Recent advances in metabolite identification and quantitative bioanalysis by LC-Q-TOF MS

Bioanalysis

Volumn 4, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 937-959

  Xie, Cen ^a   Zhong, Dafang ^a   Yu, Kate ^b   Chen, Xiaoyan ^a  

^a SHANGHAI INSTITUTE OF MATERIA MEDICA   (China)

^b WATERS CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; DRUG METABOLITE; LORATADINE;

ACCURACY; DATA MINING; DRUG STRUCTURE; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MEASUREMENT; METABOLITE; NONHUMAN; QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETRY; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SCREENING TEST; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEPARATION TECHNIQUE; TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY; ULTRA PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY;

ANIMALS; CHROMATOGRAPHY, LIQUID; HUMANS; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY;

EID: 84860295362     PISSN: 17576180     EISSN: 17576199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.43     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. White RE. High-throughput screening in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic support of drug discovery. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 40, 133-157 (2000). (Pubitemid 30340676)
2. Papac DI, Shahrokh Z. Mass spectrometry innovations in drug discovery and development. Pharm. Res. 18(2), 131-145 (2001). (Pubitemid 32592591)
3. Xu RN, Fan L, Rieser MJ, El-Shourbagy TA. Recent advances in high-throughput quantitative bioanalysis by LC-MS/MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 44(2), 342-355 (2007). (Pubitemid 46880094)
4. Jemal M. High-throughput quantitative bioanalysis by LC-MS/MS. Biomed. Chromatogr. 14(6), 422-429 (2000).
5. Jemal M, Ouyang Z, Xia Y-Q. Systematic LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method development that incorporates plasma phospholipids risk avoidance, usage of incurred sample and well thought-out chromatography. Biomed. Chromatogr. 24(1), 2-19 (2010).
6. Wright P. Metabolite identification by mass spectrometry: Forty years of evolution. Xenobiotica 41(8), 670-686 (2011).
7. Liu DQ, Xia YQ, Bakhtiar R. Use of a liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry system for metabolite identification. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 16(13), 1330-1336 (2002). (Pubitemid 34717259)
8. Li L, Chen X, Li D, Zhong D. Identification of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol metabolites in human liver microsomes and human hepatocytes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 39(3), 472-483 (2011).
9. Wang Y, Chen X, Li Q, Zhong D. Metabolite identification of arbidol in human urine by the study of CID fragmentation pathways using HPLC coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom. 43(8), 1099-1109 (2008).
10. Wang Y, Zhong D, Chen X, Zheng J. Identification of quinone methide metabolites of dauricine in human liver microsomes and in rat bile. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 22(5), 824-834 (2009).
11. Mortishire-Smith RJ, O'Connor D, Castro-Perez JM, Kirby J. Accelerated throughput metabolic route screening in early drug discovery using high-resolution liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and automated data analysis. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19(18), 2659-2670 (2005). (Pubitemid 41338609)
12. Prakash C, Shaffer CL, Nedderman A. Analytical strategies for identifying drug metabolites. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 26(3), 340-369 (2007). (Pubitemid 46750374)
13. Zhu M, Zhang H, Humphreys WG. Drug metabolite profiling and identification by high-resolution mass spectrometry. J. Biol. Chem. 286(29), 25419-25425 (2011). nnReview with in-depth illustrations and reference collections on the application of high-resolution MS-based data acquisition and mining methods in the field of drug metabolite profiling and identification.
14. Ma S, Chowdhury SK. Analytical strategies for assessment of human metabolites in preclinical safety testing. Anal. Chem. 83(13), 5028-5036 (2011).
15. Suchanova B, Kostiainen R, Ketola RA. Characterization of the in vitro metabolic profile of amlodipine in rat using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 33(1), 91-99 (2008). (Pubitemid 350235195)
16. Deng P, Zhong D, Nan F et al. Evidence for the bioactivation of 4-nonylphenol to quinone methide and ortho-benzoquinone metabolites in human liver microsomes. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 23(10), 1617-1628 (2010).
17. Ramanathan R, Jemal M, Ramagiri S et al. It is time for a paradigm shift in drug discovery bioanalysis: From SRM to HRMS. J. Mass Spectrom. 46(6), 595-601 (2011). nnProvides a good example of the use of Q-TOF MS in drug-discovery bioanalysis.
