Application of metagenomic techniques in mining enzymes from microbial communities for biofuel synthesis

Biotechnology Advances

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 920-929

  Xing, Mei Ning ^a   Zhang, Xue Zhu ^b   Huang, He ^a  

^a TIANJIN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b FIRST TEACHING HOSPITAL OF TIANJIN UNIVERSITY OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE   (China)

Author keywords

Biofuel synthesis; Biomass; Critical enzymes; Genetic modification; Metagenomic sequencing

Indexed keywords

BIO-MASS ENERGY; BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK; CHITINASES; FOOD PRODUCTION; GENETIC MODIFICATIONS; LACCASES; LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIAL; LIPOLYTIC; METAGENOMIC SEQUENCING; MICROBIAL CATALYSIS; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; PRE-TREATMENT; RESEARCH PROGRESS; XYLANASES;

BIOMASS; ENZYMES; FEEDSTOCKS; GENES; GENETIC ENGINEERING; MICROORGANISMS;

BIOFUELS;

BIOFUEL; ENZYME;

BIOFUEL; BIOMASS POWER; CATALYSIS; CELLULOSE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FOOD PRODUCTION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GENOMICS; LIGNIN; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY;

BACTERIAL GENOME; BACTERIUM; BIOMASS; ENZYMOLOGY; GENE LIBRARY; GENETIC DATABASE; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GENETICS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; METAGENOMICS; METHODOLOGY; MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM; MICROBIOLOGY; REVIEW;

BACTERIA; BIOFUELS; BIOMASS; DATABASES, GENETIC; ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMES; GENE LIBRARY; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GENOME, BACTERIAL; METAGENOMICS; MICROBIAL CONSORTIA;

