The role of micronutrients in the diet of HIV-1-infected individuals

Frontiers in Bioscience - Elite

Volumn 4 E, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 2442-2456

  Nunnari, Giuseppe ^a,b   Coco, Christian ^a   Pinzone, Marilia Rita ^a   Pavone, Piero ^c   Berretta, Massimiliano ^d   Di Rosa, Michelino ^a   Schnell, Matthias ^b   Calabrese, Giorgio ^e   Cacopardo, Bruno ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

^b THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

^d CENTRO DI RIFERIMENTO ONCOLOGICO   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Anti oxidants; Diet; HIV; Review; Selenium; Vitamins; Zinc

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; ASCORBIC ACID; CATALASE; CYANOCOBALAMIN; FOLIC ACID; GLUTATHIONE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 2; MALONALDEHYDE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RETINOL; RETINOL DEHYDROGENASE; SELENIUM; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; THIOL; THIOREDOXIN; THYMULIN; TRACE ELEMENT; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; VITAMIN D; ZINC;

AIDS PATIENT; ARTICLE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL DAMAGE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; CHILD GROWTH; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; DIET; DISEASE COURSE; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; IMMUNOREGULATION; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; MONOCYTE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREGNANCY; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN INDUCTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SERUM; SUPPLEMENTATION; VIRUS ACTIVATION; VIRUS IMMUNITY; VIRUS INHIBITION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS REPLICATION; VITAMIN INTAKE; ZINC BLOOD LEVEL; DIET THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; REVIEW;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1;

DIET; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; MICRONUTRIENTS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREGNANCY; SELENIUM; ZINC;

EID: 84866365069     PISSN: 19450494     EISSN: 19450508     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/e556     Document Type: Article

References (174)

1. FJ Palella, KM Delaney, AC Moorman, MO Loveless, J Fuhrer, GA Satten, DJ Aschman, SD Holmberg: Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 338(13), 853-860 (1998)) (Pubitemid 28135961)
2. G Nunnari, J Sullivan, Y Xu, P Nyirjesy, J Kulkosky, W Cavert, I Frank, RJ Pomerantz: HIV type 1 cervicovaginal reservoirs in the era of HAART. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 21(8), 714-718 (2005)) (Pubitemid 41254237)
3. J Kulkosky, M Bouhamdan, A Geist, G Nunnari, DG Phinney, RJ Pomerantz: Pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection within bone marrow cells. Leuk Lymphoma 37(5-6), 497-515 (2000)) (Pubitemid 30219058)
4. G Nunnari, D Leto, J Sullivan, Y Xu, KE Mehlman, J Kulkosky, RJ Pomerantz: Seminal reservoirs during an HIV type 1 eradication trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 21(9), 768-775 (2005)) (Pubitemid 41434181)
5. RJ Pomerantz, G Nunnari: HIV and GB virus C-can two viruses be better than one? N Engl J Med 350(10), 963-965 (2004)) (Pubitemid 38269270)
6. G Nunnari, JA Smith, R Daniel: HIV-1 Tat and AIDSassociated cancer: targeting the cellular anti-cancer barrier. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 27(1), 3 (2008))
7. G Nunnari, Y Xu, EA Acheampong, J Fang, R Daniel, C Zhang, H Zhang, M Mukhtar, RJ Pomerantz: Exogenous IL-7 induces Fas-mediated human neuronal apoptosis: potential effects during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Neurovirol 11(4), 319-328 (2005)) (Pubitemid 41614511)
8. G Nunnari, RJ Pomerantz: IL-7 as a potential therapy for HIV-1-infected individuals. Expert Opin Biol Ther 5(11), 1421-1426 (2005)) (Pubitemid 41579427)
9. J Faintuch, PB Soeters, HG Osmo: Nutritional and metabolic abnormalities in pre-AIDS HIV infection. Nutrition 22, 683-690 (2006))
10. HC Greenspan: The role of reactive oxygen species, antioxidants and phytopharmaceuticals in human immunodeficiency virus activity. Med Hypotheses 40, 85-92 (1993))
11. PA Sandstrom, PW Tebbey, S Van Cleave, TM Buttke: Lipid hydroperoxides induce apoptosis in T cells displaying a HIV-associated glutathione peroxidase deficiency. J Biol Chem 269, 798-801 (1994))
12. BM Dworkin, WS Rosenthal, GP Wormser, L Weiss, M Nunez, C Joline, A Herp: Abnormalities of blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and aidsrelated complex. Biol Trace Elem Res 15, 167-177 (1988))
13. BM Dworkin: Selenium deficiency in HIV infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Chem Biol Interact 91, 181-186 (1994)) (Pubitemid 24168464)
14. MP Look, JK Rockstroh, GS Rao, KA Kreuzer, S Barton, H Lemoch, T Sudhop, J Hoch, K Stockinger, U Spengler, T Sauerbruch: Serum selenium, plasma glutathione (GSH) and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)-levels in asymptomatic versus symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infection. Eur J Clin Nutr 51, 266-272 (1997)) (Pubitemid 27182519)
