Circumventing melanoma chemoresistance by targeting DNA repair

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 19, Issue 23, 2012, Pages 3893-3899

  Mocellin, S ^a   Bertazza, L ^a   Benna, C ^a   Pilati, P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Chemoresistance; Chemotherapy; DNA repair; Melanoma

Indexed keywords

DACARBAZINE; TEMOZOLOMIDE;

BASIC EXCISION REPAIR; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER RESISTANCE; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHEMOSENSITIVITY; DNA DAMAGE; DNA METHYLATION; DNA REPAIR; EXCISION REPAIR; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MELANOMA; MISMATCH REPAIR; RECOMBINATION REPAIR; REVIEW;

ADAPTOR PROTEINS, SIGNAL TRANSDUCING; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; DNA MODIFICATION METHYLASES; DNA REPAIR; DRUG RESISTANCE, NEOPLASM; HUMANS; MELANOMA; MUTS HOMOLOG 2 PROTEIN; NUCLEAR PROTEINS; POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES;

EID: 84865764405     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: 1875533X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/092986712802002509     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Ferlay, J.; Shin, H.R.; Bray, F.; Forman, D.; Mathers, C.; Parkin, D.M. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer, 2010, 127, 2893-917.
2. Mocellin, S.; Nitti, D. Cutaneous melanoma in situ: translational evidence from a large population-based study. Oncologist, 2011, 16, 896-903.
3. Pasquali, S.; Mocellin, S. The anticancer face of interferon alpha (IFNalpha): from biology to clinical results, with a focus on melanoma. Curr Med Chem, 2010, 17, 3327-36.
4. Mocellin, S.; Pasquali, S.; Rossi, C.R.; Nitti, D. Interferon alpha adjuvant therapy in patients with high-risk melanoma: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2010, 102, 493-501.
5. Kornek, G.; Selzer, E. Targeted therapies in solid tumours: pinpointing the tumour's Achilles heel. Curr Pharm Des, 2009, 15, 207-42.
6. Puzanov, I.; Flaherty, K.T. Targeted molecular therapy in melanoma. Semin Cutan Med Surg, 2010, 29, 196-201.
7. Gray-Schopfer, V.; Wellbrock, C.; Marais, R. Melanoma biology and new targeted therapy. Nature, 2007, 445, 851-7.
8. Mocellin, S.; Shrager, J.; Scolyer, R.; Pasquali, S.; Verdi, D.; Marincola, F.M.; Briarava, M.; Gobbel, R.; Rossi, C.; Nitti, D. Targeted Therapy Database (TTD): a model to match patient's molecular profile with current knowledge on cancer biology. PLoS One, 2010, 5, e11965.
9. Hodi, F.S.; O'Day, S.J.; McDermott, D.F.; Weber, R.W.; Sosman, J.A.; Haanen, J.B.; Gonzalez, R.; Robert, C.; Schadendorf, D.; Hassel, J.C.; Akerley, W.; van den Eertwegh, A.J.; Lutzky, J.; Lorigan, P.; Vaubel, J.M.; Linette, G.P.; Hogg, D.; Ottensmeier, C.H.; Lebbe, C.; Peschel, C.; Quirt, I.; Clark, J.I.; Wolchok, J.D.; Weber, J.S.; Tian, J.; Yellin, M.J.; Nichol, G.M.; Hoos, A.; Urba, W.J. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med, 2010, 363, 711-23.
10. Chapman, P.B.; Hauschild, A.; Robert, C.; Haanen, J.B.; Ascierto, P.; Larkin, J.; Dummer, R.; Garbe, C.; Testori, A.; Maio, M.; Hogg, D.; Lorigan, P.; Lebbe, C.; Jouary, T.; Schadendorf, D.; Ribas, A.; O'Day, S.J.; Sosman, J.A.; Kirkwood, J.M.; Eggermont, A.M.; Dreno, B.; Nolop, K.; Li, J.; Nelson, B.; Hou, J.; Lee, R.J.; Flaherty, K.T.; McArthur, G.A. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med, 2011, 364, 2507-16.
11. Khodadoust, M.S.; Verhaegen, M.; Kappes, F.; Riveiro-Falkenbach, E.; Cigudosa, J.C.; Kim, D.S.; Chinnaiyan, A.M.; Markovitz, D.M.; Soengas, M.S. Melanoma proliferation and chemoresistance controlled by the DEK oncogene. Cancer Res, 2009, 69, 6405-13.
