Anti-fibrosis therapy and diabetic nephropathy

Current Diabetes Reports

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 414-422

  Karihaloo, Anil ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti Fibrosis therapy; Diabetes; Fibrosis; Kidney; Nephropathy

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED PROTEIN C; ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT RECEPTOR; AGENTS AFFECTING CELL DIVISION; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIFIBROTIC AGENT; BARDOXOLONE METHYL; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTOR 1A; CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR; CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR ANTIBODY; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DNA VACCINE; EZETIMIBE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ICOSANOID; LIPOXIN A; LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID RECEPTOR; LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID RECEPTOR 1 ANTAGONIST; MICRORNA; MICRORNA 192; PIRFENIDONE; PLACEBO; RHO KINASE; RHO KINASE INHIBITOR; TELMISARTAN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALBUMINURIA; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE FUNCTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY FIBROSIS; LUNG FIBROSIS; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; MUSCLE SPASM; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT PLANNING; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ALBUMINURIA; ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; FEMALE; FIBROSIS; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; KIDNEY; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; MALE; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84865583371     PISSN: 15344827     EISSN: 15390829     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11892-012-0290-7     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047-53. (Pubitemid 38579764)
2. Soldatos G, Cooper ME. Diabetic nephropathy: Important pathophysiologic mechanisms. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;82 Suppl 1:S75-9.
3. de Boer IH, Rue TC, Cleary PA, Lachin JM, Molitch ME, Steffes MW, et al. Long-term renal outcomes of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: An analysis of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:412-20.
4. Perkins BA, Ficociello LH, Roshan B, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. In patients with type 1 diabetes and new-onset microalbuminuria the development of advanced chronic kidney disease may not require progression to proteinuria. Kidney Int. 2010;77:57-64. The study argues that CKD can exist in the absence of proteinuria.
5. Dwyer JP, Parving HH, Hunsicker LG, Ravid M, Remuzzi G, Lewis JB. Renal dysfunction in the presence of normoalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes: Results from the DEMAND Study. Cardiorenal Med. 2012;2:1-10. Data from the study further supports the idea of CKD in the absence of proteinuria.
6. Orchard TJ, Dorman JS, Maser RE, Becker DJ, Drash AL, Ellis D, et al. Prevalence of complications in IDDM by sex and duration. Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study II. Diabetes. 1990;39:1116-24. (Pubitemid 20263324)
7. Cho ME, Smith DC, Branton MH, Penzak SR, Kopp JB. Pirfenidone slows renal function decline in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:906-13.
8. RamachandraRao SP, Zhu Y, Ravasi T, McGowan TA, Toh I, Dunn SR, et al. Pirfenidone is renoprotective in diabetic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:1765-75.
9. Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin R. Fibrosis and atrophy in the renal allograft: Interim report and new directions. Am J Transplant. 2002;2:203-6. (Pubitemid 36330236)
10. Solez K, Colvin RB, Racusen LC, Sis B, Halloran PF, Birk PE, et al. Banff '05 Meeting Report: Differential diagnosis of chronic allograft injury and elimination of chronic allograft nephropathy ('CAN'). Am J Transplant. 2007;7:518-26. (Pubitemid 46376465)
11. Lin SL, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Duffield JS. Pericytes and perivascular fibroblasts are the primary source of collagenproducing cells in obstructive fibrosis of the kidney. Am J Pathol. 2008;173:1617-27.
12. Bucala R. Circulating fibrocytes: Cellular basis for NSF. J Am Coll Radiol. 2008;5:36-9.
13. Zhong J, Guo D, Chen CB, Wang W, Schuster M, Loibner H, et al. Prevention of angiotensin II-mediated renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Hypertension. 2011;57:314-22.
14. D'Agati V, Schmidt AM. RAGE and the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010;6:352-60. Details the importance of RAGE in CKD.
15. Sebekova K, Klenovicsova K, Ferenczova J, Hedvig J, Podracka L, Heidland A. Advanced oxidation protein products and advanced glycation end products in children and adolescents with chronic renal insufficiency. J Ren Nutr. 2012;22:143-8.
16. Lin J, Tang Y, Kang Q, Chen A. Curcumin eliminates the inhibitory effect of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) on gene expression of AGE receptor-1 in hepatic stellate cells in vitro. Lab Invest. 2012.
17. Wang XX, Jiang T, Levi M. Nuclear hormone receptors in diabetic nephropathy. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010;6:342-51.
18. Seaquist ER, Goetz FC, Rich S, Barbosa J. Familial clustering of diabetic kidney disease. Evidence for genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1161-5. (Pubitemid 19124296)
19. Borch-Johnsen K, Norgaard K, Hommel E, Mathiesen ER, Jensen JS, Deckert T, et al. Is diabetic nephropathy an inherited complication? Kidney Int. 1992;41:719-22.
