Glucose sensing by ChREBP/MondoA-Mlx transcription factors

Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 640-647

  Havula, Essi ^a   Hietakangas, Ville ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

Glucose sensing; Metabolism; Transcription

Indexed keywords

BINDING PROTEIN; CARBOHYDRATE RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; GLUCOSE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MLX; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MONDOA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CANCER CELL; GENE CONTROL; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLYCOLYSIS; HUMAN; LIPOGENESIS; METABOLIC DISORDER; METABOLIC REGULATION; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW;

EID: 84865196738     PISSN: 10849521     EISSN: 10963634     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.02.007     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Mack D.O., Watson J.J., Johnson B.C. Effect of dietary fat and sucrose on the activities of several rat hepatic enzymes and their diurnal response to a meal. J Nutr 1975, 105(6):701-713.
2. Hutchison J.S., Holten D. Quantitation of messenger RNA levels for rat liver 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 1978, 253(1):52-57.
3. Tremp G.L., Boquet D., Ripoche M.A., Cognet M., Lone Y.C., Jami J., et al. Expression of the rat L-type pyruvate kinase gene from its dual erythroid- and liver-specific promoter in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 1989, 264(33):19904-19910.
4. Thompson K.S., Towle H.C. Localization of the carbohydrate response element of the rat L-type pyruvate kinase gene. J Biol Chem 1991, 266(14):8679-8682.
5. Shih H.M., Liu Z., Towle H.C. Two CACGTG motifs with proper spacing dictate the carbohydrate regulation of hepatic gene transcription. J Biol Chem 1995, 270(37):21991-21997.
6. Ma L., Robinson L.N., Towle H.C. ChREBP*Mlx is the principal mediator of glucose-induced gene expression in the liver. J Biol Chem 2006, 281(39):28721-28730.
7. Koo S.H., Towle H.C. Glucose regulation of mouse S(14) gene expression in hepatocytes. Involvement of a novel transcription factor complex. J Biol Chem 2000, 275(7):5200-5207.
8. Yamashita H., Takenoshita M., Sakurai M., Bruick R.K., Henzel W.J., Shillinglaw W., et al. A glucose-responsive transcription factor that regulates carbohydrate metabolism in the liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98(16):9116-9121.
9. Billin A.N., Eilers A.L., Queva C., Ayer D.E. Mlx: a novel Max-like BHLHZip protein that interacts with the Max network of transcription factors. J Biol Chem 1999, 274(51):36344-36350.
10. Meroni G., Cairo S., Merla G., Messali S., Brent R., Ballabio A., et al. Mlx, a new Max-like bHLHZip family member: the center stage of a novel transcription factors regulatory pathway?. Oncogene 2000, 19(29):3266-3277.
11. Billin A.N., Eilers A.L., Coulter K.L., Logan J.S., Ayer D.E. MondoA: a novel basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper transcriptional activator that constitutes a positive branch of a max-like network. Mol Cell Biol 2000, 20(23):8845-8854.
12. de Luis O., Valero M.C., Jurado L.A. WBSCR14, a putative transcription factor gene deleted in Williams-Beuren syndrome: complete characterisation of the human gene and the mouse ortholog. Eur J Hum Genet 2000, 8(3):215-222.
13. Cairo S., Merla G., Urbinati F., Ballabio A., Reymond A. WBSCR14: a gene mapping to the Williams-Beuren syndrome deleted region, is a new member of the Mlx transcription factor network. Hum Mol Genet 2001, 10(6):617-627.
14. Kawaguchi T., Takenoshita M., Kabashima T., Uyeda K. Glucose and cAMP regulate the L-type pyruvate kinase gene by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the carbohydrate response element binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98(24):13710-13715.
15. Davies M.N., O'Callaghan B.L., Towle H.C. Glucose activates ChREBP by increasing its rate of nuclear entry and relieving repression of its transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem 2008, 283(35):24029-24038.
16. Peterson C.W., Stoltzman C.A., Sighinolfi M.P., Han K.S., Ayer D.E. Glucose controls nuclear accumulation: promoter binding, and transcriptional activity of the MondoA-Mlx heterodimer. Mol Cell Biol 2010, 30(12):2887-2895.
