Mutations induced by ultraviolet light

Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis

Volumn 571, Issue 1-2 SPEC. ISS., 2005, Pages 19-31

  Pfeifer, Gerd P ^a   You, Young Hyun ^a   Besaratinia, Ahmad ^a  

^a CITY OF HOPE NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

5 Methylcytosine; Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer; Mutations; Skin cancer; UVA; UVB

Indexed keywords

5 METHYLCYTOSINE; CYCLOBUTANE; CYCLOBUTANE DERIVATIVE; CYTOSINE; DEOXYRIBODIPYRIMIDINE PHOTOLYASE; DNA BASE; DNA POLYMERASE; GUANINE; PROTEIN P53; PYRIMIDINE; PYRIMIDINE DIMER; THYMINE;

CELL LINE; DEAMINATION; DNA DAMAGE; FIBROBLAST; GENE MUTATION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC CODE; GENOTOXICITY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; INDUCED MUTATION; MAMMAL CELL; MELANOMA; METHYLATION; MUTAGENESIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEIC ACID BASE SUBSTITUTION; OXIDATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN CANCER; SKIN CARCINOMA; SUNLIGHT; TRANSGENE; ULTRAVIOLET A RADIATION; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; ULTRAVIOLET C RADIATION; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; YEAST;

EID: 14644438645     PISSN: 00275107     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.057     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. G.P. Pfeifer Formation and processing of UV photoproducts: effects of DNA sequence and chromatin environment Photochem. Photobiol. 65 1997 270 283
2. D.L. Mitchell, and R.S. Nairn The biology of the (6-4) photoproduct Photochem. Photobiol. 49 1989 805 819
3. J.-H. Yoon, C.-S. Lee, T. O'Connor, A. Yasui, and G.P. Pfeifer The DNA damage spectrum produced by simulated sunlight J. Mol. Biol. 299 2000 681 693
4. P.J. Rochette, J.P. Therrien, R. Drouin, D. Perdiz, N. Bastien, E.A. Drobetsky, and E. Sage UVA-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers form predominantly at thymine-thymine dipyrimidines and correlate with the mutation spectrum in rodent cells Nucleic Acids Res. 31 2003 2786 2794
5. T. Douki, A. Reynaud-Angelin, J. Cadet, and E. Sage Bipyrimidine photoproducts rather than oxidative lesions are the main type of DNA damage involved in the genotoxic effect of solar UVA radiation Biochemistry 42 2003 9221 9226
6. J. Cadet, M. Berger, T. Douki, B. Morin, S. Raoul, J.L. Ravanat, and S. Spinelli Effects of UV and visible radiation on DNA-final base damage Biol. Chem. 378 1997 1275 1286
7. C. Kielbassa, L. Roza, and B. Epe Wavelength dependence of oxidative DNA damage induced by UV and visible light Carcinogenesis 18 1997 811 816
8. Z. Kuluncsics, D. Perdiz, E. Brulay, B. Muel, and E. Sage Wavelength dependence of ultraviolet-induced DNA damage distribution: involvement of direct or indirect mechanisms and possible artefacts J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 49 1999 71 80
9. E. Kvam, and R.M. Tyrell Induction of oxidative DNA base damage in human skin cells by UV and near visible radiation Carcinogenesis 18 1997 2379 2384
10. X. Zhang, B.S. Rosenstein, Y. Wang, M. Lebwohl, D.M. Mitchell, and H. Wei Induction of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine by ultraviolet radiation in calf thymus DNA and HeLa cells Photochem. Photobiol. 65 1997 119 124
11. D.L. Miller, and M.A. Weinstock Nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States: incidence J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 30 1994 774 778
12. A.N. Houghton, and D. Polsky Focus on melanoma Cancer Cell 2 2002 275 278
13. H.N. Ananthaswamy, and W.E. Pierceall Molecular mechanisms of ultraviolet radiation carcinogenesis Photochem. Photobiol. 52 1990 1119 1136
14. E.C. Friedberg, and K.A. Henning The conundrum of xeroderma pigmentosum - a rare disease with frequent complexities Mutat. Res. 289 1993 47 53