15. R Schreck, P Rieber, PA Baeuerle: Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-kappa B transcription factor and HIV-1. EMBO J 10, 2247-2258 (1991)) (Pubitemid 21905698)
16. AT Palamara, CF Perno, S Aquaro, MC Buè, L Dini, E Garaci: Glutathione inhibits HIV replication by acting at late stages of the virus life cycle. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 12, 1537-1541 (1996)) (Pubitemid 26366912)
17. T Kalebic, A Kinter, G Poli, ME Anderson, A Meister, AS Fauci: Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus expression in chronically infected monocytic cells by glutathione, glutathione ester, and N-acetylcysteine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88, 986-990 (1991)) (Pubitemid 21916149)
18. M Roederer, FJ Staal, PA Raju, SW Ela, LA Herzenberg, LA Herzenberg: Cytokine-stimulated human immunodeficiency virus replication is inhibited by Nacetyl-L-cysteine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87, 4884-4888 (1990))
19. FJ Staal, M Roederer, LA Herzenberg, LA Herzenberg: Intracellular thiols regulate activation of nuclear factor kappa B and transcription of human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87, 9943-9947 (1990)) (Pubitemid 120016560)
20. M Roederer, PA Raju, FJ Staal, LA Herzenberg, LA Herzenberg: N-acetylcysteine inhibits latent HIV expression in chronically infected cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 7, 563-567 (1991))
21. WZ Ho, SD Douglas: Glutathione and N-acetylcysteine suppression of human immunodeficiency virus replication in human monocyte/macrophages in vitro. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 8, 1249-1253 (1992))
22. R Buhl, HA Jaffe, KJ Holroyd, FB Wells, A Mastrangeli, C Saltini, AM Cantin, RG Rystal: Systemic glutathione deficiency in symptom-free HIV-seropositive individuals. Lancet 2, 1294-1298 (1989)) (Pubitemid 20005670)
23. M Roederer, FJ Staal, H Osada, LA Herzenberg, LA Herzenberg: CD4 and CD8 T cells with high intracellular glutathione levels are selectively lost as the HIV infection progresses. Int Immunol 3, 933-937 (1991))
24. LA Herzenberg, SC De Rosa, JG Dubs, M Roederer, MT Anderson, SW Ela, SC Deresinski, LA Herzenberg: Glutathione deficiency is associated with impaired survival in HIV disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94, 1967-1972 (1997)) (Pubitemid 27113945)
25. B de Quay, R Malinverni, BH Lauterburg: Glutathione depletion in HIV-infected patients: role of cysteine deficiency and effect of oral N acetylcysteine. AIDS 6, 815-819 (1992))
26. DR Suresh, V Annam, K Pratibha, BV Prasad: Total antioxidant capacity-a novel early bio-chemical marker of oxidative stress in HIV infected individuals. J Biomed Sci 16, 61 (2009))
27. A Mandas, EL Iorio, MG Congiu, C Balestrieri, A Mereu, D Cau, S Dessì, N Curreli: Oxidative imbalance in HIV-1 infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy. J Biomed Biotechnol , 749575 (2009))
28. A Wanchu, SV Rana, S Pallikkuth, RK Sachdeva: Short communication: oxidative stress in HIV-infected individuals: a cross-sectional study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 25, 1307-1311 (2009))
29. SC De Rosa, MD Zaretsky, JG Dubs, M Roederer, M Anderson, A Green, D Mitra, N Watanabe, H Nakamura, I Tjioe, SC Deresinski, WA Moore, SW Ela, D Parks, LA Herzenberg, LA Herzenberg: N-acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione in HIV infection. Eur J Clin Invest 30, 915-929 (2000))
30. L Milazzo, B Menzaghi, I Caramma, M Nasi, O Sangaletti, M Cesari, B Zanone Poma, A Cossarizza, S Antinori, M Galli: Effect of antioxidants on mitochondrial function in HIV-1-related lipoatrophy: a pilot study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 26(11), 1207-1214 (2010))
31. PA Sandstrom, J Murray, TM Folks, AM Diamond: Antioxidant defences influence HIV-1 replication and associated cytopathic effects. Free Radic Biol Med 24, 1485-1491 (1998)) (Pubitemid 28270351)
32. PR Hoffmann, MJ Berry: The influence of selenium on immune responses. Mol Nutr Food Res 52, 1273-1280 (2008))
33. V Makropoulos, T Bruning, K Schulze-Osthoff: Selenium-mediated inhibition of transcription factor NFkappa B and HIV-1 LTR promoter activity. Arch Toxicol 70, 277-283 (1996))
34. P Kalantari, V Narayan, SK Natarajan, K Muralidhar, UH Gandhi, H Vunta, AJ Henderson, KS Prabhu: Thioredoxin reductase-1 negatively regulates HIV-1 transactivating protein Tat-dependent transcription in human macrophages. J Biol Chem 283, 33183-33190 (2008))
35. VN Gladyshev, TC Stadtman, DL Hatfield, KT Jeang: Levels of major selenoproteins in T cells decrease during HIV infection and low molecular mass selenium compounds increase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96, 835-839 (1999)) (Pubitemid 29072144)
36. XM Xu, BA Carlson, TA Grimm, J Kutza, MJ Berry, R Arreola, KH Fields, I Shanmugam, KT Jeang, S Oroszlan, GF Combs Jr, PA Marx, VN Gladyshev, KA Clouse, DL Hatfield: Rhesus monkey simian immunodeficiency virus infection as a model for assessing the role of selenium in AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 31, 453-463 (2002)) (Pubitemid 35448651)