18. Korfmacher W. High-resolution mass spectrometry will dramatically change our drug-discovery bioanalysis procedures. Bioanalysis 3(11), 1169-1171 (2011).
19. Gong A, Chen X, Deng P, Zhong D. Metabolism of flumatinib, a novel antineoplastic tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients. Drug Metab. Dispos. 38(8), 1328-1340 (2010).
20. Deng P, You T, Chen X, Yuan T, Huang H, Zhong D. Identification of amiodarone metabolites in human bile by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Drug Metab. Dispos. 39(6), 1058-1069 (2011).
21. Zhang H, Zhang D, Ray K, Zhu M. Mass defect filter technique and its applications to drug metabolite identification by high-resolution mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom. 44(7), 999-1016 (2009).
22. Wrona M, Mauriala T, Bateman KP, Mortishire-Smith RJ, O'Connor D. 'All-in-one' analysis for metabolite identification using liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with collision energy switching. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19(18), 2597-2602 (2005). (Pubitemid 41338602)
23. Mortishire-Smith RJ, Castro-Perez JM, Yu K et al. Generic dealkylation: A tool for increasing the hit-rate of metabolite rationalization and automatic customization of mass defect filters. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 23(7), 939-948 (2009).
24. Zhang H, Zhu M, Ray KL, Ma L, Zhang D. Mass defect profiles of biological matrices and the general applicability of mass defect filtering for metabolite detection. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 22(13), 2082-2088 (2008). (Pubitemid 351956694)
25. Bateman KP, Castro-Perez J, Wrona M et al. MSE with mass defect filtering for in vitro and in vivo metabolite identification. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 21(9), 1485-1496 (2007). nDescribes the details of MSE data collection approach with mass defect filtering for metabolite identification. (Pubitemid 46761970)
26. Zhu M, Ma L, Zhang D et al. Detection and characterization of metabolites in biological matrices using mass defect filtering of liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry data. Drug Metab. Dispos. 34(10), 1722-1733 (2006). nnExcellent and very comprehensive study on the metabolite detection capability of the mass defect filtering approach employing both drug and core structure filter templates. (Pubitemid 44427475)
27. Cox K. Special requirements for metabolite characterization. In:Using Mass Spectrometry for Drug Metabolism Studies Korfmacher WA (Ed.).CRC Press, NY, USA, 229-252 (2005).
28. Ramanathan DM, Lelacheur RM. Evolving role of mass spectrometry in drug discovery and development. In:Mass Spectrometry in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Ramanathan R (Ed.).John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 1-85 (2009).
29. Castro-Perez J, Plumb R, Granger JH, Beattie I, Joncour K, Wright A. Increasing throughput and information content for in vitro drug metabolism experiments using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19(6), 843-848 (2005). (Pubitemid 40349427)
30. Guilhaus M, Selby D, Mlynski V. Orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 19(2), 65-107 (2000).
31. Coles J, Guilhaus M. Orthogonal acceleration - A new direction for time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Fast, sensitive mass analysis for continuous ion sources. Trends Anal. Chem. 12(5), 203-213 (1993). (Pubitemid 23177237)
32. Plumb R, Castro-Perez J, Granger J, Beattie I, Joncour K, Wright A. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 18(19), 2331-2337 (2004). nDemonstrates the benefits of using UHPLC Q-TOF MS on drug metabolite identification. (Pubitemid 39297371)
33. Xia Y-Q, Lau J, Olah T, Jemal M. Targeted quantitative bioanalysis in plasma using liquid chromatography/high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry: An evaluation of global selectivity as a function of mass resolving power and extraction window, with comparison of centroid and profile modes. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 25(19), 2863-2878 (2011).
34. Petrovic M, Gros M, Barcelo D. Multi-residue analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of- flight mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1124(1-2), 68-81 (2006). (Pubitemid 44142029)
35. Bristow AW. Accurate mass measurement for the determination of elemental formula - A tutorial. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 25(1), 99-111 (2006).
36. Hopfgartner GR, Chernushevich IV, Covey T, Plomley JB, Bonner R. Exact mass measurement of product ions for the structural elucidation of drug metabolites with a tandem quadrupole orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 10(12), 1305-1314 (1999). (Pubitemid 34506456)