17. Sans C.L, Satterwhite D.J., Stoltzman C.A., Breen K.T., Ayer D.E. MondoA-Mlx heterodimers are candidate sensors of cellular energy status: mitochondrial localization and direct regulation of glycolysis. Mol Cell Biol 2006, 26(13):4863-4871.
18. Stoltzman C.A., Peterson C.W., Breen K.T., Muoio D.M., Billin A.N., Ayer D.E. Glucose sensing by MondoA:Mlx complexes: a role for hexokinases and direct regulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008, 105(19):6912-6917.
19. Eilers A.L., Sundwall E., Lin M., Sullivan A.A., Ayer D.E. A novel heterodimerization domain: CRM1, and 14-3-3 control subcellular localization of the MondoA-Mlx heterocomplex. Mol Cell Biol 2002, 22(24):8514-8526.
20. Stoeckman A.K., Ma L., Towle H.C. Mlx is the functional heteromeric partner of the carbohydrate response element-binding protein in glucose regulation of lipogenic enzyme genes. J Biol Chem 2004, 279(15):15662-15669.
21. Ma L., Sham Y.Y., Walters K.J., Towle H.C. A critical role for the loop region of the basic helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper protein Mlx in DNA binding and glucose-regulated transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 2007, 35(1):35-44.
22. Li M.V., Chen W., Harmancey R.N., Nuotio-Antar A.M., Imamura M., Saha P., et al. Glucose-6-phosphate mediates activation of the carbohydrate responsive binding protein (ChREBP). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010, 395(3):395-400.
23. Dentin R., Tomas-Cobos L., Foufelle F., Leopold J., Girard J., Postic C., et al. Glucose 6-phosphate, rather than xylulose 5-phosphate, is required for the activation of ChREBP in response to glucose in the liver. J Hepatol 2012, 56:199-209.
24. Gerbitz K.D., Gempel K., Brdiczka D. Mitochondria and diabetes. Genetic, biochemical, and clinical implications of the cellular energy circuit. Diabetes 1996, 45(2):113-126.
25. Kabashima T., Kawaguchi T., Wadzinski B.E., Uyeda K. Xylulose 5-phosphate mediates glucose-induced lipogenesis by xylulose 5-phosphate-activated protein phosphatase in rat liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100(9):5107-5112.
26. Li M.V., Chang B., Imamura M., Poungvarin N., Chan L. Glucose-dependent transcriptional regulation by an evolutionarily conserved glucose-sensing module. Diabetes 2006, 55(5):1179-1189.
27. Tsatsos N.G., Towle H.C. Glucose activation of ChREBP in hepatocytes occurs via a two-step mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 340(2):449-456.
28. Davies M.N., O'Callaghan B.L., Towle H.C. Activation and repression of glucose-stimulated ChREBP requires the concerted action of multiple domains within the MondoA conserved region. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010, 299(4):E665-E674.
29. Stoltzman C.A., Kaadige M.R., Peterson C.W., Ayer D.E. MondoA senses non-glucose sugars: regulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and the hexose transport curb. J Biol Chem 2011, 286(44):38027-38034.
30. Arden C., Tudhope S.J., Petrie J.L., Al-Oanzi Z.H., Cullen K.S., Lange A.J., et al. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is essential for glucose-regulated gene transcription of glucose 6-phosphatase and other ChREBP target genes in hepatocytes. Biochem J 2012, [Epub ahead of print].
31. Merla G., Howald C., Antonarakis S.E., Reymond A. The subcellular localization of the ChoRE-binding protein: encoded by the Williams-Beuren syndrome critical region gene 14, is regulated by 14-3-3. Hum Mol Genet 2004, 13(14):1505-1514.
32. Fukasawa M., Ge Q., Wynn R.M., Ishii S., Uyeda K. Coordinate regulation/localization of the carbohydrate responsive binding protein (ChREBP) by two nuclear export signal sites: discovery of a new leucine-rich nuclear export signal site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010, 391(2):1166-1169.
