amplified in a single chromosome of Muscari (Hyacinthaceae). Chromosoma 2001;110:197-202.
39. Navajas-Pérez R, Schwarzacher T, de la Herrán R, Ruiz Rejón C, Ruiz Rejón M, Garrido-Ramos MA: The origin and evolution of the variability in a Y-specific satellite-DNA of Rumex acetosa and its relatives. Gene 2006;368:61-71.
40. Navajas-Pérez R, Quesada del Bosque ME, Garrido-Ramos MA: Effect of location, organization, and repeat-copy number in satellite-DNA evolution. Mol Genet Genomics 2009;282:395-406.
41. Gutknecht J, Sperlich D, Bachmann L: A species-specific satellite DNA family of Drosophila subsilves-tris appearing predominantly in B chromosomes. Chromosoma 1995;103:539-544.
42. Abdelaziz M, Teruel M, Chobanov D, Camacho J P, Cabrero J: Physical mapping of rDNA and satDNA in A and B chromosomes of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans from a Greek population. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007;119:143-146.
43. Plohl M, Luchetti A, Mestrovic N, Mantovani B: Satellite DNAs between selfishness and functionality: Structure, genomics and evolution of tandem repeats in centromeric (hetero)chromatin. Gene 2008;409:72-82.
44. Ugarkovic D: Functional elements residing within satellite DNAs. EMBO Rep 2005;6:1035-1039.
45. Langdon T, Seago C, Jones RN, Ougham H, Thomas H, et al: De novo evolution of satellite DNA on the rye B chromosome. Genetics 2000;154:869-884.
46. Dover GA: Molecular drive: a cohesive mode of species evolution. Nature 1982;299:111-117.
47. Pérez-Gutiérrez MA, Suárez-Santiago VN, López-Flores I, Romero AT, Garrido-Ramos MA: C oncer ted evolution of satellite DNA in Sarcocapnos: a matter of time. Plant Mol Biol 2012;78:19-29.
48. Robles F, de la Herrán R, Ludwig A, Ruiz Rejón C, Ruiz Rejón M, Garrido-Ramos MA: Evolution of ancient satellite DNAs in sturgeon genomes. Gene 2004;338:133-142.
49. Navajas-Pérez R, de la Herrán R, Jamilena M, Lozano R, Ruiz Rejón C, et al: Reduced rates of sequence evolution of Y-linked satellite DNA in Rumex (Polygonaceae). J Mol Evol 2005;60:391-399.
50. Suárez-Santiago VN, Blanca G, Ruiz-Rejón M, Garrido-Ramos MA: Satellite-DNA evolutionary patterns under a complex evolutionary scenario: the case of Acrolophus subgroup (Centaurea L., Compositae) from the western Mediterranean. Gene 2007;404:80-92.
51. Mravinac B, Plohl M: Satellite DNA junctions identify the potential origin of new repetitive elements in the beetle Tribolium madens. Gene 2007;394:45-52.
52. Grechko V V, Ciobanu DG, Darevsky IS, Kosushkin SA, Kramerov DA: Molecular evolution of satellite DNA repeats and speciation of lizards of the genus Darevskia (Sauria: Lacertidae). Genome 2006;49:1297-1307.
53. Mestrovic N, Plohl M, Mravinac B, Ugarkovic D: Evolution of satellite DNAs from the genus Palorus-experimental evidence for the 'library' hypothesis. Mol Biol Evol 1998;15:1062-1068.
54. Bruvo B, Pons J, Ugarkovic D, Juan C, Petitpierre E, Plohl M: Evolution of low-copy number and major satellite DNA sequences coexisting in two Pimelia species-groups (Coleoptera). Gene 2003;312:85-94.
55. Stimpson KM, Sullivan BA: Epigenomics of centromere assembly and function. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010;22:772-780.
56. De la Herrán R, Fontana F, Lanfredi M, Congiu L, Leis M, et al: Slow rates of evolution and sequence homogenization in an ancient satellite DNA family of sturgeons. Mol Biol Evol 2001;18:432-436.
57. López-Flores I, de la Herrán R, Garrido-Ramos M, Boudry P, Ruiz Rejón C, Ruiz-Rejón M: The molecular phylogeny of oysters based on a satellite DNA related to transposons. Gene 2004;339:181-188.
58. Vicari MR, Nogaroto V, Noleto RB, Cestari MM, Cioffi MB, et al: Satellite DNA and chromosomes in Neotropical fishes: methods, applications and perspectives. J Fish Biol 2010;76:1094-1116.
59. Benslimane AA, Dron M, Hartmann C, Rode A: Small tandemly repeated DNA sequences of higher plants likely originate from a tRNA gene ancestor. Nucleic Acids Res 1986;14:8111-8119.