15. P.C. Hanawalt, and A. Sarasin Cancer-prone hereditary diseases with DNA processing abnormalities Trends Genet. 2 1986 124 129
16. G.P. Pfeifer, R. Drouin, A.D. Riggs, and G.P. Holmquist In vivo mapping of a DNA adduct at nucleotide resolution: detection of pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts by ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 1991 1374 1378
17. G.P. Pfeifer, R. Drouin, A.D. Riggs, and G.P. Holmquist Binding of transcription factors creates hot spots for UV photoproducts in vivo Mol. Cell. Biol. 12 1992 1798 1804
18. S. Tommasi, A.B. Oxyzoglou, and G.P. Pfeifer Cell cycle-independent removal of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers from the promoter and the transcription initiation domain of the human CDC2 gene Nucleic Acids Res. 28 2000 3991 3998
19. S. Tornaletti, and G.P. Pfeifer Slow repair of pyrimidine dimers at p53 mutation hotspots in skin cancer Science 263 1994 1436 1438
20. Y. Tu, S. Tornaletti, and G.P. Pfeifer DNA repair domains within a human gene: selective repair of sequences near the transcription initiation site EMBO J. 15 1996 675 683
21. R. Dammann, and G.P. Pfeifer Lack of gene- and strand-specific DNA repair in RNA polymerase III transcribed human tRNA genes Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 1997 219 229
22. D.E. Brash, J.A. Rudolph, J.A. Simon, A. Lin, G.J. McKenna, H.P. Baden, A.J. Halperin, and J. Pontén A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 1991 10124 10128
23. N. Dumaz, C. Drougard, A. Sarasin, and L. Daya-Grosjean Specific UV-induced mutation spectrum in the p53 gene of skin tumors from DNA-repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum patients Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 1993 10529 10533
24. A. Ziegler, D.J. Leffell, S. Kunala, H.W. Sharma, M. Gailani, J.A. Simon, A.J. Halperin, H.P. Baden, P.E. Shapiro, A.E. Bale, and D.E. Brash Mutation hot spots due to sunlight in the p53 gene of nonmelanoma skin cancers Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 1993 4216 4220
25. G. Giglia-Mari, and A. Sarasin TP53 mutations in human skin cancers Hum. Mutat. 21 2003 217 228
26. S. Tommasi, M.F. Denissenko, and G.P. Pfeifer Sunlight induces pyrimidine dimers preferentially at 5-methylcytosine bases Cancer Res. 57 1997 4727 4730
27. K.H. Kraemer Sunlight and skin cancer: another link revealed Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 1997 11 14
28. F.R. de Gruijl Skin cancer and solar UV radiation Eur. J. Cancer 35 1999 2003 2009
29. B.A. Gilchrest, M.S. Eller, A.C. Geller, and M. Yaar The pathogenesis of melanoma induced by ultraviolet radiation N. Engl. J. Med. 340 1999 1341 1348
30. S.L. Harrison, R. MacLennan, R. Speare, and I. Wronski Sun exposure and melanocytic naevi in young Australian children Lancet 344 1994 1529 1532
31. A. Kamb, D. Shattuck-Eidens, R. Eeles, Q. Liu, N.A. Gruis, W. Ding, C. Hussey, T. Tran, Y. Miki, and J. Weaver-Feldhaus Analysis of the p16 gene (CDKN2) as a candidate for the chromosome 9p melanoma susceptibility locus Nat. Genet. 8 1994 23 26
32. P.M. Pollock, J.V. Pearson, and N.K. Hayward Compilation of somatic mutations of the CDKN2 gene in human cancers: non-random distribution of base substitutions Genes Chromosomes Cancer 15 1996 77 88
33. P.M. Pollock, F. Yu, L. Qiu, P.G. Parsons, and N.K. Hayward Evidence for UV induction of CDKN2 mutations in melanoma cell lines Oncogene 11 1995 663 668
34. M. Ruas, and G. Peters The p16INK4a/CDKN2A tumor suppressor and its relatives Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1378 1998 F115 F177
35. C. Jhappan, F.P. Noonan, and G. Merlino Ultraviolet radiation and cutaneous malignant melanoma Oncogene 22 2003 3099 3112
36. F.P. Noonan, J.A. Recio, H. Takayama, P. Duray, M.R. Anver, W.L. Rush, E.C. De Fabo, and G. Merlino Neonatal sunburn and melanoma in mice Nature 413 2001 271 272