33. Ge Q., Nakagawa T., Wynn R.M., Chook Y.M., Miller B.C., Uyeda K. Importin-alpha protein binding to a nuclear localization signal of carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP). J Biol Chem 2011, 286(32):28119-28127.
34. Li M.V., Chen W., Poungvarin N., Imamura M., Chan L. Glucose-mediated transactivation of carbohydrate response element-binding protein requires cooperative actions from Mondo conserved regions and essential trans-acting factor 14-3-3. Mol Endocrinol 2008, 22(7):1658-1672.
35. Sakiyama H., Wynn R.M., Lee W.R., Fukasawa M., Mizuguchi H., Gardner K.H., et al. Regulation of nuclear import/export of carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP): interaction of an alpha-helix of ChREBP with the 14-3-3 proteins and regulation by phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2008, 283(36):24899-24908.
36. Bricambert J., Miranda J., Benhamed F., Girard J., Postic C., Dentin R. Salt-inducible kinase 2 links transcriptional coactivator p300 phosphorylation to the prevention of ChREBP-dependent hepatic steatosis in mice. J Clin Invest 2010, 120(12):4316-4331.
37. Tsatsos N.G., Davies M.N., O'Callaghan B.L., Towle H.C. Identification and function of phosphorylation in the glucose-regulated transcription factor ChREBP. Biochem J 2008, 411(2):261-270.
38. Burke S.J., Collier J.J., Scott D.K. cAMP opposes the glucose-mediated induction of the L-PK gene by preventing the recruitment of a complex containing ChREBP, HNF4alpha, and CBP. FASEB J 2009, 23(9):2855-2865.
39. Denechaud P.D., Bossard P., Lobaccaro J.M., Millatt L., Staels B., Girard J., et al. ChREBP: but not LXRs, is required for the induction of glucose-regulated genes in mouse liver. J Clin Invest 2008, 118(3):956-964.
40. Kawaguchi T., Osatomi K., Yamashita H., Kabashima T., Uyeda K. Mechanism for fatty acid sparing effect on glucose-induced transcription: regulation of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein by AMP-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2002, 277(6):3829-3835.
41. Hanover J.A., Krause M.W., Love D.C. The hexosamine signaling pathway: O-GlcNAc cycling in feast or famine. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010, 1800(2):80-95.
42. Sakiyama H., Fujiwara N., Noguchi T., Eguchi H., Yoshihara D., Uyeda K., et al. The role of O-linked GlcNAc modification on the glucose response of ChREBP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010, 402(4):784-789.
43. Guinez C., Filhoulaud G., Rayah-Benhamed F., Marmier S., Dubuquoy C., Dentin R., et al. O-GlcNAcylation increases ChREBP protein content and transcriptional activity in the liver. Diabetes 2011, 60(5):1399-1413.
44. Du J., Chen Q., Takemori H., Xu H. SIK2 can be activated by deprivation of nutrition and it inhibits expression of lipogenic genes in adipocytes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008, 16(3):531-538.
45. Dentin R., Liu Y., Koo S.H., Hedrick S., Vargas T., Heredia J., et al. Insulin modulates gluconeogenesis by inhibition of the coactivator TORC2. Nature 2007, 449(7160):366-369.
46. Dentin R., Pegorier J.P., Benhamed F., Foufelle F., Ferre P., Fauveau V., et al. Hepatic glucokinase is required for the synergistic action of ChREBP and SREBP-1c on glycolytic and lipogenic gene expression. J Biol Chem 2004, 279(19):20314-20326.
47. Dentin R., Benhamed F., Hainault I., Fauveau V., Foufelle F., Dyck J.R., et al. Liver-specific inhibition of ChREBP improves hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. Diabetes 2006, 55(8):2159-2170.
48. Koo H.Y., Wallig M.A., Chung B.H., Nara T.Y., Cho B.H., Nakamura M.T. Dietary fructose induces a wide range of genes with distinct shift in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in fed and fasted rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008, 1782(5):341-348.
49. Poupeau A., Postic C. Cross-regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism via ChREBP and nuclear receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011, 1812(8):995-1006.