20. Bhatt K, Mi QS, Dong Z. microRNAs in kidneys: Biogenesis, regulation, and pathophysiological roles. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011;300:F602-10. Good article to learn about micro-RNAs and their significance in the kidney.
21. Putta S, Lanting L, Sun G, Lawson G, Kato M, Natarajan R. Inhibiting microRNA-192 ameliorates renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:458-69.
22. Wang B, Komers R, Carew R, Winbanks CE, Xu B, Herman-Edelstein M, et al. Suppression of microRNA-29 expression by TGF-beta1 promotes collagen expression and renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:252-65.
23. Zhang Z, Luo X, Ding S, Chen J, Chen T, Chen X, et al. MicroRNA-451 regulates p38 MAPK signaling by targeting of Ywhaz and suppresses the mesangial hypertrophy in early diabetic nephropathy. FEBS Lett. 2012;586:20-6.
24. Long J,Wang Y,WangW, Chang BH, Danesh FR. MicroRNA-29c is a signature microRNA under high glucose conditions that targets Sprouty homolog 1, and its in vivo knockdown prevents progression of diabetic nephropathy. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:11837-48.
25. Pickup JC, Crook MA. Is type II diabetes mellitus a disease of the innate immune system? Diabetologia. 1998;41:1241-8. (Pubitemid 28449093)
26. Navarro-Gonzalez JF, Mora-Fernandez C, Muros de Fuentes M, Garcia-Perez J. Inflammatory molecules and pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011;7:327-40.
27. Zandi-Nejad K, Eddy AA, Glassock RJ, Brenner BM. Why is proteinuria an ominous biomarker of progressive kidney disease? Kidney Int Suppl. 2004;S76-89. (Pubitemid 43361438)
28. Abbate M, Zoja C, Remuzzi G. How does proteinuria cause progressive renal damage? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:2974-84. (Pubitemid 44707757)
29. Cortinovis M, Cattaneo D, Perico N, Remuzzi G. Investigational drugs for diabetic nephropathy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008;17:1487-500.
30. Steffes MW, Osterby R, Chavers B, Mauer SM. Mesangial expansion as a central mechanism for loss of kidney function in diabetic patients. Diabetes. 1989;38:1077-81. (Pubitemid 19250390)
31. Lane PH, Steffes MW, Fioretto P, Mauer SM. Renal interstitial expansion in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int. 1993;43:661-7. (Pubitemid 23071950)
32. Fioretto P, Steffes MW, Sutherland DE, Mauer M. Sequential renal biopsies in insulin-dependent diabetic patients: Structural factors associated with clinical progression. Kidney Int. 1995;48:1929-35.
33. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1456-62. (Pubitemid 23335891)
34. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:861-9.
35. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:851-60.
36. Mauer M, Zinman B, Gardiner R, Suissa S, Sinaiko A, Strand T, et al. Renal and retinal effects of enalapril and losartan in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:40-51.
37. Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, Dyal L, Schumacher H, Pogue J, et al. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:547-53.
38. Balakumar P, Bishnoi HK, Mahadevan N. Telmisartan in the management of diabetic nephropathy: A contemporary view. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2012. Good reading about Telmisartan.
39. Rayner HC, Ross-Gilbertson VL, Walls J. The role of lipids in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis in the rat following subtotal nephrectomy. Eur J Clin Invest. 1990;20:97-104. (Pubitemid 20056280)
40. Rovin BH, Tan LC. LDL stimulates mesangial fibronectin production and chemoattractant expression. Kidney Int. 1993;43:218-25. (Pubitemid 23167469)
41. Pai R, Kirschenbaum MA, Kamanna VS. Low-density lipoprotein stimulates the expression of macrophage colonystimulating factor in glomerular mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 1995;48:1254-62.
42. Kamanna VS, Pai R, Roh DD, Kirschenbaum MA. Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein enhances the murine mesangial cell cytokines associated with monocyte migration, differentiation, and proliferation. Lab Invest. 1996;74:1067-79. (Pubitemid 26182419)
43. Coimbra TM, Janssen U, Grone HJ, Ostendorf T, Kunter U, Schmidt H, et al. Early events leading to renal injury in obese Zucker (fatty) rats with type II diabetes. Kidney Int. 2000;57:167-82. (Pubitemid 30227764)
44. Ravid M, Brosh D, Ravid-Safran D, Levy Z, Rachmani R. Main risk factors for nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus are plasma cholesterol levels, mean blood pressure, and hyperglycemia. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:998-1004. (Pubitemid 28213577)
45. Reisin E, Ebenezer PJ, Liao J, Lee BS, Larroque M, Hu X, et al. Effect of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor rosuvastatin on early chronic kidney injury in obese zucker rats fed with an atherogenic diet. Am J Med Sci. 2009;338:301-9.