EID: 84862822276     PISSN: 07349750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.021     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Alvira P., Tomas-Pejo E., Ballesteros M., Negro M.J. Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: a review. Bioresour Technol 2010, 101:4851-4861.
2. Barnard D., Casanueva A., Tuffin M., Cowan D. Extremophiles in biofuel synthesis. Environ Technol 2010, 31:871-888.
3. Bayer S., Kunert A., Ballschmiter M., Greiner-Stoeffele T. Indication for a new lipolytic enzyme family: isolation and characterization of two esterases from a metagenomic library. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2010, 18:181-187.
4. Beja O. To BAC or not to BAC: marine ecogenomics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2004, 15:187-190.
5. Beloqui A., Pita M., Polaina J., Martinez-Arias A., Golyshina O.V., Zumarraga M., et al. Novel polyphenol oxidase mined from a metagenome expression library of bovine rumen: biochemical properties, structural analysis, and phylogenetic relationships. J Biol Chem 2006, 281:22933-22942.
6. Beloqui A., Nechitaylo T.Y., Lopez-Cortes N., Ghazi A., Guazzaroni M.E., Polaina J., et al. Diversity of glycosyl hydrolases from cellulose-depleting communities enriched from casts of two earthworm species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010, 76:5934-5946.
7. Bey B.S., Fichot E.B., Dayama G., Decho A.W., Norman R.S. Extraction of high molecular weight DNA from microbial mats. Biotechniques 2010, 49:631-640.
8. Brennan Y., Callen W.N., Christoffersen L., Dupree P., Goubet F., Healey S., et al. Unusual microbial xylanases from insect guts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004, 70:3609-3617.
9. Briggs A.W., Stenzel U., Johnson P.L., Green R.E., Kelso J., Prufer K., et al. Patterns of damage in genomic DNA sequences from a Neandertal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:14616-14621.
10. Bunterngsook B., Kanokratana P., Thongaram T., Tanapongpipat S., Uengwetwanit T., Rachdawong S., et al. Identification and characterization of lipolytic enzymes from a peat-swamp forest soil metagenome. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2010, 74:1848-1854.
11. Byun J.S., Rhee J.K., Kim D.U., Oh J.W., Cho H.S. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of EstE1, a new and thermostable esterase cloned from a metagenomic library. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006, 62:145-147.
12. Chen I.C., Lin W.D., Hsu S.K., Thiruvengadam V., Hsu W.H. Isolation and characterization of a novel lysine racemase from a soil metagenomic library. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009, 75:5161-5166.
13. Courtois S., Cappellano C.M., Ball M., Francou F.X., Normand P., Helynck G., et al. Recombinant environmental libraries provide access to microbial diversity for drug discovery from natural products. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003, 69:49-55.
14. Cox-Foster D.L., Conlan S., Holmes E.C., Palacios G., Evans J.D., Moran N.A., et al. A metagenomic survey of microbes in honey bee colony collapse disorder. Science 2007, 318:283-287.
15. Crameri R., Suter M. Display of biologically active proteins on the surface of filamentous phages: a cDNA cloning system for selection of functional gene products linked to the genetic information responsible for their production. Gene 1993, 137:69-75.
16. Demidov V.V., Bukanov N.O., Frank-Kamenetskii D. Duplex DNA capture. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2000, 2:31-35.
17. Desai C., Madamwar D. Extraction of inhibitor-free metagenomic DNA from polluted sediments, compatible with molecular diversity analysis using adsorption and ion-exchange treatments. Bioresour Technol 2007, 98:761-768.
18. Duan C.J., Xian L., Zhao G.C., Feng Y., Pang H., Bai X.L., et al. Isolation and partial characterization of novel genes encoding acidic cellulases from metagenomes of buffalo rumens. J Appl Microbiol 2009, 107:245-256.
19. Elend C., Schmeisser C., Hoebenreich H., Steele H.L., Streit W.R. Isolation and characterization of a metagenome-derived and cold-active lipase with high stereospecificity for (R)-ibuprofen esters. J Biotechnol 2007, 130:370-377.
20. Entcheva P., Liebl W., Johann A., Hartsch T., Streit W.R. Direct cloning from enrichment cultures, a reliable strategy for isolation of complete operons and genes from microbial consortia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001, 67:89-99.