50. He Z., Jiang T., Wang Z., Levi M., Li J. Modulation of carbohydrate response element-binding protein gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and rat adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004, 287(3):E424-E430.
51. Sirek A.S., Liu L., Naples M., Adeli K., Ng D.S., Jin T. Insulin stimulates the expression of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) by attenuating the repressive effect of Pit-1: Oct-1/Oct-2, and Unc-86 homeodomain protein octamer transcription factor-1. Endocrinology 2009, 150(8):3483-3492.
52. Gao N., Le Lay J., Qin W., Doliba N., Schug J., Fox A.J., et al. Foxa1 and Foxa2 maintain the metabolic and secretory features of the mature beta-cell. Mol Endocrinol 2010, 24(8):1594-1604.
53. Cha J.Y., Repa J.J. The liver X receptor (LXR) and hepatic lipogenesis. The carbohydrate-response element-binding protein is a target gene of LXR. J Biol Chem 2007, 282(1):743-751.
54. Hashimoto K., Ishida E., Matsumoto S., Okada S., Yamada M., Satoh T., et al. Carbohydrate response element binding protein gene expression is positively regulated by thyroid hormone. Endocrinology 2009, 150(7):3417-3424.
55. Gauthier K., Billon C., Bissler M., Beylot M., Lobaccaro J.M., Vanacker J.M., et al. Thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRbeta) and liver X receptor (LXR) regulate carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP) expression in a tissue-selective manner. J Biol Chem 2010, 285(36):28156-28163.
56. Kaadige M.R., Looper R.E., Kamalanaadhan S., Ayer D.E. Glutamine-dependent anapleurosis dictates glucose uptake and cell growth by regulating MondoA transcriptional activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009, 106(35):14878-14883.
57. Noordeen N.A., Khera T.K., Sun G., Longbottom E.R., Pullen T.J., da Silva Xavier G., et al. Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a negative regulator of ARNT/HIF-1beta gene expression in pancreatic islet beta-cells. Diabetes 2010, 59(1):153-160.
58. Boergesen M., Poulsen L.C., Schmidt S.F., Frigerio F., Maechler P., Mandrup S. ChREBP mediates glucose repression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha expression in pancreatic beta-cells. J Biol Chem 2011, 286(15):13214-13225.
59. Iizuka K., Bruick R.K., Liang G., Horton J.D., Uyeda K. Deficiency of carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) reduces lipogenesis as well as glycolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101(19):7281-7286.
60. Wang H., Wollheim C.B. ChREBP rather than USF2 regulates glucose stimulation of endogenous L-pyruvate kinase expression in insulin-secreting cells. J Biol Chem 2002, 277(36):32746-32752.
61. da Silva Xavier G., Rutter G.A., Diraison F., Andreolas C., Leclerc I. ChREBP binding to fatty acid synthase and L-type pyruvate kinase genes is stimulated by glucose in pancreatic beta-cells. J Lipid Res 2006, 47(11):2482-2491.
62. Ma L., Tsatsos N.G., Towle H.C. Direct role of ChREBP.Mlx in regulating hepatic glucose-responsive genes. J Biol Chem 2005, 280(12):12019-12027.
63. Ishii S., Iizuka K., Miller B.C., Uyeda K. Carbohydrate response element binding protein directly promotes lipogenic enzyme gene transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101(44):15597-15602.
64. Wang Y., Botolin D., Xu J., Christian B., Mitchell E., Jayaprakasam B., et al. Regulation of hepatic fatty acid elongase and desaturase expression in diabetes and obesity. J Lipid Res 2006, 47(9):2028-2041.
65. Iizuka K., Takeda J., Horikawa Y. Hepatic overexpression of dominant negative Mlx improves metabolic profile in diabetes-prone C57BL/6J mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009, 379(2):499-504.
66. Jeong Y.S, Kim D., Lee Y.S., Kim H.J., Han J.Y., Im S.S., et al. Integrated expression profiling and genome-wide analysis of ChREBP targets reveals the dual role for ChREBP in glucose-regulated gene expression. PLoS One 2011, 6(7):e22544.
