Development of a rational nomenclature for naming peptide and protein toxins from sea anemones

Toxicon

Volumn 60, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 539-550

  Oliveira, Joacir Stolarz ^a   Fuentes Silva, Deyanira ^a   King, Glenn F ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO OESTE DO PARÁ   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cnidaria; Nomenclature; Peptide toxin; Protein toxin; Sea anemone

Indexed keywords

ACRORHAGIN; CYTOLYSIN; DNA; EQUINATOXIN; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; SEA ANEMONE TOXIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; DNA SEQUENCE; GENETIC DATABASE; NOMENCLATURE; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; TOXICOLOGY; TOXIN ANALYSIS;

ANIMALS; CNIDARIAN VENOMS; DATABASES, NUCLEIC ACID; PEPTIDES; PHYLOGENY; PROTEINS; SEA ANEMONES; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC;

ACTINIARIA; ANEMONE; CNIDARIA;

EID: 84863780530     PISSN: 00410101     EISSN: 18793150     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.05.020     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Anderluh G., Krizaj I., Strukelj B., Gubensek F., Macek P., Pungercar J. Equinatoxins, pore-forming proteins from the sea anemone Actinia equina, belong to a multigene family. Toxicon 1999, 37:1391-1401.
2. Anderluh G., Macek P. Cytolytic peptide and protein toxins from sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Toxicon 2002, 40:111-124.
3. Anderluh G., Pungercar J., Strukelj B., Macek P., Gubensek F. Cloning, sequencing and expression of equinatoxin II. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1996, 220:437-442.
4. Andreev Y.A., Kozlov S.A., Koshelev S.G., Ivanova E.A., Monastyrnaya M.M., Kozlovskaya E.P., Grishin E.V. Analgesic compound from sea anemone Heteractis crispa is the first polypeptide inhibitor of vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1). J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:23914-23921.
5. Antuch W., Berndt K.D., Chavez M.A., Delfin J., Wuthrich K. The NMR solution structure of a Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. Eur. J. Biochem. 1993, 212:675-684.
6. Bellomio A., Morante K., Barlic A., Gutiérrez-Aguirre I., Viguera A.R., González-Mañas J.M. Purification, cloning and characterization of fragaceatoxin C, a novel actinoporin from the sea anemone Actinia fragacea. Toxicon 2009, 54:869-880.
7. Béress L., Béress R., Wunderer G. Isolation and characterization of three polypeptides with neuroactivity from Anemonia sulcata. FEBS Lett. 1975, 50:311-314.
8. Béress L., Béress R. Purification of three polypeptides with neuro- and cardiotoxic activity from the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata. Toxicon 1975, 13:359-367.
9. 2βγδ nicotinic receptors, lacks the classical high affinity for neuronal α7 nicotinic receptors. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2011, 81:314-325.
10. + channels. Toxicon 2007, 49:550-560.
11. Bruhn T., Schaller C., Schulze C., Sanchez-Rodriguez J., Dannmeier C., Ravens U., Heubach J.F., Eckhardt K., Schmidtmayer J., Schmidt H., Aneiros A., Wachter E., Béress L. Isolation and characterisation of five neurotoxic and cardiotoxic polypeptides from the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. Toxicon 2001, 39:693-702.
12. Cabang A.B., Imperial J.S., Gajewiak J., Watkins M., Corneli P.S., Olivera B.M., Concepcion G.P. Characterization of a venom peptide from a crassispirid gastropod. Toxicon 2011, 58:672-680.
13. Cariello L., de Sanctis A., Fiore F., Piccoli R., Spagnuolo A., Zanetti L., Parente A. Calitoxin, a neurotoxic peptide from the sea anemone Calliactis parasítica: amino acid sequence and electrophysiological properties. Biochemistry 1989, 28:2484-2489.
14. Cunha R.B., Santana A.N.C., Amaral P.C., Carvalho M.D., Carvalho D.M., Cavalheiro E.A., Maigret B., Ricart C.A.O., Cardi B.A., Sousa M.V., Carvalho K.M. Primary structure, behavioral and electroencephalographic effects of an epileptogenic peptide from the sea anemone Bunodosoma cangicum. Toxicon 2005, 45:207-217.
15. Delfin J., Martinez I., Antuch W., Morera V., Gonzalez Y., Rodriguez R., Marquez M., Saroyan A., Larionova N., Diaz J., Padron G., Chavez M. Purification, characterization and immobilization of proteinase inhibitors from Stichodactyla helianthus. Toxicon 1996, 34:1367-1376.