46. Park JK, Muller DN, Mervaala EM, Dechend R, Fiebeler A, Schmidt F, et al. Cerivastatin prevents angiotensin II-induced renal injury independent of blood pressure-and cholesterol-lowering effects. Kidney Int. 2000;58:1420-30.
47. Sandhu S, Wiebe N, Fried LF, Tonelli M. Statins for improving renal outcomes: A meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:2006-16. (Pubitemid 44036185)
48. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HA, Livingstone SJ, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on kidney outcomes and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: An analysis from the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS). Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54:810-9.
49. El Mesallamy HO, Ahmed HH, Bassyouni AA, Ahmed AS. Clinical significance of inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines in diabetic nephropathy. Clin Biochem. 2012.
50. Nguyen TQ, Tarnow L, Jorsal A, Oliver N, Roestenberg P, Ito Y, et al. Plasma connective tissue growth factor is an independent predictor of end-stage renal disease and mortality in type 1 diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1177-82.
51. Luo GH, Lu YP, Song J, Yang L, Shi YJ, Li YP. Inhibition of connective tissue growth factor by small interfering RNA prevents renal fibrosis in rats undergoing chronic allograft nephropathy. Transplant Proc. 2008;40:2365-9.
52. Adler SG, Schwartz S, Williams ME, Arauz-Pacheco C, Bolton WK, Lee T, et al. Phase 1 study of anti-CTGF monoclonal antibody in patients with diabetes and microalbuminuria. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:1420-8.
53. Pergola PE, Raskin P, Toto RD, Meyer CJ, Huff JW, Grossman EB, et al. Bardoxolone methyl and kidney function in CKD with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:327-36.
54. Pergola PE, Krauth M, Huff JW, Ferguson DA, Ruiz S, Meyer CJ, et al. Effect of bardoxolone methyl on kidney function in patients with T2D and Stage 3b-4 CKD. Am J Nephrol. 2011;33:469-76.
55. Carter NJ. Pirfenidone: In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Drugs. 2011;71:1721-32. Details therapeutic potential of this novel drug in lung fibrosis that could be relevant to renal fibrosis in near future.
56. Schaefer CJ, Ruhrmund DW, Pan L, Seiwert SD, Kossen K. Antifibrotic activities of pirfenidone in animal models. Eur Respir Rev. 2011;20:85-97.
57. Mariappan MM. Signaling mechanisms in the regulation of renal matrix metabolism in diabetes. Exp Diabetes Res. 2012;2012:749812.
58. Lan HY. TGF-beta/Smad signaling in diabetic nephropathy. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2011.
59. Lopez-Hernandez FJ, Lopez-Novoa JM. Role of TGF-beta in chronic kidney disease: An integration of tubular, glomerular and vascular effects. Cell Tissue Res. 2012;347:141-54.
60. Sharma K, Jin Y, Guo J, Ziyadeh FN. Neutralization of TGF-beta by anti-TGF-beta antibody attenuates kidney hypertrophy and the enhanced extracellular matrix gene expression in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Diabetes. 1996;45:522-30.
61. Sharma K, Deelman L, Madesh M, Kurz B, Ciccone E, Siva S, et al. Involvement of transforming growth factor-beta in regulation of calcium transients in diabetic vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003;285:F1258-70. (Pubitemid 37421061)
62. Sharma K, Cook A, Smith M, Valancius C, Inscho EW. TGF-beta impairs renal autoregulation via generation of ROS. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005;288:F1069-77. (Pubitemid 40569772)
63. Kushibiki T, Nagata-Nakajima N, Sugai M, Shimizu A, Tabata Y. Delivery of plasmid DNA expressing small interference RNA for TGF-beta type II receptor by cationized gelatin to prevent interstitial renal fibrosis. J Control Release. 2005;105:318-31. (Pubitemid 40941996)
64. Agarwal R, Siva S, Dunn SR, Sharma K. Add-on angiotensin II receptor blockade lowers urinary transforming growth factor-beta levels. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39:486-92. (Pubitemid 34194624)
65. Murphy M, Docherty NG, Griffin B, Howlin J, McArdle E, McMahon R, et al. IHG-1 amplifies TGF-beta1 signaling and is increased in renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:1672-80.
66. Brennan EP, Morine MJ, Walsh DW, Roxburgh SA, Lindenmeyer MT, Brazil DP, et al. Next-generation sequencing identifies TGFbeta1-associated gene expression profiles in renal epithelial cells reiterated in human diabetic nephropathy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1822:589-99.