67. Shih H.M., Towle H.C. Definition of the carbohydrate response element of the rat S14 gene. Evidence for a common factor required for carbohydrate regulation of hepatic genes. J Biol Chem 1992, 267(19):13222-13228.
68. Tsatsos N.G., Augustin L.B., Anderson G.W., Towle H.C., Mariash C.N. Hepatic expression of the SPOT 14 (S14) paralog S14-related (Mid1 interacting protein) is regulated by dietary carbohydrate. Endocrinology 2008, 149(10):5155-5161.
69. Zhu Q., Anderson G.W., Mucha G.T., Parks E.J., Metkowski J.K., Mariash C.N. The Spot 14 protein is required for de novo lipid synthesis in the lactating mammary gland. Endocrinology 2005, 146(8):3343-3350.
70. Aipoalani D.L., O'Callaghan B.L., Mashek D.G., Mariash C.N., Towle H.C. Overlapping roles of the glucose-responsive genes: S14 and S14R, in hepatic lipogenesis. Endocrinology 2010, 151(5):2071-2077.
71. Kim C.W., Moon Y.A., Park S.W., Cheng D., Kwon H.J., Horton J.D. Induced polymerization of mammalian acetyl-CoA carboxylase by MIG12 provides a tertiary level of regulation of fatty acid synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107(21):9626-9631.
72. Dentin R., Benhamed F., Pegorier J.P., Foufelle F., Viollet B., Vaulont S., et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress glycolytic and lipogenic genes through the inhibition of ChREBP nuclear protein translocation. J Clin Invest 2005, 115(10):2843-2854.
73. Xu J., Christian B., Jump D.B. Regulation of rat hepatic L-pyruvate kinase promoter composition and activity by glucose: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist. J Biol Chem 2006, 281(27):18351-18362.
74. Shaked M., Ketzinel-Gilad M., Cerasi E., Kaiser N., Leibowitz G. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediates nutrient regulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in pancreatic beta-cells. PLoS One 2011, 6(12):pe28804.
75. Burgess S.C., Iizuka K., Jeoung N.H., Harris R.A., Kashiwaya Y., Veech R.L., et al. Carbohydrate-response element-binding protein deletion alters substrate utilization producing an energy-deficient liver. J Biol Chem 2008, 283(3):1670-1678.
76. Iizuka K., Miller B., Uyeda K. Deficiency of carbohydrate-activated transcription factor ChREBP prevents obesity and improves plasma glucose control in leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006, 291(2):E358-E364.
77. Iizuka K., Horikawa Y. ChREBP: a glucose-activated transcription factor involved in the development of metabolic syndrome. Endocr J 2008, 55(4):617-624.
78. Vander Heiden M.G., Cantley L.C., Thompson C.B. Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science 2009, 324(5930):1029-1033.
79. Tong X., Zhao F., Mancuso A., Gruber J.J., Thompson C.B. The glucose-responsive transcription factor ChREBP contributes to glucose-dependent anabolic synthesis and cell proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009, 106(51):21660-21665.
80. Cha-Molstad H., Saxena G., Chen J., Shalev A. Glucose-stimulated expression of Txnip is mediated by carbohydrate response element-binding protein: p300, and histone H4 acetylation in pancreatic beta cells. J Biol Chem 2009, 284(25):16898-16905.
81. Spindel O.N., World C., Berk B.C. Thioredoxin interacting protein: redox dependent and independent regulatory mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012, 16:587-596.
82. Parikh H., Carlsson E., Chutkow W.A., Johansson L.E., Storgaard H., Poulsen P., et al. TXNIP regulates peripheral glucose metabolism in humans. PLoS Med 2007, 4(5):e158.
83. Patwari P., Chutkow W.A., Cummings K., Verstraeten V.L., Lammerding J., Schreiter E.R., et al. Thioredoxin-independent regulation of metabolism by the alpha-arrestin proteins. J Biol Chem 2009, 284(37):24996-25003.
84. Bodnar J.S., Chatterjee A., Castellani L.W., Ross D.A., Ohmen J., Cavalcoli J., et al. Positional cloning of the combined hyperlipidemia gene Hyplip1. Nat Genet 2002, 30(1):110-116.