16. Dias-Kadambi B.L., Drum C.L., Hanck D.A., Blumenthal K.M. Leucine 18, a hydrophobic residue essential for high affinity binding of anthopleurin B to the voltage-sensitive sodium channel. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:9422-9428.
17. Diaz J., Morera V., Delfin J., Huerta V., Lima G., Rodriguex de La Vega M., Garcia B., Padron G., Assfalg-Machleidt I., Machleidt W., Chavez M. Purification and partial characterization of a novel proteinase inhibitor from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. Toxicon 1998, 36:1275-1276.
18. Diochot S., Baron A., Rash L.D., Deval E., Escoubas P., Scarzello S., Salinas M., Lazdunski M. A new sea anemone peptide, APETx2, inhibits ASIC3, a major acid sensitive channel in sensory neurons. Eur. Mol. Biol. Org. J. 2004, 23:1516-1525.
19. Diochot S., Loret E., Bruhn T., Béress L., Lazdunski M. APETx1, a new toxin from sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima, blocks voltage-gated human ether-à-go-go-related potassium channels. Mol. Pharm. 2003, 64:59-69.
20. Diochot S., Schweitz H., Béress L., Lazdunski M. Sea anemone peptides with a specific blocking activity against fast inactivating potassium channel Kv3.4. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273:6744-6749.
21. Goudet C., Ferrer T., Galan L., Artiles A., Batista C.F., Possani L.D., Alvarez J., Aneiros A., Tytgat J. Characterization of two Bunodosoma granulifera toxins active on cardiac sodium channels. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2001, 134:1195-1206.
22. Henikoff S., Henikoff J.G. Amino acid Substitution Matrices from protein blocks. PNAS 1992, 89:10915-10919.
23. Honma T., Iso T., Ishida M., Nagashima Y., Shiomi K. Occurrence of type 3 sodium channel peptide toxins in two species of sea anemones (Dofleinia armata and Entacmaea ramsayi). Toxicon 2003, 41:637-639.
24. Honma T., Kawahata S., Ishida M., Nagai H., Nagashima Y., Shiomi K. Novel peptide toxins from the sea anemone Stichodactyla haddoni. Peptides 2008, 29:536-544.
25. Honma T., Minagawa S., Nagai H., Ishida M., Nagashima Y., Shiomi K. Novel peptide toxins from acrorhagi, aggressive organs of the sea anemone Actinia equina. Toxicon 2005, 46:768-774.
26. Il'ina A.P., Monastyrnaya M.M., Issaeva M.P., Guzev K.V., Rasskasov V.A., Kozlovskaya E.P. Primary structure of actinoporins from the sea anemone Oulactis orientalis. Bioorg. Chem. 2005, 31:357-362. (Russian).
27. Il'ina A.P., Monastyrnaya M.M., Sokotun I.W., Egorov Z.A., Nasarenko Ju.A., Likhatskaya G.N., Kozlovskaya E.P. Actinoporins from the sea anemone Oulactis orientalis of Japan Sea: isolation and some purification. Bioorg. Chem. 2005, 31:39-48. (Russian).
28. Il'ina A., Lipkin A., Barsova E., Issaeva M., Leychenko E., Guzev K., Monastyrnaya M., Lukyanov S., Kozlovskaya E. Amino acid sequence of RTX-A's isoform actinoporin from the sea anemone, Radianthus macrodactylus. Toxicon 2006, 47:517-520.
29. Ishida M., Minagawa S., Miyauchi K., Shimakura K., Nagashima Y., Shiomi K. Amino acid sequences of Kunitz-type protease inhibitors from the sea anemone Actinia equina. Fish. Sci. 1997, 63:794-798.
30. Kelso G.J., Blumenthal K.M. Identification and characterization of novel sodium channel toxins from the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica. Toxicon 1998, 36:41-51.
31. King G.F., Gentz M.C., Escoubas P., Nicholson G.M. A rational nomenclature for naming peptide toxins from spiders and other venomous animals. Toxicon 2008, 52:264-276.
32. King T.P., Hoffman D., Lowenstein H., Marsh D.G., Platts-Mills T.A., Thomas W.R. Allergen nomenclature. Bull. World Health Organ. 1994, 72:797-800.