37. MK Baum, G Shor-Posner: Micronutrient status in relationship to mortality in HIV-1 disease. Nutr Rev 56, S135-139 (1998)) (Pubitemid 28069980)
38. BM Dworkin, WS Rosenthal, GP Wormser, L Weiss, M Nunez, C Joline, A Herp: Abnormalities of blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and aidsrelated complex. Biol Trace Elem Res 15, 167-177 (1988))
39. L Olmsted, GN Schrauzer, M Flores-Arce, J Dowd: Selenium supplementation of symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 20, 59-65 (1989)) (Pubitemid 19120165)
40. A Cirelli, M Ciardi, C de Simone, F Sorice, R Giordano, L Ciaralli, S Costantini: Serum selenium concentration and disease progress in patients with HIV infection. Clin Biochem 24, 211-214 (1991))
41. E Mantero-Atienza, RS Beach, MC Gavancho, R Morgan, G Shor-Posner, MK Fordyce-Baum: Selenium status of HIV-1 infected individuals. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 15, 693-694 (1991))
42. C Allavena, B Dousset, T May, F Dubois, P Canton, F Belleville: Relationship of trace element, immunological markers, and HIV1 infection progression. Biol Trace Elem Res 47, 133-138 (1995))
43. KW Beck, P Schramel, A Hedl, H Jaeger, W Kaboth: Serum trace element levels in HIV-infected subjects. Biol Trace Elem Res 25, 89-96 (1990)) (Pubitemid 20307903)
44. FJ Staal, SW Ela, M Roederer, MT Anderson, LA Herzenberg, LA Herzenberg: Glutathione deficiency and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Lancet 339, 909-912 (1992))
45. R Bologna, F Indacochea, G Shor-Posner: Selenium and immunity in HIV-1 infected pediatric patients. J Nutr Immunol 3, 41-49 (1994)) (Pubitemid 24290041)
46. G Shor-Posner, MJ Miguez, LM Pineda, A Rodriguez, P Ruiz, G Castillo, X Burbano, R Lecusay, M Baum: Impact of selenium status on the pathogenesis of mycobacterial disease in HIV-1-infected drug users during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 29, 169-173 (2002)) (Pubitemid 34164889)
47. MK Baum, G Shor-Posner, S Lai, G Zhang, H Lai, MA Fletcher, H Sauberlich, JB Page: High risk of HIV-related mortality is associated with selenium deficiency. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 15, 370-374 (1997))
48. R Kupka, GI Msamanga, D Spiegelman, S Morris, F Mugusi, DJ Hunter, WW Fawzi: Selenium status is associated with accelerated HIV disease progression among HIV-1-infected pregnant women in Tanzania. J Nutr 134, 2556-2560 (2004)) (Pubitemid 39328210)
49. A Kassu, T Yabutani, A Mulu, B Tessema, F Ota: Serum zinc, copper, selenium, calcium, and magnesium levels in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Biol Trace Elem Res 122, 97-106 (2008))
50. HB Sheehan, J Benetuccia, E Muzzio, L Redini, J Naveira, M Segura, M Weissenbacher and AM Tanga: High rates of serum selenium deficiency among HIVand HCV-infected and uninfected drug users in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Public Health Nutrition 11, 1-8 (2011))
51. A Campa, G Shor-Posner, F Indacochea, G Zhang, H Lai, D Asthana, GB Scott, MK Baum: Mortality risk in selenium-deficient HIV-positive children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 20, 508-513 (1999)) (Pubitemid 29198292)
52. CB Stephensen, GS Marquis, SD Douglas, LA Kruzich, CM Wilson: Glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and selenium status in HIV-positive and HIV-negative adolescents and young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 85, 173-181 (2007)) (Pubitemid 46067632)
53. BE Hurwitz, JR Klaus, MM Llabre, A Gonzalez, PJ Lawrence, KJ Maher, JM Greeson, MK Baum, G Shor-Posner, JS Skyler, N Schneiderman: Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 167, 148-154 (2007)) (Pubitemid 46148061)
54. DA Ross, S Cousens, SH Wedner, C Sismanidis: Does selenium supplementation slow progression of HIV? Potentially misleading presentation of the results of a trial. Arch Intern Med 167, 1555-1556; author reply 1557 (2007)) (Pubitemid 47124195)
55. C Passaretti, A Gupta: Selenium and HIV-1: hope or hype? Arch Intern Med 167, 2530-2531 (2007))
56. DM Dillon, JT Stapleton: Selenium effects on HIV RNA and CD4 cell counts. Arch Intern Med 167, 1556-1557; author reply 1557 (2007))
57. F Muller, AM Svardal, I Nordoy, RK Berge, P Aukrust, SS Froland: Virological and immunological effects of antioxidant treatment in patients with HIV infection. Eur J Clin Invest 30, 905-914 (2000))
58. X Burbano, MJ Miguez-Burbano, K McCollister, G Zhang, A Rodriguez, P Ruiz, R Lecusay, G Shor-Posner: Impact of a selenium chemoprevention clinical trial on hospital admissions of HIV infected participants. HIV Clin Trials 3, 483-491 (2002)) (Pubitemid 36013557)
59. H Haase, L Rink: The immune system and the impact of zinc during aging. Immun Ageing 12, 6-9 (2009))
60. AS Prasad, S Meftah, J Abdallah, J Kaplan, GJ Brewer, JF Bach, M Dardenne: Serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency. J Clin Invest 82, 1202-1210 (1988))
61. FW Beck, AS Prasad, J Kaplan, JT Fitzgerald, GJ Brewer: Changes in cytokine production and T cell subpopulations in experimentally induced zinc-deficient humans. Am J Physiol 272, E1002-1007 (1997)) (Pubitemid 27293140)