12. La Porta, C.A. Mechanism of drug sensitivity and resistance in melanoma. Curr Cancer Drug Targets, 2009, 9, 391-7.
13. Soengas, M.S.; Lowe, S.W. Apoptosis and melanoma chemoresistance. Oncogene, 2003, 22, 3138-51. (Pubitemid 36713766)
14. La Porta, C.A. Drug resistance in melanoma: new perspectives. Curr Med Chem, 2007, 14, 387-91.
15. Bradbury, P.A.; Middleton, M.R. DNA repair pathways in drug resistance in melanoma. Anticancer Drugs, 2004, 15, 421-6. (Pubitemid 38736939)
16. Branzei, D.; Foiani, M. Regulation of DNA repair throughout the cell cycle. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2008, 9, 297-308. (Pubitemid 351430844)
17. Wood, R.D.; Mitchell, M.; Sgouros, J.; Lindahl, T. Human DNA repair genes. Science, 2001, 291, 1284-9. (Pubitemid 32173086)
18. Mocellin, S.; Rossi, C.R. The Melanoma Molecular Map Project. Melanoma Res, 2008, 18, 163-5. (Pubitemid 351684660)
19. Vogelstein, B.; Kinzler, K.W. Cancer genes and the pathways they control. Nat Med, 2004, 10, 789-99. (Pubitemid 39070849)
20. Hakem, R. DNA-damage repair; the good, the bad, and the ugly. Embo J, 2008, 27, 589-605. (Pubitemid 351273123)
21. Spry, M.; Scott, T.; Pierce, H.; D'Orazio, J.A. DNA repair pathways and hereditary cancer susceptibility syndromes. Front Biosci, 2007, 12, 4191-207.
22. Berwick, M.; Vineis, P. Markers of DNA repair and susceptibility to cancer in humans: an epidemiologic review. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2000, 92, 874-97. (Pubitemid 30429188)
23. Loeb, L.A.; Bielas, J.H.; Beckman, R.A. Cancers exhibit a mutator phenotype: clinical implications. Cancer Res, 2008, 68, 3551-7; discussion 7.
24. Li, C.; Wang, L.E.; Wei, Q. DNA repair phenotype and cancer susceptibility- A mini review. Int J Cancer, 2009, 124, 999-1007.
25. Goode, E.L.; Ulrich, C.M.; Potter, J.D. Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and associations with cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2002, 11, 1513-30. (Pubitemid 36020002)
26. Mocellin, S.; Verdi, D.; Nitti, D. DNA repair gene polymorphisms and risk of cutaneous melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Carcinogenesis, 2009, 30, 1735-43.
27. Zhu, Y.; Hu, J.; Hu, Y.; Liu, W. Targeting DNA repair pathways: a novel approach to reduce cancer therapeutic resistance. Cancer Treat Rev, 2009, 35, 590-6.
28. Sarasin, A.; Dessen, P. DNA repair pathways and human metastatic malignant melanoma. Curr Mol Med, 2010, 10, 413-8.
29. Giuliano, S.; Ohanna, M.; Ballotti, R.; Bertolotto, C. Advances in melanoma senescence and potential clinical application. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 2011, 24, 295-308.
30. Eker, A.P.; Quayle, C.; Chaves, I.; van der Horst, G.T. DNA repair in mammalian cells: Direct DNA damage reversal: elegant solutions for nasty problems. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2009, 66, 968-80.
31. Pfeifer, G.P.; You, Y.H.; Besaratinia, A. Mutations induced by ultraviolet light. Mutat Res, 2005, 571, 19-31. (Pubitemid 40313429)
32. Christmann, M.; Verbeek, B.; Roos, W.P.; Kaina, B. O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in normal tissues and tumors: Enzyme activity, promoter methylation and immunohistochemistry. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2011, 1816, 179-90.