37. K. Kannan, N.E. Sharpless, J. Xu, R.C. O'Hagan, M. Bosenberg, and L. Chin Components of the Rb pathway are critical targets of UV mutagenesis in a murine melanoma model Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 2003 1221 1225
38. R.B. Setlow The wavelengths in sunlight effective in producing skin cancer: a theoretical analysis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71 1974 3363 3366
39. J. Moan, A. Dahlback, and R.B. Setlow Epidemiological support for an hypothesis for melanoma induction indicating a role for UVA radiation Photochem. Photobiol. 70 1999 243 247
40. I.H. Langford, G. Bentham, and A.L. McDonald Multi-level modelling of geographically aggregated health data: a case study on malignant melanoma mortality and UV exposure in the European Community Stat. Med. 17 1998 41 57
41. A.D. Woodhead, R.B. Setlow, and M. Tanaka Environmental factors in nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancer J. Epidemiol. 9 1999 S102 S114
42. S.Q. Wang, R. Setlow, M. Berwick, D. Polsky, A.A. Marghoob, A.W. Kopf, and R.S. Bart Ultraviolet A and melanoma: a review J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 44 2001 837 846
43. F.R. de Gruijl, H.J. Sterenborg, P.D. Forbes, R.E. Davies, C. Cole, G. Kelfkens, H. van Weelden, H. Slaper, and J.C. van der Leun Wavelength dependence of skin cancer induction by ultraviolet irradiation of albino hairless mice Cancer Res. 53 1993 53 60
44. F.R. de Gruijl Photocarcinogenesis: UVA vs. UVB radiation Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 15 2002 316 320
45. A. de Laat, J.C. van der Leun, and F.R. de Gruijl Carcinogenesis induced by UVA (365-nm) radiation: the dose-time dependence of tumor formation in hairless mice Carcinogenesis 18 1997 1013 1020
46. P. Autier, J.F. Dore, F. Lejeune, K.F. Koelmel, O. Geffeler, P. Hille, J.P. Cesarini, D. Lienard, A. Liabeuf, and M. Joarlette Cutaneous malignant melanoma and exposure to sunlamps or sunbeds: an EORTC multicenter case-control study in Belgium, France and Germany. EORTC Melanoma Cooperative Group Int. J. Cancer 58 1994 809 813
47. R. Bestak, and G.M. Halliday Chronic low-dose UVA irradiation induces local suppression of contact hypersensitivity, Langerhans cell depletion and suppressor cell activation in C3H/HeJ mice Photochem. Photobiol. 64 1996 969 974
48. R.D. Ley Ultraviolet radiation A-induced precursors of cutaneous melanoma in Monodelphis domestica Cancer Res. 57 1997 3682 3684
49. R.B. Setlow, E. Grist, K. Thompson, and A.D. Woodhead Wavelengths effective in induction of malignant melanoma Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 1993 6666 6670
50. E. Sage Distribution and repair of photolesions in DNA: genetic consequences and the role of sequence context Photochem. Photobiol. 57 1993 163 174
51. R.E. Johnson, S. Prakash, and L. Prakash Efficient bypass of a thymine-thymine dimer by yeast DNA polymerase, Poleta Science 283 1999 1001 1004
52. C.A. Smith, J. Baeten, and J.-S. Taylor The ability of a variety of polymerases to synthesize past site-specific cis-syn, trans-syn-II, (6-4), and Dewar photoproducts of thymidylyl-(3′-5′)-thymidine J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 21933 21940
53. S.K. Banerjee, R.B. Christensen, C.W. Lawrence, and J.E. LeClerc Frequency and spectrum of mutations produced by a single cis-syn thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer in a single-stranded vector Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 1988 8141 8145
54. A. Gentil, F. Le Page, A. Margot, C.W. Lawrence, A. Borden, and A. Sarasin Mutagenicity of a unique thymine-thymine dimer or thymine-thymine pyrimidine pyrimidone (6-4) photoproduct in mammalian cells Nucleic Acids Res. 24 1996 1837 1840