21. Fang W., Fang Z., Liu J., Hong Y., Peng H., Zhang X., et al. Cloning and characterization of a beta-glucosidase from marine metagenome. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2009, 25:1914-1920.
22. Fang Z., Fang W., Liu J., Hong Y., Peng H., Zhang X., et al. Cloning and characterization of a beta-glucosidase from marine microbial metagenome with excellent glucose tolerance. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010, 20:1351-1358.
23. Fang Z., Li T., Wang Q., Zhang X., Peng H., Fang W., et al. A bacterial laccase from marine microbial metagenome exhibiting chloride tolerance and dye decolorization ability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011, 89:1103-1110.
24. Fedurco M., Romieu A., Williams S., Lawrence I., Turcatti G. BTA, a novel reagent for DNA attachment on glass and efficient generation of solid-phase amplified DNA colonies. Nucleic Acids Res 2006, 34:e22.
25. Ferrer M., Golyshina O.V., Chernikova T.N., Khachane A.N., Reyes-Duarte D., Santos V.A., et al. Novel hydrolase diversity retrieved from a metagenome library of bovine rumen microflora. Environ Microbiol 2005, 7:1996-2010.
26. Ferrer M., Beloqui A., Golyshina O.V., Plou F.J., Neef A., Chernikova T.N., et al. Biochemical and structural features of a novel cyclodextrinase from cow rumen metagenome. Biotechnol J 2007, 2:207-213.
27. Ferrer M., Beloqui A., Golyshin P.N. Screening metagenomic libraries for laccase activities. Methods Mol Biol 2010, 668:189-202.
28. Galbraith E.A., Antonopoulos D.A., White B.A. Suppressive subtractive hybridization as a tool for identifying genetic diversity in an environmental metagenome: the rumen as a model. Environ Microbiol 2004, 6:928-937.
29. Gray K.A., Zhao L., Emptage M. Bioethanol. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2006, 10:141-146.
30. Green R.E., Krause J., Ptak S.E., Briggs A.W., Ronan M.T., Simons J.F., et al. Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA. Nature 2006, 444:330-336.
31. Heath C., Hu X.P., Cary C., Cowan D. Isolation and characterisation of a novel, low-temperature-active alkaliphilic esterase from an Antarctic desert soil metagenome. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009, AEM.02597-08.
32. Henne A., Daniel R., Schmitz R.A., Gottschalk G. Construction of environmental DNA libraries in Escherichia coli and screening for the presence of genes conferring utilization of 4-hydroxybutyrate. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999, 65:3901-3907.
33. Hess M., Sczyrba A., Egan R., Kim T.W., Chokhawala H., Schroth G., et al. Metagenomic discovery of biomass-degrading genes and genomes from cow rumen. Science 2011, 331:463-467.
34. Hu Y., Zhang G., Li A., Chen J., Ma L. Cloning and enzymatic characterization of a xylanase gene from a soil-derived metagenomic library with an efficient approach. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008, 80:823-830.
35. Hu Y., Fu C., Huang Y., Yin Y., Cheng G., Lei F., et al. Novel lipolytic genes from the microbial metagenomic library of the South China Sea marine sediment. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010, 72:228-237.
36. Hunkapiller T., Kaiser R.J., Koop B.F., Hood L. Large-scale and automated DNA sequence determination. Science 1991, 254:59-67.
37. Ilmberger N., Streit W.R. Screening for cellulase-encoding clones in metagenomic libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2010, 668:177-188.
38. Jaeger K.E., Dijkstra B.W., Reetz M.T. Bacterial biocatalysts: molecular biology, three-dimensional structures, and biotechnological applications of lipases. Annu Rev Microbiol 1999, 53:315-351.
39. Jeon J.H., Kim J.T., Kim Y.J., Kim H.K., Lee H.S., Kang S.G., et al. Cloning and characterization of a new cold-active lipase from a deep-sea sediment metagenome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009, 81:865-874.
40. Jiang C., Ma G., Li S., Hu T., Che Z., Shen P., et al. Characterization of a novel beta-glucosidase-like activity from a soil metagenome. J Microbiol 2009, 47:542-548.
41. Jiang C., Hao Z.Y., Jin K., Li S.X., Che Z.Q., Ma G.F., et al. Identification of a metagenome-derived β-glucosidase from bioreactor contents. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 2010, 63:11-16.
42. Jiang C., Li S.X., Luo F.F., Jin K., Wang Q., Hao Z.Y., et al. Biochemical characterization of two novel beta-glucosidase genes by metagenome expression cloning. Bioresour Technol 2011, 102:3272-3278.