33. Yarosh, D.B.; Hurst-Calderone, S.; Babich, M.A.; Day, R.S., 3rd. Inactivation of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and sensitization of human tumor cells to killing by chloroethylnitrosourea by O6-methylguanine as a free base. Cancer Res, 1986, 46, 1663-8. (Pubitemid 16121487)
34. Pegg, A.E. Mammalian O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase: regulation and importance in response to alkylating carcinogenic and therapeutic agents. Cancer Res, 1990, 50, 6119-29. (Pubitemid 20323662)
35. D'Incalci, M.; Citti, L.; Taverna, P.; Catapano, C.V. Importance of the DNA repair enzyme O6-alkyl guanine alkyltransferase (AT) in cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev, 1988, 15, 279-92. (Pubitemid 19105392)
36. Christmann, M.; Pick, M.; Lage, H.; Schadendorf, D.; Kaina, B. Acquired resistance of melanoma cells to the antineoplastic agent fotemustine is caused by reactivation of the DNA repair gene MGMT. Int J Cancer, 2001, 92, 123-9. (Pubitemid 32187041)
37. Middleton, M.R.; Thatcher, N.; McMurry, T.B.; McElhinney, R.S.; Donnelly, D.J.; Margison, G.P. Effect of O6-(4-bromothenyl)guanine on different temozolomide schedules in a human melanoma xenograft model. Int J Cancer, 2002, 100, 615-7. (Pubitemid 34816164)
38. Ueno, T.; Ko, S.H.; Grubbs, E.; Yoshimoto, Y.; Augustine, C.; Abdel-Wahab, Z.; Cheng, T.Y.; Abdel-Wahab, O.I.; Pruitt, S.K.; Friedman, H.S.; Tyler, D.S. Modulation of chemotherapy resistance in regional therapy: a novel therapeutic approach to advanced extremity melanoma using intraarterial temozolomide in combination with systemic O6-benzylguanine. Mol Cancer Ther, 2006, 5, 732-8.
39. Passagne, I.; Evrard, A.; Depeille, P.; Cuq, P.; Cupissol, D.; Vian, L. O(6)-methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) overexpression in melanoma cells induces resistance to nitrosoureas and temozolomide but sensitizes to mitomycin C. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2006, 211, 97-105. (Pubitemid 43238303)
40. Ma, S.; Egyhazi, S.; Ueno, T.; Lindholm, C.; Kreklau, E.L.; Stierner, U.; Ringborg, U.; Hansson, J. O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase expression and gene polymorphisms in relation to chemotherapeutic response in metastatic melanoma. Br J Cancer, 2003, 89, 1517-23. (Pubitemid 37386609)
41. Ma, S.; Egyhazi, S.; Martenhed, G.; Ringborg, U.; Hansson, J. Analysis of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in melanoma tumours in patients treated with dacarbazine-based chemotherapy. Melanoma Res, 2002, 12, 335-42. (Pubitemid 34816438)
42. Middleton, M.R.; Lunn, J.M.; Morris, C.; Rustin, G.; Wedge, S.R.; Brampton, M.H.; Lind, M.J.; Lee, S.M.; Newell, D.R.; Bleehen, N.M.; Newlands, E.S.; Calvert, A.H.; Margison, G.P.; Thatcher, N. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in pretreatment tumour biopsies as a predictor of response to temozolomide in melanoma. Br J Cancer, 1998, 78, 1199-202. (Pubitemid 28479151)
43. Ranson, M.; Hersey, P.; Thompson, D.; Beith, J.; McArthur, G.A.; Haydon, A.; Davis, I.D.; Kefford, R.F.; Mortimer, P.; Harris, P.A.; Baka, S.; Seebaran, A.; Sabharwal, A.; Watson, A.J.; Margison, G.P.; Middleton, M.R. Randomized trial of the combination of lomeguatrib and temozolomide compared with temozolomide alone in chemotherapy naive patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol, 2007, 25, 2540-5. (Pubitemid 47041227)
44. Tawbi, H.A.; Villaruz, L.; Tarhini, A.; Moschos, S.; Sulecki, M.; Viverette, F.; Shipe-Spotloe, J.; Radkowski, R.; Kirkwood, J.M. Inhibition of DNA repair with MGMT pseudosubstrates: phase I study of lomeguatrib in combination with dacarbazine in patients with advanced melanoma and other solid tumours. Br J Cancer, 2011, 105, 773-7.
45. Middleton, M.R.; Lee, S.M.; Arance, A.; Wood, M.; Thatcher, N.; Margison, G.P. O6-methylguanine formation, repair protein depletion and clinical outcome with a 4 hr schedule of temozolomide in the treatment of advanced melanoma: results of a phase II study. Int J Cancer, 2000, 88, 469-73.