33. Klyshko E.V., Issaeva M.P., Monastyrnaya M.M., Il'yna A.P., Guzev K.V., Vakorina T.I., Dmitrenok P.S., Zykova T.A., Kozlovskaya E.P. Isolation, properties and partial amino acid sequence of a new actinoporin from the sea anemone Radianthus macrodactylus. Toxicon 2004, 44:315-324.
34. Kozlov S., Grishin E. The mining of toxin-like polypeptides from EST database by single residue distribution analysis. BMC Genomics 2011, 12:88-99.
35. Kozlov S., Grishin E. Convenient nomenclature of cysteine-rich polypeptide toxins from sea anemones. Peptides 2011, 33:240-244.
36. Lanio M.E., Morera V., Alvarez C., Tejuca M., Gomez T., Pazos F., Besada V., Martinez D., Huerta V., Padron G., Chavez M.A. Purification and characterization of two hemolysins from Stichodactyla helianthus. Toxicon 2001, 39:187-194.
37. Larkin M.A., Blackshields G., Brown N.P., Chenna R., McGettigan P.A., McWilliam H., Valentin F., Wallace I.M., Wilm A., Lopez R., Thompson J.D., Gibson T.J., Higgins D.G. Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 2007, 23:2947-2948.
38. Lin X.Y., Ishida M., Nagashima Y., Shiomi K. A polypeptide toxin in the sea anemone Actinia equina homologous with other sea anemone sodium channel toxins: isolation and amino acid sequence. Toxicon 1996, 34:57-65.
39. Loret E.P., Del Valle R.M., Mansuelle P., Sampieri F., Rochat H. Positively charged amino acid residues located similarly in sea anemone and scorpion toxins. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:16785-16788.
40. Maeda M., Honma T., Shiomi K. Isolation and cDNA cloning of type 2 sodium channel peptide toxins from three species of sea anemones (Cryptodendrum adhaesivum, Heterodactyla hemprichii and Thalassianthus aster) belonging to the family Thalassianthidae. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. - Part B 2010, 157:389-393.
41. Marsh D.G., Goodfriend L., King T.P., Lowenstein H., Platts-Mills T.A. Allergen nomenclature. Bull. World Health Organ. 1986, 64:767-774.
42. Martinez G., Kopeyan C. Toxin III from Anemonia sulcata: primary structure. FEBS Lett. 1977, 84:247-252.
43. Meier J., Stocker K. Towards a nomenclature system of animal, plant and microbial toxins. Toxicon 1992, 30:681-684.
44. Metrione R.M., Schweitz H., Walsh K.A. The amino acid sequence of toxin RpIII from the sea anemone, Radianthus paumotensis. FEBS Lett. 1987, 218:59-62.
45. Minagawa S., Ishida M., Shimakura K., Nagashima Y., Shiomi K. Amino acid sequence and biological activities of another Kunitz-type protease inhibitor from the sea anemone Anthopleura aff. xanthogrammica. Fish. Sci. 1998, 64:381-386.
46. Minagawa S., Ishida M., Nagashima Y., Shiomi K. Primary structure of a potassium channel toxin from the sea anemone Actinia equina. FEBS Lett. 1998, 427:149-151.
47. Minagawa S., Ishida M., Shimakura K., Nagashima Y., Shiomi K. Isolation and amino acid sequences of two Kunitz-type protease inhibitors from the sea anemone Anthopleura aff. xanthogrammica. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. - Part B 1997, 118:381-386.
48. Minagawa S., Sugiyama M., Ishida M., Nagashima Y., Shiomi K. Kunitz-type protease inhibitors from acrorhagi of three species of sea anemones. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. - Part B 2008, 150:240-245.
49. Monastyrnaia M.M., Zykova T.A., Kozlovskaia E.P. Isolation and characteristics of high molecular weight cytolysins from the sea anemone Radianthus macrodactylus. Bioorg. Khim. 1999, 25:733-741. (Russian).
50. Monastyrnaya M., Leychenko E., Isaeva M., Likhatskaya G., Zelepuga E., Kostina E., Trifonov E., Nurminski E., Kozlovskaya E. Actinoporins from the sea anemones, tropical Radianthus macrodactylus and northern Oulactis orientalis: comparative analysis of structure-function relationships. Toxicon 2010, 56:1299-1314.
51. Moran Y., Gordon D., Gurevitz M. Sea anemone toxins affecting voltage-gated sodium channels-molecular and evolutionary features. Toxicon 2009, 54:1089-1101.