60. Torras-Llort M, Moreno-Moreno O, Azorín F: Focus on the centre: the role of chromatin on the regulation of centromere identity and function. EMBO J 2009;28:2337-2348.
61. Wang G, Zhang X, Jin W: An overview of plant centromeres. J Genet Genomics 2009;36:529-537.
62. Martínez P, Blasco MA: Telomeric and extra-telomeric roles for telomerase and the telomere-binding proteins. Nat Rev Cancer 2011;11:161-176.
63. Blackburn EH, Gall JG: A tandemly repeated sequence at the termini of the extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes in Tetrahymena. J Mol Biol 1978;120:33-53.
64. Henderson E: Telomere DNA structure; in Blackburn EH, Greider CW (eds): Telomeres. New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1995, pp 11-34.
65. Greider C W, Blackburn EH: Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts. Cell 1985;43:405-413.
66. Pardue ML, Rashkova S, Casacuberta E, DeBaryshe PG, George JA, Traverse KL: Two retrotransposons maintain telomeres in Drosophila. Chromosome Res 2005;13:443-453.
67. Hua-Van A, Le Rouzic A, Boutin TS, Filée J, Capy P: The struggle for life of the genome's selfish architects. Biol Direct 2011;6:19.
68. Bringaud F, Ghedin E, Blandin G, Bartholomeu DC, Caler E, et al: Evolution of non-LTR retrotranspo-sons in the trypanosomatid genomes: Leishmania major has lost the active elements. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006;145:158-170.
69. Bringaud F, Ghedin E, El-Sayed NM, Papadopoulou B: Role of transposable elements in trypanosoma-tids. Microbes Infect 2008;10:575-581.
70. Mikkelsen TS, Wakefield MJ, Aken B, Amemiya CT, Chang JL, et al: Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences. Nature 2007;447:167-178.
71. Schnable PS, Ware D, Fulton RS, Stein JC, Wei F, et al: The B73 maize genome: complexity, diversity, and dynamics. Science 2009;326:1112-1115.
72. Jaillon O: Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype. Nature 2004;431:946-957.
73. Kidwell MG: Transposable elements; in Gregory TR (ed.): The Evolution of the Genome. San Diego, CA, Elsevier Academic Press, 2005, pp 165-221.
74. Piegu B, Guyot R, Picault N, Roulin A, Saniyal A, et al: Doubling genome size without polyploidization: dynamics of retrotransposition-driven genomic expansions in Oryza australiensis, a wild relative of rice. Genome Res 2006;16:1262-1269.
75. Hu T T, Pattyn P, Bakker EG, Cao J, Cheng JF, et al: The Arabidopsis lyrata genome sequence and the basis of rapid genome size change. Nat Genet 2011;43:476-481.
76. Wicker T, Sabot F, Hua-Van A, Bennetzen JL, Capy P, et al: A unified classification system for eukary-otic transposable elements. Nat Rev Genet 2007;8:973-982.
77. Feschotte C, Pritham EJ: DNA transposons and the evolution of eukaryotic genomes. Annu Rev Genet 2007;41:331-368.
78. Belancio V P, Hedges DJ, Deininger P: Mammalian non-LTR retrotransposons: for better or worse, in sickness and in health. Genome Res 2008;18:343-358.
79. Jurka J, Kapitonov V V, Kohany O, Jurka MV: Repetitive sequences in complex genomes: structure and evolution. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2007;8:241-259.
80. Eickbush TH, Jamburuthugoda VK: The diversity of retrotransposons and the properties of their reverse transcriptases. Virus Res 2008;134:221-234.
81. Kapitonov V V, Jurka J: A universal classification of eukaryotic transposable elements implemented in Repbase. Nat Rev Genet 2008;9:411-412.
82. Kapitonov V V, Tempel S, Jurka J: Simple and fast classification of non-LTR retrotransposons based on phylogeny of their RT domain protein sequences. Gene 2009;448:207-213.
83. Kramerov DA, Vassetzky NS: Origin and evolution of SINEs in eukaryotic genomes. Heredity 2011; 107:487-495.
84. Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium: Waterston RH, Lindblad-Toh K, Birney E, Rogers J, Abril JF, et al: Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature 2002;420:520-562.
85. Gibbs RA, Weinstock GM, Metzker ML, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, et al: Genome sequence of the brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution. Nature 2004;428:493-521.
86. Li R, Fan W, Tian G, Zhu H, He L, et al: The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome. Nature 2010;463:311-317.
87. Lindblad-Toh K, Wade CM, Mikkelsen TS, Karlsson EK, Jaffe DB, et al: Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature 2005;438:803-819.
88. International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium: Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution. Nature 2004;432:695-777.