62. KM Hoque, HJ Binder: Zinc in the treatment of acute diarrhea: current status and assessment. Gastroenterology 130, 2201-2205 (2006)) (Pubitemid 43816969)
63. AS Prasad: Clinical, immunological, antiinflammatory and antioxidant roles of zinc. Exp Gerontol 43, 370-377 (2008)) (Pubitemid 351540838)
64. J Falutz, C Tsoukas, P Gold: Zinc as a cofactor in human immunodeficiency virus-induced immunosuppression. JAMA 259, 2850-2851 (1988))
65. NM Graham, D Sorensen, N Odaka, R Brookmeyer, D Chan, WC Willett, JS Morris, AJ Saah: Relationship of serum copper and zinc levels to HIV-1 seropositivity and progression to AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 4, 976-980 (1991))
66. MK Baum, A Campa, S Lai, H Lai, JB Page: Zinc status in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and illicit drug use. Clin Infect Dis 37 Suppl 2, S117-123 (2003)) (Pubitemid 37107442)
67. CY Jones, AM Tang, JE Forrester, J Huang, KM Hendricks, TA Knox, D Spiegelman, RD Semba, MN Woods: Micronutrient levels and HIV disease status in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in the Nutrition for Healthy Living cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 43, 475-482 (2006)) (Pubitemid 44737107)
68. RS Beach, E Mantero-Atienza, G Shor-Posner, JJ Javier, J Szapocznik, R Morgan, HE Sauberlich, PE Cornwell, C Eisdorfer, MK Baum: Specific nutrient abnormalities in asymptomatic HIV-1 infection. AIDS 6, 701-708 (1992))
69. SY Hess, JM Peerson, JC King, KH Brown: Use of serum zinc concentration as an indicator of population zinc status. Food Nutr Bull 28(Suppl 3), S403-429 (2007)) (Pubitemid 350048317)
70. FT Wieringa, MA Dijkhuizen, CE West, CA Northrop-Clewes, Muhilal: Estimation of the effect of the acute phase response on indicators of micronutrient status in Indonesian infants. J Nutr 132(10), 3061-3066 (2002))
71. ASW Mburu, DI Thurnham, DL Mwaniki, EM Muniu and FM Alumasa: The influence of inflammation on plasma zinc concentration in apparently healthy, HIV+ Kenyan adults and zinc responses after a multimicronutrient supplement. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64, 510-517 (2010))
72. MK Baum, S Lai, S Sales, JB Page, A Campa: Randomized, controlled clinical trial of zinc supplementation to prevent immunological failure in HIVinfected adults. Clin Infect Dis 50, 1653-1660 (2010))
73. H Lai, S Lai, G Shor-Posner, F Ma, E Trapido, MK Baum: Plasma zinc, copper, copper: zinc ratio, and survival in a cohort of HIV-1-infected homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 27, 56-62 (2001)) (Pubitemid 32590807)
74. N Wellinghausen, WV Kern, W Jöchle, P Kern: Zinc serum level in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in relation to immunological status. Biol Trace Elem Res 73, 139-149 (2000)) (Pubitemid 30127174)
75. MC Rousseau, C Molines, J Moreau, J Delmont: Influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy on micronutrient profiles in HIV-infected patients. Ann Nutr Metab 44, 212-216 (2000)) (Pubitemid 32037543)
76. E Mocchegiani, M Muzzioli, R Gaetti, S Veccia, C Viticchi, G Scalise: Contribution of zinc to reduce CD4+ risk factor for 'severe' infection relapse in aging: parallelism with HIV. Int J Immunopharmacol 21, 271-281 (1999)) (Pubitemid 29241779)
77. AM Tang, NM Graham, AJ Saah: Effects of micronutrient intake on survival in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Am J Epidemiol 143, 1244-1256 (1996))
78. S Mda, JMA van Raaij, FPR de Villiers, UE MacIntyre, FJ Kok: Short-Term Micronutrient Supplementation Reduces the Duration of Pneumonia and Diarrheal Episodes in HIV-Infected Children. J Nutr 140, 969-974 (2010))
79. WA Brooks, M Santosham , SK Roy, ASG Faruque, MA Wahed, K Nahar, AI Khan, AF Khan, GJ Fuchs, RE Black: Efficacy of zinc in young infants with acute watery diarrhea. Am J Clin Nutr 82, 605-610 (2005))
80. AB Patel, LA Dhande, MS Rawat: Therapeutic evaluation of zinc and copper supplementation in acute diarrhea in children; double blind randomized trial. Indian Pediatr 42, 433-442 (2005)) (Pubitemid 40732906)
81. MD Mahalanabis, M Lahiri, D Paul, S Gupta, A Gupta, MA Wahed, MA Khaled: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of treatment with zinc or vitamin A in infants and young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. Am J Clin Nutr 79, 430-436 (2004)) (Pubitemid 41115587)
82. A Bose, CL Coles, JH Gunavathi, P Moses, C Kirubakaran, RE Black, WA Brooks, M Santosham: Efficacy of zinc in the treatment of severe pneumonia in hospitalized children, 2 y old. Am J Clin Nutr 83, 1089-1096 (2006)) (Pubitemid 44713109)
83. HJ Zar: Pneumonia in HIV-infected and HIVuninfected children in developing countries: epidemiology, clinical features, and management. Curr Opin Pulm Med 10, 176-182 (2004)) (Pubitemid 38520760)
84. N Range, J Changalucha, H Krarup, P Magnussen, AB Andersen, H Friis: The effect of multi-vitamin/mineral supplementation on mortality during treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomised two-by-two factorial trial in Mwanza, Tanzania. Br J Nutr 95, 762-770 (2006))