43. JunGang L., KeGui Z., WenJun H. Cloning and biochemical characterization of a novel lipolytic gene from activated sludge metagenome, and its gene product. Microb Cell Fact 2010, 9:83.
44. Katona R.L., Vanderbyl S.L., Perez C.F. Mammalian artificial chromosomes and clinical applications for genetic modification of stem cells: an overview. Methods Mol Biol 2011, 738:199-216.
45. Kim S.J., Lee C.M., Han B.R., Kim M.Y., Yeo Y.S., Yoon S.H., et al. Characterization of a gene encoding cellulase from uncultured soil bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008, 282:44-51.
46. Kim E.Y., Oh K.H., Lee M.H., Kang C.H., Oh T.K., Yoon J.H. Novel cold-adapted alkaline lipase from an intertidal flat metagenome and proposal for a new family of bacterial lipases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009, 75:257-260.
47. Kim Y.H., Kwon E.J., Kim S.K., Jeong Y.S., Kim J., Yun H.D., et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel family VIII alkaline esterase from a compost metagenomic library. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010, 393:45-49.
48. Knietsch A., Waschkowitz T., Bowien S., Henne A., Daniel R. Construction and screening of metagenomic libraries derived from enrichment cultures: generation of a gene bank for genes conferring alcohol oxidoreductase activity on Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003, 69:1408-1416.
49. Korbel J.O., Urban A.E., Affourtit J.P., Godwin B., Grubert F., Simons J.F., et al. Paired-end mapping reveals extensive structural variation in the human genome. Science 2007, 318:420-426.
50. Lammle K., Zipper H., Breuer M., Hauer B., Buta C., Brunner H., et al. Identification of novel enzymes with different hydrolytic activities by metagenome expression cloning. J Biotechnol 2007, 127:575-592.
51. Lee C., Kibblewhite-Accinelli R., Wagschal K., Robertson G., Wong D. Cloning and characterization of a cold-active xylanase enzyme from an environmental DNA library. Extremophiles 2006, 10:295-300.
52. Lee M.H., Hong K.S., Malhotra S., Park J.H., Hwang E.C., Choi H.K., et al. A new esterase EstD2 isolated from plant rhizosphere soil metagenome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010, 88:1125-1134.
53. Leresche J.E., Meyer H.-P. Chemocatalysis and biocatalysis. (Biotransformation): some thoughts of a chemist and of a biotechnologist. Org Proc Res Dev 2006, 10:572-580.
54. Liang P. A decade of differential display. Biotechniques 2002, 33:338-344. 46.
55. Lin Y., Tanaka S. Ethanol fermentation from biomass resources: current state and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006, 69:627-642.
56. Liu N., Yan X., Zhang M., Xie L., Wang Q., Huang Y., et al. Microbiome of fungus-growing termites: a new reservoir for lignocellulase genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011, 77(1):48-56.
57. Margulies M., Egholm M., Altman W.E., Attiya S., Bader J.S., Bemben L.A., et al. Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature 2005, 437:376-380.
58. Meiring T., Mulako I., Tuffin M.I., Meyer Q., Cowan D.A. Retrieval of full-length functional genes using subtractive hybridization magnetic bead capture. Methods Mol Biol 2010, 668:287-297.
59. Meyer Q.C., Burton S.G., Cowan D.A. Subtractive hybridization magnetic bead capture: a new technique for the recovery of full-length ORFs from the metagenome. Biotechnol J 2007, 2:36-40.
60. Nam K.H., Kim S.J., Hwang K.Y. Crystal structure of CelM2, a bifunctional glucanase-xylanase protein from a metagenome library. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009, 383:183-186.
61. Nam K.H., Lee W.H., Rhee K.H., Hwang K.Y. Structural characterization of the bifunctional glucanase-xylanase CelM2 reveals the metal effect and substrate-binding moiety. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010, 391:1726-1730.
62. Noonan J.P., Coop G., Kudaravalli S., Smith D., Krause J., Alessi J., et al. Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA. Science 2006, 314:1113-1118.
63. Okamura Y., Kimura T., Yokouchi H., Meneses-Osorio M., Katoh M., Matsunaga T., et al. Isolation and characterization of a GDSL esterase from the metagenome of a marine sponge-associated bacteria. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2009, 12:395-402.
64. Palacios G., Druce J., Du L., Tran T., Birch C., Briese T., et al. A new arenavirus in a cluster of fatal transplant-associated diseases. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:991-998.