37. De Vooght-Johnson R. Symposium report: The Waters bioanalysis world tour: Insights into the next decade of regulated bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 3(4), 369-382 (2011).
38. Niggeweg R, Kocher T, Gentzel M et al. A general precursor ion-like scanning mode on quadrupole-TOF instruments compatible with chromatographic separation. Proteomics 6(1), 41-53 (2006). (Pubitemid 43142932)
39. Moco S, Vervoort J, Bino RJ, De Vos RCH, Bino R. Metabolomics technologies and metabolite identification. Trends Anal. Chem. 26(9), 855-866 (2007). (Pubitemid 47532208)
40. Burlingame AL, Boyd RK, Gaskell SJ. Mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 70(16), 647R-716R (1998).
41. Xing J, Xie C, Lou H. Recent applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in natural products bioanalysis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 44(2), 368-378 (2007). (Pubitemid 46880088)
42. De Rijke E, Out P, Niessen WM, Ariese F, Gooijer C, Brinkman UA. Analytical separation and detection methods for flavonoids. J. Chromatogr. A 1112(1-2), 31-63 (2006).
43. Ma S, Chowdhury SK. Application of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for metabolite identification. In:Drug Metabolism in Drug Design and Development Zhang D, Zhu M, Humphreys WG (Eds).John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA 319-367 (2008).
44. Castro-Perez JM. Applications of quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in reactive metabolite screening. In:Mass Spectrometry in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Ramanathan R (Ed.).John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA 159-190 (2009).
45. Yu K, Little D, Plumb R, Smith B. High-throughput quantification for a drug mixture in rat plasma - A comparison of ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 20(4), 544-552 (2006). (Pubitemid 43236839)
46. Macdonald C, Smith C, Michopoulos F, Weaver R, Wilson ID. Identification and quantification of glutathione adducts of clozapine using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 25(13), 1787-1793 (2011).
47. Johnson KA, Plumb R. Investigating the human metabolism of acetaminophen using UPLC and exact mass oa-TOF MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 39(3-4), 805-810 (2005). (Pubitemid 41196103)
48. Athersuch TJ, Sison RL, Kenyon ASJ, Clarkson-Jones JA, Wilson ID. Evaluation of the use of UPLC-TOF-MS with simultaneous [14C]-radioflow detection for drug metabolite profiling: Application to propranolol metabolites in rat urine. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 48(1), 151-157 (2008).
49. McCullough BJ, Kalapothakis J, Eastwood H et al. Development of an ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Anal. Chem. 80(16), 6336-6344 (2008).
50. Kanu AB, Dwivedi P, Tam M, Matz L, Hill HH. Ion mobility - mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom. 43(1), 1-22 (2008).
51. Xie C, Yu K, Zhong D et al. Investigation of isomeric transformations of chlorogenic acid in buffers and biological matrixes by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole/ion mobility/orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59(20), 11078-11087 (2011).
52. Williams JP, Bugarcic T, Habtemariam A et al. Isomer separation and gas-phase configurations of organoruthenium anticancer complexes: Ion mobility mass spectrometry and modeling. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 20(6), 1119-1122 (2009).
53. Santos LFA, Iglesias AH, Pilau EJ, Gomes AF, Gozzo FC. Traveling-wave ion mobility mass spectrometry analysis of isomeric modified peptides arising from chemical cross-linking. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 21(12), 2062-2069 (2010).
54. Srebalus Barnes CA, Hilderbrand AE, Valentine SJ, Clemmer DE. Resolving isomeric peptide mixtures: A combined HPLC/ion mobility-TOF-MS analysis of a 4000-component combinatorial library. Anal. Chem. 74(1), 26-36 (2001). (Pubitemid 34044420)
55. Clemmer DE, Jarrold MF. Ion mobility measurements and their applications to clusters and biomolecules. J. Mass Spectrom. 32(6), 577-592 (1997). (Pubitemid 27273948)
56. Hoaglund-Hyzer CS, Clemmer DE. Ion trap/ion mobility/quadrupole/time-of- flight mass spectrometry for peptide mixture analysis. Anal. Chem. 73(2), 177-184 (2000).
57. Wu C, Siems WF, Klasmeier J, Hill HH. Separation of isomeric peptides using electrospray ionization/high-resolution ion mobility spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 72(2), 391-395 (2000). (Pubitemid 30051898)
58. Feller SE, Gawrisch K, Mackerell AD. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipid bilayers: Intrinsic and environmental contributions to their unique physical properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124(2), 318-326 (2001). (Pubitemid 34062762)