67. Anliker B, Chun J. Cell surface receptors in lysophospholipid signaling. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2004;15:457-65. (Pubitemid 38953942)
68. Sasagawa T, Suzuki K, Shiota T, Kondo T, Okita M. The significance of plasma lysophospholipids in patients with renal failure on hemodialysis. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1998;44:809-18. (Pubitemid 29091148)
69. Pradere JP, Klein J, Gres S, Guigne C, Neau E, Valet P, et al. LPA1 receptor activation promotes renal interstitial fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:3110-8. (Pubitemid 350223970)
70. Swaney JS, Chapman C, Correa LD, Stebbins KJ, Bundey RA, Prodanovich PC, et al. A novel, orally active LPA(1) receptor antagonist inhibits lung fibrosis in the mouse bleomycin model. Br J Pharmacol. 2010;160:1699-713.
71. Fukuda M, Nakamura T, Kataoka K, Nako H, Tokutomi Y, Dong YF, et al. Ezetimibe ameliorates cardiovascular complications and hepatic steatosis in obese and type 2 diabetic db/db mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010;335:70-5.
72. Tamura Y, Murayama T, Minami M, Matsubara T, Yokode M, Arai H. Ezetimibe Ameliorates Early Diabetic Nephropathy in db/db Mice. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2012.
73. Xu Y, Wan J, Jiang D, Wu X. BMP-7 counteracts TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. J Nephrol. 2009;22:403-10.
74. Zeisberg M, Hanai J, Sugimoto H, Mammoto T, Charytan D, Strutz F, et al. BMP-7 counteracts TGF-beta1-induced epithelialto-mesenchymal transition and reverses chronic renal injury. Nat Med. 2003;9:964-8. (Pubitemid 36889942)
75. Sugimoto H, LeBleu VS, Bosukonda D, Keck P, Taduri G, Bechtel W, et al. Activin-like kinase 3 is important for kidney regeneration and reversal of fibrosis. Nat Med. 2012;18:396-404. Present data in support of therapeutic potential of small peptide Alk3.
76. Tominaga T, Abe H, Ueda O, Goto C, Nakahara K, Murakami T, et al. Activation of bone morphogenetic protein 4 signaling leads to glomerulosclerosis that mimics diabetic nephropathy. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:20109-16. Present data further supporting the idea of Alk3 as a potential therapeutic target.
77. Wang SN, Lapage J, Hirschberg R. Loss of tubular bone morphogenetic protein-7 in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:2392-9. (Pubitemid 33021116)
78. Borgeson E, Docherty NG, Murphy M, Rodgers K, Ryan A, O'Sullivan TP, et al. Lipoxin A and benzo-lipoxin A attenuate experimental renal fibrosis. FASEB J. 2011;25:2967-79.
79. Flaquer M, Franquesa M, Vidal A, Bolanos N, Torras J, Lloberas N, Herrero-Fresneda I, Grinyo JM, Cruzado JM. Hepatocyte growth factor gene therapy enhances infiltration of macrophages and may induce kidney repair in db/db mice as a model of diabetes. Diabetol. 2012.
80. Komers R. Rho kinase inhibition in diabetic nephropathy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2011;20:77-83.
81. Bach LA. Rho kinase inhibition: A new approach for treating diabetic nephropathy? Diabetes. 2008;57:532-3.
82. Gil-Bernabe P, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Toda M, Boveda Ruiz D, Miyake Y, Suzuki T, et al. Exogenous activated protein C inhibits the progression of diabetic nephropathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10:337-46.
83. Xue M, Dervish S, Harrison LC, Fulcher G, Jackson CJ. Activated protein C inhibits pancreatic islet inflammation, stimulates T regulatory cells and prevents diabetes in NOD mice. J Biol Chem. 2012.
84. Kushiyama T, Oda T, Yamada M, Higashi K, Yamamoto K, Sakurai Y, et al. Alteration in the phenotype of macrophages in the repair of renal interstitial fibrosis in mice. Nephrology (Carlton). 2011;16:522-35.
85. Vernon MA, Mylonas KJ, Hughes J. Macrophages and renal fibrosis. Semin Nephrol. 2010;30:302-17.
86. Ko GJ, Boo CS, Jo SK, Cho WY, Kim HK. Macrophages contribute to the development of renal fibrosis following ischaemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:842-52. (Pubitemid 351767562)
87. Lee S, Huen S, Nishio H, Nishio S, Lee HK, Choi BS, et al. Distinct macrophage phenotypes contribute to kidney injury and repair. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:317-26.
88. Li J, Deane JA, Campanale NV, Bertram JF, Ricardo SD. The contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to the development of renal interstitial fibrosis. Stem Cells. 2007;25:697-706. (Pubitemid 46354229)
89. Peters V, Schmitt CP. Murine models of diabetic nephropathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2012;120:191-3.