65. Palackal N., Lyon C.S., Zaidi S., Luginbuhl P., Dupree P., Goubet F., et al. A multifunctional hybrid glycosyl hydrolase discovered in an uncultured microbial consortium from ruminant gut. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007, 74:113-124.
66. Pang H., Zhang P., Duan C.J., Mo X.C., Tang J.L., Feng J.X. Identification of cellulase genes from the metagenomes of compost soils and functional characterization of one novel endoglucanase. Curr Microbiol 2009, 58:404-408.
67. Parachin N.S., Schelin J., Norling B., Radstrom P., Gorwa-Grauslund M.F. Flotation as a tool for indirect DNA extraction from soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010, 87:1927-1933.
68. Park S.J., Kang C.H., Chae J.C., Rhee S.K. Metagenome microarray for screening of fosmid clones containing specific genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008, 284:28-34.
69. Park S.J., Chae J.C., Rhee S.K. Application of DNA microarray for screening metagenome library clones. Methods Mol Biol 2010, 668:313-324.
70. Pottkamper J., Barthen P., Ilmberger N., Schwaneberg U., Schenk A., Schulte M., et al. Applying metagenomics for the identification of bacterial cellulases that are stable in ionic liquids. Green Chem 2009, 11:957-965.
71. Radajewski S., Webster G., Reay D.S., Morris S.A., Ineson P., Nedwell D.B., et al. Identification of active methylotroph populations in an acidic forest soil by stable-isotope probing. Microbiology 2002, 148:2331-2342.
72. Rashamuse K., Magomani V., Ronneburg T., Brady D. A novel family VIII carboxylesterase derived from a leachate metagenome library exhibits promiscuous beta-lactamase activity on nitrocefin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009, 83:491-500.
73. Roerig P., Nessling M., Radlwimmer B., Joos S., Wrobel G., Schwaenen C., et al. Molecular classification of human gliomas using matrix-based comparative genomic hybridization. Int J Cancer 2005, 117:95-103.
74. Rothberg J.M., Leamon J.H. The development and impact of 454 sequencing. Nat Biotechnol 2008, 26:1117-1124.
75. Rowe-Magnus D.A., Mazel D. Integrons: natural tools for bacterial genome evolution. Curr Opin Microbiol 2001, 4:565-569.
76. Schmeisser C., Stockigt C., Raasch C., Wingender J., Timmis K.N., Wenderoth D.F., et al. Metagenome survey of biofilms in drinking-water networks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003, 69:7298-7309.
77. Sharma S., Khan F.G., Qazi G.N. Molecular cloning and characterization of amylase from soil metagenomic library derived from Northwestern Himalayas. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010, 86:1821-1828.
78. Shendure J., Ji H. Next-generation DNA sequencing. Nat Biotechnol 2008, 26:1135-1145.
79. Shendure J., Porreca G.J., Reppas N.B., Lin X., McCutcheon J.P., Rosenbaum A.M., et al. Accurate multiplex polony sequencing of an evolved bacterial genome. Science 2005, 309:1728-1732.
80. Solbak A.I., Richardson T.H., McCann R.T., Kline K.A., Bartnek F., Tomlinson G., et al. Discovery of pectin-degrading enzymes and directed evolution of a novel pectate lyase for processing cotton fabric. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:9431-9438.
81. Streit W.R., Schmitz R.A. Metagenomics - the key to the uncultured microbes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2004, 7:492-498.
82. Stull D., Pisano J.M. Purely RNA: New innovations enhance the quality, speed, and efficiency of RNA isolation techniques. Scientist 2001, 15:29-31.
83. Tasse L., Bercovici J., Pizzut-Serin S., Robe P., Tap J., Klopp C., et al. Functional metagenomics to mine the human gut microbiome for dietary fiber catabolic enzymes. Genome Res 2010, 20:1605-1612.
84. Tirawongsaroj P., Sriprang R., Harnpicharnchai P., Thongaram T., Champreda V., Tanapongpipat S., et al. Novel thermophilic and thermostable lipolytic enzymes from a Thailand hot spring metagenomic library. J Biotechnol 2008, 133:42-49.
85. Torsvik V., Ovreas L. Microbial diversity and function in soil: from genes to ecosystems. Curr Opin Microbiol 2002, 5:240-245.
86. Troeschel S.C., Drepper T., Leggewie C., Streit W.R., Jaeger K.E. Novel tools for the functional expression of metagenomic DNA. Methods Mol Biol 2010, 668:117-139.
87. Turcatti G., Romieu A., Fedurco M., Tairi A.P. A new class of cleavable fluorescent nucleotides: synthesis and optimization as reversible terminators for DNA sequencing by synthesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2008, 36:e25.
88. Tyson G.W., Chapman J., Hugenholtz P., Allen E.E., Ram R.J., Richardson P.M., et al. Community structure and metabolism through reconstruction of microbial genomes from the environment. Nature 2004, 428:37-43.