52. Moran Y., Kahn R., Cohen L., Gur M., Karbat I., Gordon D., Gurevitz M. Molecular analysis of the sea anemone toxin Av3 reveals selectivity to insects and demonstrates the heterogeneity of receptor site-3 on voltage-gated Na-channels. Biochem. J. 2007, 406:41-48.
53. Moran Y., Weinberger H., Reitzel A.M., Sullivan J.C., Kahn R., Gordon D., Finnerty J.R., Gurevitz M. Intron retention as a posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism of neurotoxin expression at early life stages of the starlet anemone Nematostella vectensis. J. Mol. Biol. 2008, 380:437-443.
54. Moran Y., Weinberger H., Sullivan J.C., Reitzel A.M., Finnerty J.R., Gurevitz M. Concerted Evolution of sea anemone neurotoxin genes is revealed through analysis of the Nematostella vectensis genome. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2008, 25:737-747.
55. Morgenstern D., Rohde B.H., King G.F., Tal T., Sher D., Zlotkin E. The tale of a resting gland: transcriptome of a replete venom gland from the scorpion Hottentotta judaicus. Toxicon 2011, 57:695-703.
56. Nagai H., Oshiro N., Tarukawa-Kuroda K., Iwanaga S., Nozaki M., Nakajima T. Novel proteinaceous toxins from the nematocyst venom of the Okinawan sea anemone Phyllodiscus semoni Kwietniewski. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002, 294:760-763.
57. Needleman S.B., Wunsch C.D. A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 1970, 48:443-453.
58. Norton R.S. Structures of sea anemone toxins. Toxicon 2009, 54:1075-1088.
59. Norton T., Ohizumi Y., Shibata S. Excitatory effect of a new polypeptide (Anthopleurin B) from sea anemone on the guinea-pig vas deferens. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1981, 74:23-28.
60. Norton T.R. Cardiotonic polypeptides from Anthopleura xanthogrammica (Brandt) and A. elegantissima (Brandt). Fed. Proc. 1981, 40:21-25.
61. Norton T.R., Kashiwagi M., Shibata S. Anthopleurin A, B and C cardiotonic polypeptides from the sea anemones, Anthopleura xanthogrammica (Brandt) and A. elegantissima (Brandt). Drugs and Food from the Sea, Myth or Reality? 1978, 37-50. The University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma. P.N. Kaul, C.J. Sindermann (Eds.).
62. Norton T.R., Shibata S., Kashiwagi M., Bentley J. The isolation and characterization of cardiotonic polypeptide anthopleurin-A from the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica. J. Pharm. Sci. 1976, 65:1368-1374.
63. Oliveira J.S., Fuentes-Silva D., Zaharenko A. Sea Anemone Peptides. Biological activities, structure-function relationships and phylogenetic aspects. Animal Toxins: State of the Art. Perspectives in Health and Biotechnology 2009, 49-71. Editora UFMG, Belo Horizonte. M.E. De Lima, A.M.C. Pimenta, M.F.M. Eauclaire, R. Zingali, H. Rochat (Eds.).
64. Oliveira J.S., Readelli E., Zaharenko A.J., Cassulini R.R., Konno K., Pimenta D.C., Freitas J.C., Clare J.J., Wanke E. Binding specificity of sea anemone toxins to Nav 1.1-1.6 sodium channels: unexpected contributions from changes in the IV/S3-S4 outer loop. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:33323-33335.
65. + channel toxin BcIII. Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Proteins and Proteomics 2006, 1764:1592-1600.
66. Pungercar J., Anderluh G., Macek P., Franc G., Strukelj B. Sequence analysis of the cDNA encoding the precursor of equinatoxin V, a newly discovered hemolysin from the sea anemone Actinia equina. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1997, 1341:105-107.
67. Razpotnik A., Krizaj I., Sribar J., Kordis D., Macek P., Frangez R., Kem W.R., Turk T. A new phospholipase A2 isolated from the sea anemone Urticina crassicornis - its primary structure and phylogenetic classification. FEBS J. 2010, 277:2641-2653.
68. Reimer N.S., Yasunobu C.L., Yasunobu K.T., Norton T.R. Amino acid sequence of the Anthopleura xanthogrammica heart stimulant, anthopleurin-B. J. Biol. Chem. 1985, 260:8690-8693.
69. Richier S., Rodriguez-Lanetty M., Schnitzler C.E., Weis V.M. Response of the symbiotic cnidarian Anthopleura elegantissima transcriptome to temperature and UV increase. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. - Part D 2008, 3:283-289.