55. P.E.M. Gibbs, and C.W. Lawrence U-U and T-T cyclobutane dimers have different mutational properties Nucleic Acids Res. 21 1993 4059 4065
56. J.-S. Taylor, and C.L. O'Day cis-syn Thymine dimers are not absolute blocks to replication by DNA polymerase I of Escherichia coli in vitro Biochemistry 29 1990 1624 1632
57. M.J. Horsfall, A. Borden, and C.W. Lawrence Mutagenic properties of the T-C cyclobutane dimer J. Bacteriol. 179 1997 2835 2839
58. M.J. Horsfall, and C.W. Lawrence Accuracy of replication past the T-C (6-4) adduct J. Mol. Biol. 235 1994 465 471
59. Y.H. You, D.H. Lee, J.H. Yoon, S. Nakajima, A. Yasui, and G.P. Pfeifer Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are responsible for the vast majority of mutations induced by UVB irradiation in mammalian cells J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 44688 44694
60. R.D. Wood, T.R. Skopek, and F. Hutchison Changes in DNA base sequence induced by targeted mutagenesis of lambda phage by ultraviolet light J. Mol. Biol. 173 1984 273 291
61. J.H. Miller Mutagenic specificity of ultraviolet light J. Mol. Biol. 182 1985 45 68
62. G.P. Pfeifer, M.-S. Tang, and M.F. Denissenko Mutation hotspots and DNA methylation Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 249 2000 1 19
63. M.F. Denissenko, J.X. Chen, M.-S. Tang, and G.P. Pfeifer Cytosine methylation determines hot spots of DNA damage in the human P53 gene Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 1997 3893 3898
64. S. Tornaletti, and G.P. Pfeifer Complete and tissue-independent methylation of CpG sites in the p53 gene: implications for mutations in human cancers Oncogene 10 1995 1493 1499
65. Y.-H. You, C. Li, and G.P. Pfeifer Involvement of 5-methylcytosine in sunlight-induced mutagenesis J. Mol. Biol. 293 1999 493 503
66. B.P. Ruzcicska, and D.G.E. Lemaire DNA photochemistry W.M. Horspool P.-S. Song CRC Handbook of Organic Photochemistry and Photobiology 1995 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 1289 1317
67. Y.H. You, and G.P. Pfeifer Similarities in sunlight-induced mutational spectra of CpG-methylated transgenes and the p53 gene in skin cancer point to an important role of 5-methylcytosine residues in solar UV mutagenesis J. Mol. Biol. 305 2001 389 399
68. D.H. Lee, and G.P. Pfeifer Deamination of 5-methylcytosines within cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers is an important component of UVB mutagenesis J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 10314 10321
69. Y.H. You, P.E. Szabo, and G.P. Pfeifer Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers form preferentially at the major p53 mutational hotspot in UVB-induced mouse skin tumors Carcinogenesis 21 2000 2113 2117
70. Y. Barak, O. Cohen-Fix, and Z. Livneh Deamination of cytosine-containing pyrimidine photodimers in UV-irradiated DNA J. Biol. Chem. 270 1995 24174 24179
71. N. Jiang, and J.-S. Taylor In vivo evidence that UV-induced C-T mutations at dipyrimidine sites could result from the replicative bypass of cis-syn cyclobutane dimers or their deamination products Biochemistry 32 1993 472 481
72. D.G. Lemaire, and B.P. Ruzsicska Kinetic analysis of the deamination reactions of cyclobutane dimers of thymidylyl-3′,5′-2′- deoxycytidine and 2′-deoxycytidylyl-3′,5′-thymidine Biochemistry 32 1993 2525 2533
73. W. Peng, and B.R. Shaw Accelerated deamination of cytosine residues in UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers leads to CC to TT transitions Biochemistry 35 1996 10172 10181
74. I. Tessman, S.K. Liu, and M.A. Kennedy Mechanism of SOS mutagenesis of UV-irradiated DNA: mostly error-free processing of deaminated cytosine Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 1992 1159 1163
75. A. Burger, D. Fix, H. Liu, J. Hays, and R. Bockrath In vivo deamination of cytosine-containing cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in E. coli: a feasible part of UV-mutagenesis Mutat. Res. 522 2003 145 156