46. Rapp, M.; Maurizis, J.C.; Papon, J.; Labarre, P.; Wu, T.D.; Croisy, A.; Guerquin-Kern, J.L.; Madelmont, J.C.; Mounetou, E. A new O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase inhibitor associated with a nitrosourea (cystemustine) validates a strategy of melanoma-targeted therapy in murine B16 and human-resistant M4Beu melanoma xenograft models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2008, 326, 171-7. (Pubitemid 351872125)
47. Roos, W.P.; Jost, E.; Belohlavek, C.; Nagel, G.; Fritz, G.; Kaina, B. Intrinsic anticancer drug resistance of malignant melanoma cells is abrogated by IFNbeta and valproic acid. Cancer Res, 2011, 71, 4150-60.
48. Sabharwal, A.; Waters, R.; Danson, S.; Clamp, A.; Lorigan, P.; Thatcher, N.; Margison, G.P.; Middleton, M.R. Predicting the myelotoxicity of chemotherapy: the use of pretreatment O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase determination in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Melanoma Res, 2009.
49. Robertson, A.B.; Klungland, A.; Rognes, T.; Leiros, I. DNA repair in mammalian cells: Base excision repair: the long and short of it. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2009, 66, 981-93.
50. Mohammed, M.Z.; Vyjayanti, V.N.; Laughton, C.A.; Dekker, L.V.; Fischer, P.M.; Wilson, D.M., 3rd; Abbotts, R.; Shah, S.; Patel, P.M.; Hickson, I.D.; Madhusudan, S. Development and evaluation of human AP endonuclease inhibitors in melanoma and glioma cell lines. Br J Cancer, 2011, 104, 653-63.
51. Yang, S.; Meyskens, F.L. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox effector factor-1(APE/Ref-1): a unique target for the prevention and treatment of human melanoma. Antioxid Redox Signal, 2009, 11, 639-50.
52. de la Lastra, C.A.; Villegas, I.; Sanchez-Fidalgo, S. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors: new pharmacological functions and potential clinical implications. Curr Pharm Des, 2007, 13, 933-62 (Pubitemid 46628291)
53. Rouleau, M.; Patel, A.; Hendzel, M.J.; Kaufmann, S.H.; Poirier, G.G. PARP inhibition: PARP1 and beyond. Nat Rev Cancer, 2010, 10, 293-301.
54. Woon, E.C.; Threadgill, M.D. Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibition-where now? Curr Med Chem, 2005, 12, 2373-92.
55. Fong, P.C.; Boss, D.S.; Yap, T.A.; Tutt, A.; Wu, P.; Mergui-Roelvink, M.; Mortimer, P.; Swaisland, H.; Lau, A.; O'Connor, M.J.; Ashworth, A.; Carmichael, J.; Kaye, S.B.; Schellens, J.H.; de Bono, J.S. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in tumors from BRCA mutation carriers. N Engl J Med, 2009, 361, 123-34.
56. Kaelin, W.G., Jr. The concept of synthetic lethality in the context of anticancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer, 2005, 5, 689-98. (Pubitemid 41486362)
57. Haince, J.F.; Rouleau, M.; Hendzel, M.J.; Masson, J.Y.; Poirier, G.G. Targeting poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation: a promising approach in cancer therapy. Trends Mol Med, 2005, 11, 456-63. (Pubitemid 41415725)
58. Megnin-Chanet, F.; Bollet, M.A.; Hall, J. Targeting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity for cancer therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2010, 67, 3649-62.
59. Tentori, L.; Muzi, A.; Dorio, A.S.; Scarsella, M.; Leonetti, C.; Shah, G.M.; Xu, W.; Camaioni, E.; Gold, B.; Pellicciari, R.; Dantzer, F.; Zhang, J.; Graziani, G. Pharmacological inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity in PARP-1 silenced tumour cells increases chemosensitivity to temozolomide and to a N3-adenine selective methylating agent. Curr Cancer Drug Targets, 2010, 10, 368-83.
60. Tentori, L.; Muzi, A.; Dorio, A.S.; Bultrini, S.; Mazzon, E.; Lacal, P.M.; Shah, G.M.; Zhang, J.; Navarra, P.; Nocentini, G.; Cuzzocrea, S.; Graziani, G. Stable depletion of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 reduces in vivo melanoma growth and increases chemosensitivity. Eur J Cancer, 2008, 44, 1302-14.