85. S Mehta, W Fawzi: Effects of vitamins, including vitamin A, on HIV/AIDS patients. Vitam Horm 75, 355-383 (2007))
86. P Evans, B Halliwell: Micronutrients: oxidant/antioxidant status. Br J Nutr 85(suppl 2), S67-74 (2001)) (Pubitemid 32586474)
87. S Mehta, D Spiegelman, S Aboud, EL Giovannucci, GI Msamanga, E Hertzmark, FM Mugusi, DJ Hunter, WW Fawzi: Lipid-soluble vitamins A, D, and E in HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania. Eur J Clin Nutr 64, 808-817 (2010))
88. ME Visser, G Maartens, G Kossew, GD Hussey: Plasma vitamin A and zinc levels in HIV-infected adults in Cape Town, South Africa. Br J Nutr 89, 475-482 (2003)) (Pubitemid 36582117)
89. MK Baum, G Shor-Posner, Y Lu, B Rosner, HE Sauberlich, MA Fletcher, J Szapocznik, C Eisdorfer, JE Buring, CH Hennekens: Micronutrients and HIV-1 disease progression. AIDS 9, 1051-1056 (1995))
90. RD Semba, NM Graham, WT Caiaffa, JB Margolick, L Clement, D Vlahov: Increased mortality associated with vitamin A deficiency during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Arch Intern Med 153, 2149-2154 (1993)) (Pubitemid 23286469)
91. RD Semba, WT Caiaffa, NM Graham, S Cohn, D Vlahov: Vitamin A deficiency and wasting as predictors of mortality in human immunodeficiency virus-infected injection drug users. J Infect Dis 171, 1196-1202 (1995))
92. RD Semba, CM Lyles, JB Margolick, WT Caiaffa, H Farzadegan, S Cohn, D Vlahov: Vitamin A supplementation and human immunodeficiency virus load in injection drug users. J Infect Dis 177, 611-616 (1998)) (Pubitemid 28099874)
93. B Abrams, D Duncan, I Hertz-Picciotto: A prospective study of dietary intake and acquired immune deficiency syndrome in HIV-seropositive homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 6, 949-958 (1993)) (Pubitemid 23207464)
94. AM Tang, NM Graham, RD Semba, AJ Saah: Association between serum vitamin A and E levels and HIV-1 disease progression. AIDS 11, 613-620 (1997)) (Pubitemid 27135883)
95. AM Tang, NM Graham, RK Chandra, AJ Saah: Low serum vitamin B-12 concentrations are associated with faster human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease progression. J Nutr 127, 345-351 (1997)) (Pubitemid 27079967)
96. AS Kanter, DC Spencer, MH Steinberg, R Soltysik, PR Yarnold, NM Graham: Supplemental vitamin B and progression to AIDS and death in black South African patients infected with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 21, 252-253 (1999)) (Pubitemid 29331221)
97. CJ Lacey, ME Murphy, MJ Sanderson, EF Monteiro, A Vail, CJ Schorah: Antioxidantmicronutrients and HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS 7, 485-489 (1996))
98. JP Allard, E Aghdassi, J Chau, I Salit, S Walmsley: Oxidative stress and plasma antioxidant micronutrients in humans with HIV infection. Am J Clin Nutr 67, 143-147 (1998)) (Pubitemid 28037639)
99. ER Pacht, P Diaz, T Clanton, J Hart, JE Gadek: Serum vitamin E decreases in HIV-seropositive subjects over time. J Lab Clin Med 130, 293-296 (1997)) (Pubitemid 27451527)
100. CB Stephensen, GS Marquis, RA Jacob, LA Kruzich, SD Douglas, CM Wilson: Vitamins C and E in adolescents and young adults with HIV infection. Am J Clin Nutr 83, 870-879 (2006)) (Pubitemid 44713153)
101. GO Coodley, HD Nelson, MO Loveless, C Folk: Betacarotene in HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 6, 272-276 (1993))
102. GO Coodley, MK Coodley, R Lusk, TR Green, AC Bakke, D Wilson, D Wachenheim, G Sexton, C Salveson: Beta-carotene in HIV infection: an extended evaluation. AIDS 10, 967-973 (1996)) (Pubitemid 26252626)
103. J Constans, MC Delmas-Beauvieux, C Sergeant, E Peuchant, JL Pellegrin, I Pellegrin, M Clerc, H Fleury, M Simonoff, B Leng, C Conri: One-year antioxidant supplementation with beta-carotene or selenium for patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a pilot study. Clin Infect Dis 23, 654-656 (1996)) (Pubitemid 26304533)
104. JM Baeten, RS McClelland, J Overbaugh, BA Richardson, S Emery, L Lavreys, K Mandaliya, DD Bankson, JO Ndinya-Achola, JJ Bwayo, JK Kreiss: Vitamin A supplementation and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 shedding in women: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Infect Dis 185, 1187-1191 (2002)) (Pubitemid 34297780)
105. JH Humphrey, T Quinn, D Fine, H Lederman, S Yamini-Roodsari, LS Wu, S Moeller, AJ Ruff: Short-term effects of large-dose vitamin A supplementation on viral load and immune response in HIV-infected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 20, 44-51 (1999)) (Pubitemid 29045469)
106. A Coutsoudis, D Moodley, K Pillay, R Harrigan, C Stone, J Moodley, HM Coovadia: Effects of vitamin A supplementation on viral load in HIV-1-infected pregnant women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 15, 86-87 (1997)) (Pubitemid 27332512)
107. S Jiamton, J Pepin, R Suttent, S Filteau, B Mahakkanukrauh, W Hanshaoworakul, P Chaisilwattana, P Suthipinittharm, P Shetty, S Jaffar: A randomized trial of the impact of multiple micronutrient supplementation on mortality among HIV-infected individuals living in Bangkok. AIDS 17, 2461-2469 (2003)) (Pubitemid 38393318)