70. Rodríguez A.A., Cassoli J.S., Sa F., Dong Z.Q., Freitas J.C., Pimenta A.M.C., De Lima M.E., Konno K., Lee S.M.Y., Garateix A., Zaharenko A.J. Peptide fingerprinting of the neurotoxic fractions isolated from the secretions of sea anemones Stichodactyla helianthus and Bunodosoma granulifera. New members of the APETx-like family identified by a 454 pyrosequencing approach. Peptides 2012, 34:26-38.
71. Romero L., Marcussi S., Marchi-Salvador D.P., Silva F.P., Fuly A.L., Stábeli R.G., da Silva S.L., González J., Monte A.D., Soares A.M. Enzymatic and structural characterization of a basic phospholipase A(2) from the sea anemone Condylactis gigantea. Biochimie 2010, 92:1063-1071.
72. Sabourault C., Ganot P., Deleury E., Allemand D., Furla P. Comprehensive EST analysis of the symbiotic sea anemone, Anemonia viridis. BMC Genomics 2009, 10:333-344.
73. Samejima Y., Yanagisawa M., Aoki-Tomomatsu Y., Iwasaki E., Ando J., Mebs D. Amino acid sequence studies on cytolytic toxins from sea anemone Heteractis magnifica, Entacmaea quadricolor and Stichodactyla mertensii (Anthozoa). Toxicon 2000, 38:259-264.
74. Scheffler J.J., Tsugita A., Linden G., Schweitz H., Lazdunski M. The amino acid sequence of toxin V from Anemonia sulcata. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1982, 107:272-278.
75. + channels. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:25121-25126.
76. Schweitz H., Bidard J.N., Frelin C., Pauron D., Vijverberg H.P., Mahasneh D.M., Lazdunski M., Vilbois F., Tsugita A. Purification, sequence, and pharmacological properties of sea anemone toxins from Radianthus paumotensis. A new class of sea anemone toxins acting on the sodium channel. Biochemistry 1985, 24:3554-3561.
77. Shiomi K., Qian W.H., Lin X.Y., Shimakura K., Nagashima Y., Ishida M. Novel polypeptide toxins with crab lethality from the sea anemone Anemonia erythraea. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1997, 1335:191-198.
78. Smith J.J., Hill J.M., Little M.J., Nicholson G.M., King G.F., Alewood P.F. Unique scorpion toxin with a putative ancestral fold provides insight into evolution of the inhibitor cystine knot motif. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108:10478-10483.
79. Spagnuolo A., Zanetti L., Cariello L., Piccoli R. Isolation and characterization of two genes encoding calitoxins, neurotoxic peptides from Calliactis parasitica (Cnidaria). Gene 1994, 138:187-191.
80. Sunahara S., Muramoto K., Tenma K., Kamiya H. Amino acid sequence of two sea anemone toxins from Anthopleura fuscoviridis. Toxicon 1987, 25:211-219.
81. Talvinen K.A., Nevalainen T.J. Cloning of a novel phospholipase A2 from the cnidarian Adamsia carciniopados. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. - Part B 2002, 132:571-578.
82. Tanaka M., Haniu M., Yasunobu K.T., Norton T.R. Amino acid sequence of the Anthopleura xanthogrammica heart stimulant, Anthopleurin-A. Biochem 1977, 16:204-208.
83. Terlau H., Olivera B.M. Conus venoms: a rich source of novel ion channel-targeted peptides. Physiol. Rev. 2004, 84:41-68.
84. Tschesche H., Kolkenbrock H., Bode W. The covalent structure of the elastase inhibitor from Anemonia sulcata - a 'non-classical' Kazal-type protein. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 1987, 368:1297-1304.
85. Tytgat J., Chandy K.G., Garcia M.L., Gutman G.A., Martin-Eauclaire M.F., van der Walt J.J., Possani L.D. A unified nomenclature for short-chain peptides isolated from scorpion venoms: alpha-KTx molecular subfamilies. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1999, 20:444-447.
86. Uechi G., Toma H., Arakawa T., Sato Y. Biochemical and physiological analyses of a hemolytic toxin isolated from a sea anemone Actineria villosa. Toxicon 2005, 45:761-766.
87. Uechi G., Toma H., Arakawa T., Sato Y. Molecular characterization on the genome structure of hemolysin toxin isoforms isolated from sea anemone Actineria villosa and Phyllodiscus semoni. Toxicon 2010, 56:1470-1476.