61. Toshimitsu, H.; Yoshimoto, Y.; Augustine, C.K.; Padussis, J.C.; Yoo, J.S.; Angelica Selim, M.; Pruitt, S.K.; Friedman, H.S.; Ali-Osman, F.; Tyler, D.S. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enhances the effect of chemotherapy in an animal model of regional therapy for the treatment of advanced extremity malignant melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2010, 17, 2247-54.
62. Tentori, L.; Portarena, I.; Barbarino, M.; Balduzzi, A.; Levati, L.; Vergati, M.; Biroccio, A.; Gold, B.; Lombardi, M.L.; Graziani, G. Inhibition of telomerase increases resistance of melanoma cells to temozolomide, but not to temozolomide combined with poly (adp-ribose) polymerase inhibitor. Mol Pharmacol, 2003, 63, 192-202. (Pubitemid 36043823)
63. Bedikian, A.Y.; Papadopoulos, N.E.; Kim, K.B.; Hwu, W.J.; Homsi, J.; Glass, M.R.; Cain, S.; Rudewicz, P.; Vernillet, L.; Hwu, P. A phase IB trial of intravenous INO-1001 plus oral temozolomide in subjects with unresectable stage-III or IV melanoma. Cancer Invest, 2009, 27, 756-63.
64. Tsutsumi, M.; Masutani, M.; Nozaki, T.; Kusuoka, O.; Tsujiuchi, T.; Nakagama, H.; Suzuki, H.; Konishi, Y.; Sugimura, T. Increased susceptibility of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 knockout mice to nitrosamine carcinogenicity. Carcinogenesis, 2001, 22, 1-3. (Pubitemid 32098137)
65. Shibata, A.; Kamada, N.; Masumura, K.; Nohmi, T.; Kobayashi, S.; Teraoka, H.; Nakagama, H.; Sugimura, T.; Suzuki, H.; Masutani, M. Parp-1 deficiency causes an increase of deletion mutations and insertions/rearrangements in vivo after treatment with an alkylating agent. Oncogene, 2005, 24, 1328-37. (Pubitemid 40343113)
66. Morrison, C.; Smith, G.C.; Stingl, L.; Jackson, S.P.; Wagner, E.F.; Wang, Z.Q. Genetic interaction between PARP and DNA-PK in V(D)J recombination and tumorigenesis. Nat Genet, 1997, 17, 479-82. (Pubitemid 27518402)
67. Shall, S.; de Murcia, G. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1: what have we learned from the deficient mouse model? Mutat Res, 2000, 460, 1-15. (Pubitemid 30365046)
68. Graziani, G.; Szabo, C. Clinical perspectives of PARP inhibitors. Pharmacol Res, 2005, 52, 109-18. (Pubitemid 40725605)
69. Wu, X.; Khalpey, Z.; Cascalho, M. Cellular physiology of mismatch repair. Curr Pharm Des, 2004, 10, 4121-6. (Pubitemid 39654472)
70. O'Brien, V.; Brown, R. Signalling cell cycle arrest and cell death through the MMR System. Carcinogenesis, 2006, 27, 682-92.
71. Martin, S.A.; Lord, C.J.; Ashworth, A. Therapeutic targeting of the DNA mismatch repair pathway. Clin Cancer Res, 2010, 16, 5107-13.
72. Lieberman, H.B. DNA damage repair and response proteins as targets for cancer therapy. Curr Med Chem, 2008, 15, 360-7. (Pubitemid 351266941)
73. Runger, T.M.; Emmert, S.; Schadendorf, D.; Diem, C.; Epe, B.; Hellfritsch, D. Alterations of DNA repair in melanoma cell lines resistant to cisplatin, fotemustine, or etoposide. J Invest Dermatol, 2000, 114, 34-9. (Pubitemid 30195969)
74. Pepponi, R.; Marra, G.; Fuggetta, M.P.; Falcinelli, S.; Pagani, E.; Bonmassar, E.; Jiricny, J.; D'Atri, S. The effect of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase and mismatch repair activities on the sensitivity of human melanoma cells to temozolomide, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)1-nitrosourea, and cisplatin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2003, 304, 661-8. (Pubitemid 36152342)
75. Boeckmann, L.; Nickel, A.C.; Kuschal, C.; Schaefer, A.; Thoms, K.M.; Schon, M.P.; Thomale, J.; Emmert, S. Temozolomide chemoresistance heterogeneity in melanoma with different treatment regimens: DNA damage accumulation contribution. Melanoma Res, 2011, 21, 206-16.