76. Y. Tu, R. Dammann, and G.P. Pfeifer Sequence and time-dependent deamination of cytosine bases in UVB-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in vivo J. Mol. Biol. 284 1998 297 311
77. R.E. Johnson, C.M. Kondratick, S. Prakash, and L. Prakash hRAD30 mutations in the variant form of xeroderma pigmentosum Science 285 1999 263 265
78. C. Masutani, R. Kusumoto, A. Yamada, N. Dohmae, M. Yokoi, M. Yuasa, M. Araki, S. Iwai, K. Takio, and F. Hanaoka The XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase eta Nature 399 1999 700 704
79. H. Ohmori, E.C. Friedberg, R.P. Fuchs, M.F. Goodman, F. Hanaoka, D. Hinkle, T.A. Kunkel, C.W. Lawrence, Z. Livneh, T. Nohmi, L. Prakash, S. Prakash, T. Todo, G.C. Walker, Z. Wang, and R. Woodgate The Y-family of DNA polymerases Mol. Cell 8 2001 7 8
80. M.F. Goodman Error-prone repair DNA polymerases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Annu. Rev. Biochem. 71 2002 17 50
81. S.L. Yu, R.E. Johnson, S. Prakash, and L. Prakash Requirement of DNA polymerase eta for error-free bypass of UV-induced CC and TC photoproducts Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 2001 185 188
82. R.E. Johnson, M.T. Washington, S. Prakash, and L. Prakash Fidelity of human DNA polymerase eta J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 7447 7450
83. A.R. Lehmann Replication of damaged DNA in mammalian cells: new solutions to an old problem Mutat. Res. 509 2002 23 34
84. C. Masutani, R. Kusumoto, S. Iwai, and F. Hanaoka Mechanisms of accurate translesion synthesis by human DNA polymerase eta EMBO J. 19 2000 3100 3109
85. A. Bresson, and R.P. Fuchs Lesion bypass in yeast cells: Pol eta participates in a multi-DNA polymerase process EMBO J. 21 2002 3881 3887
86. S.G. Kozmin, Y.I. Pavlov, T.A. Kunkel, and E. Sage Roles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerases Poleta and Polzeta in response to irradiation by simulated sunlight Nucleic Acids Res. 31 2003 4541 4552
87. C.W. Lawrence Cellular roles of DNA polymerase zeta and Rev1 protein DNA Repair 1 2002 425 435
88. P.E. Gibbs, W.G. McGregor, V.M. Maher, P. Nisson, and C.W. Lawrence A human homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae REV3 gene, which encodes the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase zeta Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 1998 6876 6880
89. D. Guo, X. Wu, D.K. Rajpal, J.S. Taylor, and Z. Wang Translesion synthesis by yeast DNA polymerase zeta from templates containing lesions of ultraviolet radiation and acetylaminofluorene Nucleic Acids Res. 29 2001 2875 2883
90. R.E. Johnson, M.T. Washington, L. Haracska, S. Prakash, and L. Prakash Eukaryotic polymerases iota and zeta act sequentially to bypass DNA lesions Nature 406 2000 1015 1019
91. A. Tissier, E.G. Frank, J.P. McDonald, S. Iwai, F. Hanaoka, and R. Woodgate Misinsertion and bypass of thymine-thymine dimers by human DNA polymerase iota EMBO J. 19 2000 5259 5266
92. R.E. Johnson, L. Haracska, S. Prakash, and L. Prakash Role of DNA polymerase zeta in the bypass of a (6-4) TT photoproduct Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 2001 3558 3563
93. J.R. Nelson, C.W. Lawrence, and D.C. Hinkle Deoxycytidyl transferase activity of yeast REV1 protein Nature 382 1996 729 731
94. J.R. Nelson, P.E. Gibbs, A.M. Nowicka, D.C. Hinkle, and C.W. Lawrence Evidence for a second function for Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rev1p Mol. Microbiol. 37 2000 549 554
95. W. Lin, H. Xin, Y. Zhang, X. Wu, F. Yuan, and Z. Wang The human REV1 gene codes for a DNA template-dependent dCMP transferase Nucleic Acids Res. 27 1999 4468 4475
96. P.E. Gibbs, X.D. Wang, Z. Li, T.P. McManus, W.G. McGregor, C.W. Lawrence, and V.M. Maher The function of the human homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae REV1 is required for mutagenesis induced by UV light Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 2000 4186 4191