85. Shalev A., Pise-Masison C.A., Radonovich M., Hoffmann S.C., Hirshberg B., Brady J.N., et al. Oligonucleotide microarray analysis of intact human pancreatic islets: identification of glucose-responsive genes and a highly regulated TGFbeta signaling pathway. Endocrinology 2002, 143(9):3695-3698.
86. Minn A.H., Hafele C., Shalev A. Thioredoxin-interacting protein is stimulated by glucose through a carbohydrate response element and induces beta-cell apoptosis. Endocrinology 2005, 146(5):2397-2405.
87. Pang S.T., Hsieh W.C., Chuang C.K., Chao C.H., Weng W.H., Juang H.H. Thioredoxin-interacting protein: an oxidative stress-related gene is upregulated by glucose in human prostate carcinoma cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2009, 42(3):205-214.
88. Pyper S.R., Viswakarma N., Yu S., Reddy J.K. PPARalpha: energy combustion, hypolipidemia, inflammation and cancer. Nucl Recept Signal 2010, 8:e002.
89. Hellemans K., Kerckhofs K., Hannaert J.C., Martens G., Van Veldhoven P., Pipeleers D. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-retinoid X receptor agonists induce beta-cell protection against palmitate toxicity. FEBS J 2007, 274(23):6094-6105.
90. Roduit R., Morin J., Masse F., Segall L., Roche E., Newgard C.B., et al. Glucose down-regulates the expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha gene in the pancreatic beta-cell. J Biol Chem 2000, 275(46):35799-35806.
91. Guillaumond F., Grechez-Cassiau A., Subramaniam M., Brangolo S., Peteri-Brunback B., Staels B., et al. Kruppel-like factor KLF10 is a link between the circadian clock and metabolism in liver. Mol Cell Biol 2010, 30(12):3059-3070.
92. Iizuka K., Takeda J., Horikawa Y. Kruppel-like factor-10 is directly regulated by carbohydrate response element-binding protein in rat primary hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011, 412(4):638-643.
93. Iizuka K., Horikawa Y. Regulation of lipogenesis via BHLHB2/DEC1 and ChREBP feedback looping. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008, 374(1):95-100.
94. Jiang W.J. Sirtuins: novel targets for metabolic disease in drug development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008, 373(3):341-344.
95. Noriega L.G., Feige J.N., Canto C., Yamamoto H., Yu J., Herman M.A., et al. CREB and ChREBP oppositely regulate SIRT1 expression in response to energy availability. EMBO Rep 2011, 12(10):1069-1076.
96. Koo S.H., Dutcher A.K., Towle H.C. Glucose and insulin function through two distinct transcription factors to stimulate expression of lipogenic enzyme genes in liver. J Biol Chem 2001, 276(12):9437-9445.
97. Ferre P., Foufelle F. Hepatic steatosis: a role for de novo lipogenesis and the transcription factor SREBP-1c. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010, 12(Suppl. 2):83-92.
98. Porstmann T., Santos C.R., Griffiths B., Cully M., Wu M., Leevers S., et al. SREBP activity is regulated by mTORC1 and contributes to Akt-dependent cell growth. Cell Metab 2008, 8(3):224-236.
99. Li S., Brown M.S., Goldstein J.L. Bifurcation of insulin signaling pathway in rat liver: mTORC1 required for stimulation of lipogenesis, but not inhibition of gluconeogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107(8):3441-3446.
100. Yuan X., Ta T.C., Lin M., Evans J.R., Dong Y., Bolotin E., et al. Identification of an endogenous ligand bound to a native orphan nuclear receptor. PLoS One 2009, 4(5):e5609.
101. Adamson A.W., Suchankova G., Rufo C., Nakamura M.T., Teran-Garcia M., Clarke S.D., et al. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha contributes to carbohydrate-induced transcriptional activation of hepatic fatty acid synthase. Biochem J 2006, 399(2):285-295.
102. Eckert D.T., Zhang P., Collier J.J., O'Doherty R.M., Scott D.K. Detailed molecular analysis of the induction of the L-PK gene by glucose. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008, 372(1):131-136.