108. RS McClelland, JM Baeten, J Overbaugh, BA Richardson, K Mandaliya, S Emery, L Lavreys, JO Ndinya-Achola, DD Bankson, JJ Bwayo, JK Kreiss: Micronutrient supplementation increases genital tract shedding of HIV-1 in women: results of a randomized trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 37, 1657-1663 (2004)) (Pubitemid 39658209)
109. JP Allard, E Aghdassi, J Chau, C Tam, CM Kovacs, IE Salit, SL Walmsley: Effects of vitamin E and C supplementation on oxidative stress and viral load in HIVinfected subjects. AIDS 12, 1653-1659 (1998)) (Pubitemid 28418336)
110. E Toma, D Devost, N Chow Lan, PV Bhat: HIVprotease inhibitors alter retinoic acid synthesis. AIDS 15, 1979-1984 (2001)) (Pubitemid 32980640)
111. AM Tang, E Smit, RD Semba, N Shah, CM Lyles, D Li, D Vlahov: Improved antioxidant status among HIVinfected injecting drug users on potent antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 23, 321-326 (2000)) (Pubitemid 30327034)
112. AF Remacha, J Cadafalch, P Sardà, M Barceló, M Fuster: Vitamin B-12 metabolism in HIV-infected patients in the age of highly active antiretroviral therapy: role of homocysteine in assessing vitamin B-12 status. Am J Clin Nutr. 77, 420-424 (2003)) (Pubitemid 36133386)
113. MN Woods, AM Tang, J Forrester, C Jones, K Hendricks, B Ding, TA Knox: Effect of dietary intake and protease inhibitors on serum vitamin B12 levels in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Clin Infect Dis 37 Suppl2, S124-131 (2003)) (Pubitemid 37102734)
114. G McComsey, H Southwell, B Gripshover, R Salata, H Valdez: Effect of antioxidants on glucose metabolism and plasma lipids in HIV-infected subjects with lipoatrophy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 33, 605-607 (2003)) (Pubitemid 36975848)
115. M Batterham, J Gold, D Naidoo, O Lux, S Sadler, S Bridle, M Ewing, C Oliver: A preliminary open label dose comparison using an antioxidant regimen to determine the effect on viral load and oxidative stress in men with HIV/AIDS. Eur J Clin Nutr 55, 107-114 (2001)) (Pubitemid 32156890)
116. C Spada, A Treitinger, M Reis, IY Masokawa, JC Verdi, MC Luiz, MV Silveira, OV Oliveira, CM Michelon, S Avila-Junior, DO Gil, S Ostrowsky: An evaluation of antiretroviral therapy associated with alpha-tocopherol supplementation in HIV-infected patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 40, 456-459 (2002)) (Pubitemid 34693084)
117. P Jaruga, B Jaruga, D Gackowski, A Olczak, W Halota, M Pawlowska, R Olinski: Supplementation with antioxidant vitamins prevents oxidative modification of DNA in lymphocytes of HIV-infected patients. Free Radic Biol Med 32, 414-420 (2002)) (Pubitemid 34178351)
118. JD Kaiser, AM Campa, JP Ondercin, GS Leoung, RF Pless, MK Baum: Micronutrient supplementation increases CD4 count in HIV-infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy: a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 42, 523-528 (2006)) (Pubitemid 44162419)
119. MF Holick: Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 357, 266-281 (2007))
120. DE Prosser and G Jones: Enzymes involved in the activation and inactivation of Vitamin D. Trends Biochem Sci 29, 664-673 (2004)) (Pubitemid 39491265)
121. D Bikle: Nonclassic actions of Vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94, 26-34 (2009))
122. JS Adams and MA Gacad: Characterization of 1alphahydroxylation of Vitamin D3 sterols by cultured alveolar macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis. J Exp Med 161, 755-765 (1985)) (Pubitemid 15083775)
123. L Overbergh, B Decallonne, D Valckx, A Verstuyf, J Depovere, JM Laureys, O Rutgeerts, R Saint-Arnaud, R Bouillon and C Mathieu: Identification and immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-alpha-hydroxylase in murine macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 120, 139-146 (2000)) (Pubitemid 30176911)
124. L Overbergh, K Stoffels, M Waer, A Verstuyf, R Bouillon and C Mathieu: Immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase in human monocytic THP1 cells: mechanisms of interferon-gamma mediated induction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91, 3566-3574 (2006)) (Pubitemid 44402139)
125. K Stoffels, L Overbergh, A Giulietti, L Verlinden, R Bouillon and C Mathieu: Immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D-3-1 alpha-hydroxylase in human monocytes. J Bone Miner Res 21, 37-47 (2006)) (Pubitemid 43023225)
126. AK Bhalla, EP Amento, TL Clemens, MF Holick, SM Krane: Specific high-affinity receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: presence in monocytes and induction in T lymphocytes following activation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57, 1308-1310 (1983)) (Pubitemid 14209439)
127. L Adorini: Intervention in autoimmunity: the potential of Vitamin D receptor agonists. Cell Immunol 233, 115-124 (2005)) (Pubitemid 41074064)
128. DM Provvedini, CD Tsoukas, LJ Deftos and SC Manolagas: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in human leukocytes. Science 221, 1181-1183 (1983).