97. D.R. Clark, W. Zacharias, L. Panaitescu, and W.G. McGregor Ribozyme-mediated REV1 inhibition reduces the frequency of UV-induced mutations in the human HPRT gene Nucleic Acids Res. 31 2003 4981 4988
98. L. Servant, C. Cazaux, A. Bieth, S. Iwai, F. Hanaoka, and J.S. Hoffmann A role for DNA polymerase beta in mutagenic UV lesion bypass J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 50046 50053
99. E.A. Drobetsky, J. Turcotte, and A. Chateauneuf A role for ultraviolet A in solar mutagenesis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 1995 2350 2354
100. C. Robert, B. Muel, A. Benoit, L. Dubertret, A. Sarasin, and A. Stary Cell survival and shuttle vector mutagenesis induced by ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B radiation in a human cell line J. Invest. Dermatol. 106 1996 721 728
101. E. Sage, B. Lamolet, E. Brulay, E. Moustacchi, A. Chteauneuf, and E.A. Drobetsky Mutagenic specificity of solar UV light in nucleotide excision repair-deficient rodent cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 1996 176 180
102. A. Stary, C. Robert, and A. Sarasin Deleterious effects of ultraviolet A radiation in human cells Mutat. Res. 383 1997 1 8
103. D. Perdiz, P. Grof, M. Mezzina, O. Nikaido, E. Moustacchi, and E. Sage Distribution and repair of bipyrimidine photoproducts in solar UV-irradiated mammalian cells. Possible role of Dewar photoproducts in solar mutagenesis J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 26732 26742
104. P.E. Hockberger, T.A. Skimina, V.E. Centonze, C. Lavin, S. Chu, S. Dadras, J.K. Reddy, and J.G. White Activation of flavin-containing oxidases underlies light-induced production of H2O2 in mammalian cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 1999 6255 6260
105. C. Pourzand, R.D. Watkin, J.E. Brown, and R.M. Tyrrell Ultraviolet A radiation induces immediate release of iron in human primary skin fibroblasts: the role of ferritin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 1999 6751 6756
106. T. Douki, D. Perdiz, P. Grof, Z. Kuluncsics, E. Moustacchi, J. Cadet, and E. Sage Oxidation of guanine in cellular DNA by solar UV radiation: biological role Photochem. Photobiol. 70 1999 184 190
107. M.S. Cooke, N. Mistry, A. Ladapo, K.E. Herbert, and J. Lunec Immunochemical quantitation of UV-induced oxidative and dimeric DNA damage to human keratinocytes Free Radic. Res. 33 2000 369 381
108. J. Dahle, and E. Kvam Induction of delayed mutations and chromosomal instability in fibroblasts after UVA-, UVB-, and X-radiation Cancer Res. 63 2003 1464 1469
109. J.G. Peak, and M.J. Peak Induction of slowly developing alkali-labile sites in human P3 cell DNA by UVA and blue- and green-light photons: action spectrum Photochem. Photobiol. 61 1995 484 487
110. D.M. DeMarini, M.L. Shelton, and L.F. Stankowski Jr. Mutation spectra in Salmonella of sunlight, white fluorescent light, and light from tanning salon beds: induction of tandem mutations and role of DNA repair Mutat. Res. 327 1995 131 149
111. A. Besaratinia, T.W. Synold, B. Xi, and G.P. Pfeifer G to T transversions and small tandem base deletions are the hallmark of mutations induced by ultraviolet A radiation in mammalian cells Biochemistry 43 2004 8169 8177
112. A. Besaratinia, S.E. Bates, T.W. Synold, and G.P. Pfeifer Similar mutagenicity of photoactivated porphyrins and ultraviolet A radiation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts: involvement of oxidative DNA lesions in mutagenesis Biochemistry 43 2004 15557 15566
113. M. Olivier, R. Eeles, M. Hollstein, M.A. Khan, C.C. Harris, and P. Hainaut The IARC TP53 database: new online mutation analysis and recommendations to users Hum. Mutat. 19 2002 607 614