103. Dentin R., Girard J., Postic C. Carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c): two key regulators of glucose metabolism and lipid synthesis in liver. Biochimie 2005, 87(1):81-86.
104. Collier J.J., Doan T.T., Daniels M.C., Schurr J.R., Kolls J.K., Scott D.K. c-Myc is required for the glucose-mediated induction of metabolic enzyme genes. J Biol Chem 2003, 278(8):6588-6595.
105. Collier J.J., Zhang P., Pedersen K.B., Burke S.J., Haycock J.W., Scott D.K. c-Myc and ChREBP regulate glucose-mediated expression of the L-type pyruvate kinase gene in INS-1-derived 832/13 cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007, 293(1):E48-E56.
106. Zhang P., Metukuri M.R., Bindom S.M., Prochownik E.V., O'Doherty R.M., Scott D.K. c-Myc is required for the CHREBP-dependent activation of glucose-responsive genes. Mol Endocrinol 2010, 24(6):1274-1286.
107. Peterson C.W., Ayer D.E. An extended Myc network contributes to glucose homeostasis in cancer and diabetes. Front Biosci 2011, 17:2206-2223.
108. McFerrin L.G., Atchley W.R. Evolution of the Max and Mlx networks in animals. Genome Biol Evol 2011, 3:915-937.
109. Pickett C.L., Breen K.T., Ayer D.E. A C. elegans Myc-like network cooperates with semaphorin and Wnt signaling pathways to control cell migration. Dev Biol 2007, 310(2):226-239.
110. Peyrefitte S., Kahn D., Haenlin M. New members of the Drosophila Myc transcription factor subfamily revealed by a genome-wide examination for basic helix-loop-helix genes. Mech Dev 2001, 104(1-2):99-104.
111. Zinke I., Schutz C.S., Katzenberger J.D., Bauer M., Pankratz M.J. Nutrient control of gene expression in Drosophila: microarray analysis of starvation and sugar-dependent response. EMBO J 2002, 21(22):6162-6173.
112. Johnston L.A., Prober D.A., Edgar B.A., Eisenman R.N., Gallant P. Drosophila myc regulates cellular growth during development. Cell 1999, 98(6):779-790.
113. Kunte A.S., Matthews K.A., Rawson R.B. Fatty acid auxotrophy in Drosophila larvae lacking SREBP. Cell Metab 2006, 3(6):439-448.
114. Palanker L., Tennessen J.M., Lam G., Thummel C.S. Drosophila HNF4 regulates lipid mobilization and beta-oxidation. Cell Metab 2009, 9(3):228-239.
115. Pober B.R. Williams-Beuren syndrome. N Engl J Med 2010, 362(3):239-252.
116. Kooner J.S., Chambers J.C., Aguilar-Salinas C.A., Hinds D.A., Hyde C.L., Warnes G.R., et al. Genome-wide scan identifies variation in MLXIPL associated with plasma triglycerides. Nat Genet 2008, 40(2):149-151.
117. Kathiresan S., Melander O., Guiducci C., Surti A., Burtt N.P., Rieder M.J., et al. Six new loci associated with blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides in humans. Nat Genet 2008, 40(2):189-197.
118. Willer C.J., Sanna S., Jackson A.U., Scuteri A., Bonnycastle L.L., Clarke R., et al. Newly identified loci that influence lipid concentrations and risk of coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2008, 40(2):161-169.
119. Wang J., Ban M.R., Zou G.Y., Cao H., Lin T., Kennedy B.A., et al. Polygenic determinants of severe hypertriglyceridemia. Hum Mol Genet 2008, 17(18):2894-2899.
120. Chambers J.C., Zhang W., Sehmi J., Li X., Wass M.N., Van der Harst P., et al. Genome-wide association study identifies loci influencing concentrations of liver enzymes in plasma. Nat Genet 2011, 43(11):1131-1138.
121. Pan L.A., Chen Y.C., Huang H., Zhang L., Liu R., Li X., et al. G771C polymorphism in the MLXIPL gene is associated with a risk of coronary artery disease in the Chinese: a case-control study. Cardiology 2009, 114(3):174-178.