129. A Brennan, DR Katz, JD Nunn, S Barker, M Hewison, LJ Fraher and JL O'Riordan: Dendritic cells from human tissues express receptors for the immunoregulatory Vitamin D3 metabolite, dihydroxycholecalciferol. Immunology 61, 457-461 (1987)) (Pubitemid 17127352)
130. X Rausch-Fan, F Leutmezer, M Willheim, A Spittler, B Bohle, C Ebner, E Jensen-Jarolim, G Boltz-Nitulescu: Regulation of cytokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and allergen-specific th cell clones by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 128(1), 33-41 (2002)) (Pubitemid 34621664)
131. E Villamor: A potential role for vitamin D on HIV infection? Nutr Rev 64(5 Pt 1), 226-233 (2006)) (Pubitemid 43953286)
132. PT Liu, S Stenger, H Li, L Wenzel, BH Tan, SR Krutzik, MT Ochoa, J Schauber, K Wu, C Meinken, DL Kamen, M Wagner, R Bals, A Steinmeyer, U Zugel, RL Gallo, D Eisenberg, M Hewison, BW Hollis, JS Adams, BR Bloom, RL Modlin: Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 311(5768), 1770-1773 (2006))
133. JS Adams, S Ren, PT Liu, RF Chun, V Lagishetty, AF Gombart, N Borregaard, RL Modlin, M Hewison: Vitamin d-directed rheostatic regulation of monocyte antibacterial responses. J Immunol 182(7), 4289-4295 (2009))
134. RI Connor, WF Rigby: 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits productive infection of human monocytes by HIV-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 176, 852-859 (1991))
135. H Schuitemaker, NA Kootstra, MH Koppelman, SM Bruisten, HG Huisman, M Tersmette, F Miedema: Proliferation-dependent HIV-1 infection of monocytes occurs during differentiation into macrophages. J Clin Invest 89, 1154-1160 (1992))
136. CD Pauza, R Kornbluth, P Emau, DD Richman, LJ Deftos: Vitamin D3 compounds regulate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in U937 monoblastoid cells and in monocyte-derived macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 53, 157-164 (1993)) (Pubitemid 23100158)
137. C Locardi, C Petrini, G Boccoli, U Testa, C Dieffenbach, S Buttò, F Belardelli: Increased human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) expression in chronically infected U937 cells upon in vitro differentiation by hydroxyvitamin D3: roles of interferon and tumor necrosis factor in regulation of HIV production. J Virol 64, 5874-5882. Erratum in: J Virol 1991 65, 1666 (1990))
138. E Seminari, A Castagna, A Soldarini A, L Galli, G Fusetti, F Dorigatti, H Hasson, A Danise, M Guffanti, A Lazzarin, A Rubinacci: Osteoprotegerin and bone turnover markers in heavily pretreated HIV infected patients. HIV Med 6, 145-150 (2005)) (Pubitemid 40740329)
139. AM Garcia Aparicio, S Munoz Fernandez, J Gonzalez, JR Arribas, JM Pena, JJ Vazquez, ME Martinez, J Coya and E Martin Mola: Abnormalities in the bone mineral metabolism in HIV infected patients. Clin Rheumatol 25, 537-539 (2006)) (Pubitemid 44137629)
140. M Rodriguez, B Daniels, S Gunawardene, GK Robbins: High frequency of vitamin D deficiency in ambulatory HIV-Positive patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 25, 9-14 (2009))
141. A Calmy, CA Fux, R Norris, N Vallier, C Delhumeau, K Samaras, K Hesse, B Hirschel, DA Cooper, A Carr: Low bone mineral density, renal dysfunction, and fracture risk in HIV infection: a crosssectional study. J Infect Dis 200, 1746-1754 (2009))
142. CJ Van Den Bout-Van Den Beukel, L Fievez, M Michels, FC Sweep, ME Hermus, AR Bosch, DM Burger, B Bravenboer, PP Koopmans, AJ Van Der Ven: Vitamin D deficiency among HIV type 1-infected individuals in the Netherlands: effects of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 24, 1375-1382 (2008))
143. J Teichmann, E Stephan, U Lange, T Discher, G Friese, J Lohmeyer, H Stracke, RG Bretzel: Osteopenia in HIV-infected women prior to highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect 46, 221-227 (2003)) (Pubitemid 36758180)
144. C Haug, F Muller, P Aukrust, SS Froland: Subnormal serum concentration of 1,25-vitamin D in human immunodeficiency virus infection: correlation with degree of immune deficiency and survival. J Infect Dis 169, 889-893 (1994)) (Pubitemid 24102128)
145. UC Bang, SA Shakar, MF Hitz, MS Jespersen, O Andersen, SD Nielsen, JE Jensen: Deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in male HIV-positive patients: a descriptive cross-sectional study. Scand J Infect Dis 42, 306-310 (2010))
146. J Teichmann, E Stephan, T Discher, U Lange, K Federlin, H Stracke, G Friese, J Lohmeyer, RG Bretzel: Changes in calciotropic hormones and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Metabolism 49, 1134-1139 (2000))
147. CN Dao, P Patel, ET Overton, F Rhame, SL Pals, C Johnson, T Bush, JT Brooks; Study to Understand the Natural History of HIV and AIDS in the Era of Effective Therapy (SUN) Investigators: Low vitamin D among HIVinfected adults: prevalence of and risk factors for low vitamin D Levels in a cohort of HIV-infected adults and comparison to prevalence among adults in the US general population. Clin Infect Dis 52(3), 396-405 (2011))
148. NJ Mueller, CA Fux, B Ledergerber, L Elzi, P Schmid, T Dang, L Magenta, A Calmy, A Vergopoulos, HA Bischoff-Ferrari; Swiss HIV Cohort Study: High prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency in combined antiretroviral therapy-naive and successfully treated Swiss HIV patients. AIDS 24, 1127-1134 (2010))
149. T Welz, K Childs, F Ibrahim, M Poulton, CB Taylor, CF Moniz, FA Post: Efavirenz is associated with severe vitamin D deficiency and increased alkaline phosphatase. AIDS 24(12), 1923-1928 (2010))
150. TT Brown, GA McComsey: Association between initiation of antiretroviral therapy with efavirenz and decreases in 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Antivir Ther 15(3), 425-429 (2010))
151. K Gyllensten, F Josephson, K Lidman, M Saaf M: Severe vitamin D deficiency diagnosed after introduction of antiretroviral therapy including efavirenz in a patient living at latitude 59N. AIDS 20, 1906-1907 (2006)) (Pubitemid 44358915)