89. Paterson AH, Bowers JE, Bruggmann R, Dubchak I, Grimwood J, et al: The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses. Nature 2009;457:551-556.
90. Warren WC: Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution. Nature 2008; 453:175-184.
91. Lerat E, Brunet F, Bazin C, Capy P: Is the evolution of transposable elements modular? Genetica 1999; 107:15-25.
92. Capy P: Classification and nomenclature of ret-rotransposable elements. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005;110:457-461.
93. Cordaux R, Batzer MA: The impact of retrotranspo-sons on human genome evolution. Nat Rev Genet 2009;10:691-703.
94. Gladyshev EA, Arkhipova IR: Telomere-associated endonuclease-deficient Penelope-like retroelements in diverse eukaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:9352-9357.
95. Deragon JM, Zhang X: Short interspersed elements (SINEs) in plants: origin, classification, and use as phylogenetic markers. Syst Biol 2006;55:949-956.
96. Kriegs JO, Churakov G, Jurka J, Brosius J, Schmitz J: Evolutionary history of 7SL RNA-derived SINEs in Supraprimates. Trends Genet 2007;23:158-161.
97. Shimamura M, Yasue H, Ohshima K, Abe H, Kato H, et al: Molecular evidence from retroposons that whales form a clade within even-toed ungulates. Nature 1997;388:666-670.
98. Konkel MK, Batzer MA: A mobile threat to genome stability: The impact of non-LTR retrotransposons upon the human genome. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:211-221.
99. Okada N, Sasaki T, Shimogori T, Nishihara H: Emergence of mammals by emergency: exaptation. Genes Cells 2010;15:801-812.
100. Krull M, Brosius J, Schmitz J: Alu-SINE exoniza-tion: en route to protein-coding function. Mol Biol Evol 2005;22:1702-1711.
101. Chapman JA, Kirkness EF, Simakov O, Hampson SE, Mitros T, et al: The dynamic genome of Hydra. Nature 2010;464:592-596.
102. Hellsten U, Harland RM, Gilchrist MJ, Hendrix D, Jurka J, et al: The genome of the Western clawed frog Xenopus tropicalis. Science 2010;328:633-636.
103. Bao W, Jurka MG, Kapitonov VV, Jurka J: New superfamilies of eukaryotic DNA transposons and their internal divisions. Mol Biol Evol 2009;26:983-993.
104. Volff J-N: Turning junk into gold: domestication of transposable elements and the creation of new genes in eukaryotes. BioEssays 2006;28:913-922.
105. Moran J V, DeBerardinis RJ, Kazazian HH Jr: Exon shuffling by L1 retrotransposition. Science 1999;283:1530-1534.
106. Jiang N, Bao Z, Zhang X, Eddy SR, Wessler SR: Pack-MULE transposable elements mediate gene evolution in plants. Nature 2004;431:569-573.
107. Morgante M, Brunner S, Pea G, Fengler K, Zuccolo A, Rafalski A: Gene duplication and exon shuffling by helitron-like transposons generate intraspecies diversity in maize. Nat Genet 2005;37:997-1002.
108. Kapitonov V V, Jurka J: RAG1 core and V(D)J recombination signal sequences were derived from Transib transposons. PLoS Biol 2005;3:e181.
109. Pan D, Zhang L: Burst of young retrogenes and independent retrogene formation in mammals. PLoS One 2009;4:e5040.
110. Han JS, Boeke JD: LINE-1 retrotransposons: modulators of quantity and quality of mammalian gene expression? Bioessays 2005;27:775-784.
111. Lyon MF: LINE-1 elements and X chromosome inactivation: a function for 'junk' DNA? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:6248-6249.
112. Vaughn M W, Tanurdžić M, Lippman Z, Jiang H, Carrasquillo R, et al: Epigenetic natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Biol 2007;5:e174.
113. Bailey J, Eichler EE: Primate segmental duplications: crucibles of evolution, diversity and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2006;7:552-564.
114. Marques-Bonet T, Girirajan S, Eichler EE: The origins and impact of primate segmental duplications. Trends Genet 2009;25:443-454.
115. She X, Horvath JE, Jiang Z, Liu G, Furey TS, et al: The structure and evolution of centromeric transition regions within the human genome. Nature 2004;430:857-864.
116. She X, Jiang Z, Clark RA, Liu G, Cheng Z, et al: Shotgun sequence assembly and recent segmental duplications within the human genome. Nature 2004;431:927-930.
117. Lupski JR: Genomic disorders: structural features of the genome can lead to DNA rearrangements and human disease traits. Trends Genet 1998;14:417-422.
118. Bailey J, Yavor AM, Massa HF, Trask BJ, Eichler EE: Segmental duplications: organization and impact within the current human genome project assembly. Genome Res 2001;11:1005-1017.