89. Uchiyama T., Miyazaki K. Substrate-induced gene expression screening: a method for high-throughput screening of metagenome libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2010, 668:153-168.
90. Uchiyama T., Watanabe K. Substrate-induced gene expression (SIGEX) screening of metagenome libraries. Nat Protoc 2008, 3:1202-1212.
91. Uchiyama T., Abe T., Ikemura T., Watanabe K. Substrate-induced gene-expression screening of environmental metagenome libraries for isolation of catabolic genes. Nat Biotechnol 2005, 23:88-93.
92. Wang G.Y., Graziani E., Waters B., Pan W., Li X., McDermott J., et al. Novel natural products from soil DNA libraries in a streptomycete host. Org Lett 2000, 2:2401-2404.
93. Wang F., Li F., Chen G., Liu W. Isolation and characterization of novel cellulase genes from uncultured microorganisms in different environmental niches. Microbiol Res 2009, 164:650-657.
94. Ward N. New directions and interactions in metagenomics research. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006, 55:331-338.
95. Weier H.U., Greulich-Bode K.M., Wu J., Duell T. Delineating rearrangements in single yeast artificial chromosomes by quantitative DNA fiber mapping. Open Genomics J 2009, 2:15-23.
96. Wexler M., Bond P.L., Richardson D.J., Johnston A.W. A wide host-range metagenomic library from a waste water treatment plant yields a novel alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase. Environ Microbiol 2005, 7:1917-1926.
97. Wheeler D.A., Srinivasan M., Egholm M., Shen Y., Chen L., McGuire A., et al. The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. Nature 2008, 452:872-876.
98. Wilkinson D.E., Jeanicke T., Cowan D.A. Efficient molecular cloning of environmental DNA from geothermal sediments. Biotechnol Lett 2002, 24:155-161.
99. Wilson M.S., Bakermans C., Madsen E.L. In situ, real-time catabolic gene expression: extraction and characterization of naphthalene dioxygenase mRNA transcripts from groundwater. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999, 65:80-87.
100. Wong D.D., Chan V.J., McCormack A.A., Batt S.B. Cloning and characterization of an exo-xylogucanase from rumenal microbial metagenome. Protein Pept Lett 2010, 17:803-808.
101. Wu L., Thompson D.K., Li G., Hurt R.A., Tiedje J.M., Zhou J. Development and evaluation of functional gene arrays for detection of selected genes in the environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001, 67:5780-5790.
102. Xu S., Hu Y., Yuan A., Zhu B. Cloning, expression and characterization of a novel esterase from marine sediment microbial metagenomic library. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2010, 50:891-896.
103. Ye M., Li G., Liang W.Q., Liu Y.H. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel metagenome-derived multicopper oxidase with alkaline laccase activity and highly soluble expression. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010, 87:1023-1031.
104. Yu E.Y., Kwon M.A., Lee M., Oh J.Y., Choi J.E., Lee J.Y., et al. Isolation and characterization of cold-active family VIII esterases from an arctic soil metagenome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011, 90:573-581.
105. Yun J., Ryu S. Screening for novel enzymes from metagenome and SIGEX, as a way to improve it. Microb Cell Fact 2005, 4:8.
106. Yun J., Kang S., Park S., Yoon H., Kim M.J., Heu S., et al. Characterization of a novel amylolytic enzyme encoded by a gene from a soil-derived metagenomic library. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004, 70:7229-7235.
107. Zhang D., Lax A.R., Bland J.M., Allen A.B. Characterization of a new endogenous endo-beta-1,4-glucanase of Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2011, 41:211-218.
108. Zhao S., Wang J., Liu K., Zhu Y., Bu D., Li D., et al. Screening and characterization of lipase from a metagenome library of dairy rumen microflora. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2009, 25:869-874.
109. Zhao S., Wang J., Bu D., Liu K., Zhu Y., Dong Z., et al. Novel glycoside hydrolases identified by screening a Chinese Holstein dairy cow rumen-derived metagenome library. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010, 76:6701-6705.
110. Zhou S., Kile A., Kvikstad E., Bechner M., Severin J., Forrest D., et al. Shotgun optical mapping of the entire Leishmania major Friedlin genome. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2004, 138:97-106.