152. G Fabbriciani , GV De Socio: Efavirenz and bone health. AIDS 23, 1181 (2009))
153. G Madeddu, A Spanu, Solinas P, GM Calia, C Lovigu, F Chessa, M Mannazzu, A Falchi, MS Mura, G Madeddu: Bone mass loss and vitamin D metabolism impairment in HIV patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 48(1), 39-48 (2004)) (Pubitemid 39069663)
154. M Cozzolino, M Vidal, MV Arcidiacono, P Tebas, KE Yarasheski, AS Dusso: HIV-protease inhibitors impair vitamin D bioactivation to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. AIDS 17(4), 513-520 (2003)) (Pubitemid 36293104)
155. K Childs, S Fishman, S Factor, D Dieterich, M Mullen, A Branch: First Report of Dose/Response Data of HIV-infected Men Treated with Vitamin D3 Supplement. 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, California (2010))
156. P Havens, R Hazra, C Stephensen, M van Loan, B Rutledge, J Bethel: Vitamin D3 supplementation decreases PTH in HIV-infected youth being treated with TDFcontaining combination ART: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial: Adolescent Trials Network Study 063. 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Boston, MA (2011))
157. RD Semba, PG Miotti, JD Chiphangwi, G Liomba, LP Yang, AJ Saah, GA Dallabetta, DR Hoover: Infant mortality and maternal vitamin A deficiency during human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 21, 966-972 (1995))
158. DN Burns, G FitzGerald, R Semba, R Hershow, C Zorrilla, J Pitt, H Hammill, ER Cooper, MG Fowler, S Landesman: Vitamin A deficiency and other nutritional indices during pregnancy in human immunodeficiency virus infection: prevalence, clinical correlates, and outcome. Women and Infants Transmission Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 29, 328-334 (1999)) (Pubitemid 29380195)
159. BL Greenberg, RD Semba, PE Vink, JJ Farley, M Sivapalasingam, RW Steketee, DM Thea, EE Schoenbaum: Vitamin A deficiency and maternal-infant transmissions of HIV in two metropolitan areas in the United States. AIDS 11(3), 325-332 (1997)) (Pubitemid 27086972)
160. A Mulu, A Kassu, K Huruy, B Tegene, G Yitayaw, M Nakamori, N VAN Nhien, A Bekele,Y Wondmihun, SYamamoto, F Ota: Vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy of HIV infected and non-infected women in tropical settings of Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 11, 569 (2011))
161. Y Wondmikun: Lipid-soluble antioxidants status and some of its socio economic determinants among pregnant Ethiopians at the third trimester. Public Health Nutr 8, 582-587 (2005)) (Pubitemid 41565422)
162. F Ahmed, I Mahudal, A Sattar, M Akhtaruzzaman: Anaemia and vitamin A deficiency in poor urban pregnant women of Bangladesh. Asia Pac J Cli Nutr 12, 460-466 (2003)) (Pubitemid 38886965)
163. V Lee, F Ahmed, S Wada, T Ahmed, AM Shamsir Ahmed, CP Banu and N Akhter: Extent of vitamin A deficiency among rural pregnant women in Bangladesh. Public Health Nutr 11, 1326-1331 (2003))
164. N Kumwenda, PG Miotti, TE Taha, R Broadhead, RJ Biggar, JB Jackson, G Melikian, RD Semba: Antenatal vitamin A supplementation increases birth weight and decreases anemia among infants born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected women in Malawi. Clin Infect Dis 35, 618-624 (2002))
165. A Coutsoudis, K Pillay, E Spooner, L Kuhn, HM Coovadia: Randomized trial testing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on pregnancy outcomes and early motherto-child HIV-1 transmission in Durban, South Africa. South African Vitamin A Study Group. AIDS 13, 1517-1524 (1999)) (Pubitemid 29396684)
166. WW Fawzi, GI Msamanga, D Spiegelman, EJ Urassa, N McGrath, D Mwakagile, G Antelman, R Mbise, G Herrera, S Kapiga, W Willett, DJ Hunter: Randomised trial of effects of vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcomes and T cell counts in HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania. Lancet 351, 1477-1482 (1998)) (Pubitemid 28227039)
167. WW Fawzi, GI Msamanga, D Hunter, B Renjifo, G Antelman, H Bang, K Manji, S Kapiga, D Mwakagile, M Essex, D Spiegelman: Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding and early child mortality. AIDS 16, 1935-1944 (2002))
168. E Villamor, IN Koulinska, S Aboud, C Murrin, RJ Bosch, KP Manji, WW Fawzi WW: Effect of vitamin supplements on HIV shedding in breast milk. Am J Clin Nutr 92(4), 881-886 (2010))
169. W Fawzi, G Msamanga, G Antelman, C Xu, E Hertzmark, D Spiegelman, D Hunter, D Anderson: Effect of prenatal vitamin supplementation on lower-genital levels of HIV type 1 and interleukin type 1 beta at 36 weeks of gestation. Clin Infect Dis 38, 716-722 (2004)) (Pubitemid 38333869)
170. A Coutsoudis, RA Bobat, HM Coovadia, L Kuhn, WY Tsai, ZA Stein: The effects of vitamin A supplementation on the morbidity of children born to HIV-infected women. Am J Public Health 85(8Pt1), 1076-1081 (1995))
171. E Villamor, R Mbise, D Spiegelman, E Hertzmark, M Fataki, KE Peterson, G Ndossi, WW Fawzi: Vitamin A supplements ameliorate the adverse effect of HIV-1, malaria and diarrheal infections on child growth. Pediatrics 109, E6 (2002))
172. WW Fawzi, R Mbise, D Spiegelman, M Fataki, E Hertzmark, G Ndossi: Vitamin A supplements and diarrheal and respiratory tract infections among children in Dares Salaam, Tanzania. J Pediatr 137, 660-667 (2000))
173. WW Fawzi, RL Mbise, E Hertzmark, MR Fataki, MG Herrera, G Ndossi, D Spiegelman: A randomized trial of vitamin A supplements in relation to mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children in Tanzania. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18, 127-133 (1999)) (Pubitemid 29101885)
174. RD Semba, C Ndugwa, RT Perry, TD Clark, JB Jackson, G Melikian, J Tielsch, F Mmiro: Effect of periodic vitamin A supplementation on mortality and morbidity of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Uganda: A controlled clinical trial. Nutrition 21, 25-31. Erratum in: Nutrition 21, 287 (2005))