88. Wang L., Ou J., Peng L., Zhong X., Du J., Liu Y., Huang Y., Liu W., Zhang Y., Dong M., Xu A.-L. Functional expression and characterization of four novel neurotoxins from sea anemone Anthopleura sp. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 313:163-170.
89. Wang Y., Chua K.L., Khoo H.E. A new cytolysin from the sea anemone, Heteractis magnifica: isolation, cDNA cloning and functional expression. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2000, 1478:9-18.
90. Wanke E., Zaharenko A.J., Redaelli E., Schiavon E. Actions of sea anemone type 1 neurotoxins on voltage-gated sodium channel isoforms. Toxicon 2009, 54:1102-1111.
91. Wunderer G., Eulitz M. Amino-acid sequence of toxin I from Anemonia sulcata. Eur. J. Biochem. 1978, 89:11-17.
92. Wunderer G., Machleidt W., Fritz H. The broad-specificity proteinase inhibitor 5 II from the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata. Methods Enzymol. 1981, 80:816-820.
93. Wunderer G., Machleidt W., Wachter E. Toxin II from Anemonia sulcata - the first sequence of a coelenterate toxin. Hoppe-Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem. 1976, 357:239-240.
94. Yamaguchi Y., Hasegawa Y., Honma T., Nagashima Y., Shiomi K. Screening and cDNA cloning of Kv1 potassium channel toxins in sea anemones. Mar. Drugs 2010, 8:2893-2905.
95. Yamaji N., Little M.J., Nishio H., Billen B., Villegas E., Nishiuchi Y., Tytgat J., Nicholson G.J., Corzo G. Synthesis, solution structure, and phylum selectivity of a spider δ-toxin that slows inactivation of specific voltage-gated sodium channel subtypes. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:24568-24582.
96. Yeung S.Y.M., Thompson D., Wang Z., Fedida D., Robertson B. Modulation of Kv3 subfamily potassium currents by the sea anemone toxin BDS: significance for CNS and Biophysical studies. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:8735-8745.
97. Zaharenko A.J., Ferreira W.A., Oliveira J.S., Konno K., Richardson M., Schiavon E., Wanke E., Freitas J.C. Revisiting cangitoxin, a sea anemone peptide: purification and characterization of cangitoxins II and III from the venom of Bunodosoma cangicum. Toxicon 2008, 51:1303-1307.
98. Zaharenko A.J., Ferreira W.A., Oliveira J.S., Richardson M., Pimenta D.C., Konno K., Portaro F.C.V., Freitas J.C. Proteomics of the neurotoxic fraction from the sea anemone Bunodosoma cangicum venom: novel peptides belonging to new classes of toxins. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. - Part D 2008, 3:219-225.
99. Zaharenko A.J., Schiavon E., Ferreira W.A., Lecchi M., Freitas J.C., Richardson M., Wanke E. Characterization of selectivity and pharmacophores of type 1 sea anemone toxins by screening seven Na(v) sodium channel isoforms. Peptides 2012, 34:158-167.
100. Zhang M., Liu X.S., Diochot S., Lazdunski M., Tseng G.N. APETx1 from sea Anthopleura elegantissima is a gating modifier peptide toxin of the human ether-a-go-go-related (hERG) potassium channel. Mol. Pharmacol. 2007, 72:259-268.
101. Zykova T.A., Kozlovskaia E.P. Amino acid sequence of a neurotoxin from the anemone Radianthus macrodactylus. Bioorg. Khim. 1989, 15:1301-1306. (Russian).
102. Zykova T.A., Kozlovskaia E.P., Eliakov G.B. Amino acid sequence of neurotoxin II from the sea anemone Radianthus macrodactylus. Bioorg. Khim. 1988, 14:878-882. (Russian).
103. Zykova T.A., Kozlovskaia E.P., Eliakov G.B. Amino acid sequence of neurotoxins IV and V from the sea anemone Radianthus macrodactylus. Bioorg. Khim. 1988, 14:1489-1494. (Russian).
104. Zykova T.A., Vinokurov L.M., Kozlovskaya E.P., Elyakov G.B. Amino-acid sequence of neurotoxin III from the sea anemone Radianthus macrodactylus. Bioorg. Khim. 1985, 11:302-310. (Russian).
105. Zykova T.A., Vinokurov L.M., Markova L.F., Kozlovskaya E.P., Elyakov G.B. Amino-acid sequence of trypsin inhibitor IV from Radianthus macrodactylus. Bioorg. Khim. 1985, 11:293-301. (Russian).