76. Naumann, S.C.; Roos, W.P.; Jost, E.; Belohlavek, C.; Lennerz, V.; Schmidt, C.W.; Christmann, M.; Kaina, B. Temozolomide-and fotemustine-induced apoptosis in human malignant melanoma cells: response related to MGMT, MMR, DSBs, and p53. Br J Cancer, 2009, 100, 322-33.
77. Boeckmann, L.; Schirmer, M.; Rosenberger, A.; Struever, D.; Thoms, K.M.; Gutzmer, R.; Has, C.; Kunz, M.; Kuschal, C.; Laspe, P.; Schoen, M.P.; Brockmoeller, J.; Emmert, S. Effect of DNA repair host factors on temozolomide or dacarbazine melanoma treatment in Caucasians. Pharmacogenet Genomics, 2009, 19, 760-9.
78. Francia, G.; Green, S.K.; Bocci, G.; Man, S.; Emmenegger, U.; Ebos, J.M.; Weinerman, A.; Shaked, Y.; Kerbel, R.S. Down-regulation of DNA mismatch repair proteins in human and murine tumor spheroids: implications for multicellular resistance to alkylating agents. Mol Cancer Ther, 2005, 4, 1484-94. (Pubitemid 41556430)
79. Eich, M.; Roos, W.P.; Dianov, G.L.; Digweed, M.; Kaina, B. Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein (NBN) causes resistance to methylating anticancer drugs such as temozolomide. Mol Pharmacol, 2010, 78, 943-51.
80. Bowden, N.A.; Ashton, K.A.; Avery-Kiejda, K.A.; Zhang, X.D.; Hersey, P.; Scott, R.J. Nucleotide excision repair gene expression after Cisplatin treatment in melanoma. Cancer Res, 2010, 70, 7918-26.
81. Song, L.; Ritchie, A.M.; McNeil, E.M.; Li, W.; Melton, D.W. Identification of DNA repair gene Ercc1 as a novel target in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 2011.
82. Mocellin, S.; Provenzano, M.; Rossi, C.R.; Pilati, P.; Nitti, D.; Lise, M. DNA array-based gene profiling: from surgical specimen to the molecular portrait of cancer. Ann Surg, 2005, 241, 16-26. (Pubitemid 40040989)
83. Crea, F.; Duhagon, M.A.; Farrar, W.L.; Danesi, R. Pharmacogenomics and cancer stem cells: a changing landscape? Trends Pharmacol Sci, 2011, 32, 487-94.
84. Rocken, C.; Ketterlinus, R.; Ebert, M.P. Application of proteome analysis to the assessment of prognosis and response prediction in clinical oncology. Curr Cancer Drug Targets, 2008, 8, 141-5. (Pubitemid 351347250)
85. Mocellin, S.; Rossi, C.R.; Traldi, P.; Nitti, D.; Lise, M. Molecular oncology in the post-genomic era: the challenge of proteomics. Trends Mol Med, 2004, 10, 24-32. (Pubitemid 38156196)
86. Iwadate, Y. Clinical proteomics in cancer research-romises and limitations of current two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Curr Med Chem, 2008, 15, 2393-400.
87. Augustine, C.K.; Yoo, J.S.; Potti, A.; Yoshimoto, Y.; Zipfel, P.A.; Friedman, H.S.; Nevins, J.R.; Ali-Osman, F.; Tyler, D.S. Genomic and molecular profiling predicts response to temozolomide in melanoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2009, 15, 502-10.
88. Parker, K.A.; Glaysher, S.; Polak, M.; Gabriel, F.G.; Johnson, P.; Knight, L.A.; Poole, M.; Narayanan, A.; Hurren, J.; Cree, I.A. The molecular basis of the chemosensitivity of metastatic cutaneous melanoma to chemotherapy. J Clin Pathol, 2010, 63, 1012-20.
89. Banerjee, R.; Huang, Y.; Qiu, Q.; McNamee, J.P.; Belinsky, G.; Jean-Claude, B.J. The combi-targeting concept: mechanism of action of the pleiotropic combi-molecule RB24 and discovery of a novel cell signaling-based combination principle. Cell Signal, 2011, 23, 630-40.