59. Ruotolo BT, Tate CC, Russell DH. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry applied to cyclic peptide analysis: Conformational preferences of gramicidin S and linear analogs in the gas phase. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 15(6), 870-878 (2004). (Pubitemid 38624235)
60. Ruotolo BT, Giles K, Campuzano I, Sandercock AM, Bateman RH, Robinson CV. Evidence for macromolecular protein rings in the absence of bulk water. Science 310(5754), 1658-1661 (2005). (Pubitemid 41780783)
61. Chan ECY, New LS, Yap CW, Goh LT. Pharmaceutical metabolite profiling using quadrupole/ion mobility spectrometry/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 23(3), 384-394 (2009).
62. Eckers C, Laures AMF, Giles K, Major H, Pringle S. Evaluating the utility of ion mobility separation in combination with high-pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to facilitate detection of trace impurities in formulated drug products. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 21(7), 1255-1263 (2007). (Pubitemid 46506580)
63. Damen CWN, Chen W, Chakraborty AB et al. Electrospray ionization quadrupole ion-mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry as a tool to distinguish the lot-to-lot heterogeneity in N-glycosylation profile of the therapeutic monoclonal antibody trastuzumab. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 20(11), 2021-2033 (2009).
64. Yu K, Castro-Perez J, Shockcor JP. Small molecule structural elucidation by TAP fragmentation using a hybrid quadrupole/traveling wave ion mobility/oa-TOF mass spectrometer. Poster ASMS Sanibel Workshop, (2008).
65. Gu M, Lim HK. An intelligent data acquisition system for simultaneous screening of microsomal stability and metabolite profiling by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom. 36(9), 1053-1061 (2001). (Pubitemid 32936825)
66. Ramanathan R, Mckenzie DL, Tugnait M, Siebenaler K. Application of semi-automated metabolite identification software in the drug discovery process for rapid identification of metabolites and the cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for their formation. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 28(5), 945-951 (2002). (Pubitemid 34564537)
67. Cuyckens F, Hurkmans R, Castro-Perez JM, Leclercq L, Mortishire-Smith RJ. Extracting metabolite ions out of a matrix background by combined mass defect, neutral loss and isotope filtration. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 23(2), 327-332 (2009).
68. Zhang D, Cheng PT, Zhang H. Mass defect filtering on high-resolution LC/MS data as a methodology for detecting metabolites with unpredictable structures: Identification of oxazole-ring opened metabolites of muraglitazar. Drug Metab. Lett. 1(4), 287-292 (2007).
69. Yan G, Sun H, Sun W, Zhao L, Meng X, Wang X. Rapid and global detection and characterization of aconitum alkaloids in Yin Chen Si Ni Tang, a traditional Chinese medical formula, by ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and automated data analysis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 53(3), 421-431 (2010).
70. Zhu M, Ma L, Zhang H, Humphreys WG. Detection and structural characterization of glutathione-trapped reactive metabolites using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry and mass defect filtering. Anal. Chem. 79(21), 8333-8341 (2007). nNice publication on using high-resolution MS and mass defect filtering in glutathione conjugates screening. (Pubitemid 350060035)
71. Zhang H, Zhang D, Ray K. A software filter to remove interference ions from drug metabolites in accurate mass liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric analyses. J. Mass Spectrom. 38(10), 1110-1112 (2003). (Pubitemid 37407706)
72. Zhang H, Yang Y. An algorithm for thorough background subtraction from high-resolution LC-MS data: Application for detection of glutathione-trapped reactive metabolites. J. Mass Spectrom. 43(9), 1181-1190 (2008).
73. Zhu P, Ding W, Tong W, Ghosal A, Alton K, Chowdhury S. A retention-time-shift-tolerant background subtraction and noise reduction algorithm (BgS-NoRA) for extraction of drug metabolites in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry data from biological matrices. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 23(11), 1563-1572 (2009).
74. Ruan Q, Peterman S, Szewc MA et al. An integrated method for metabolite detection and identification using a linear ion trap/Orbitrap mass spectrometer and multiple data processing techniques: Application to indinavir metabolite detection. J. Mass Spectrom. 43(2), 251 (2008).
75. Zhu P, Tong W, Alton K, Chowdhury S. An accurate-mass-based spectral-averaging isotope-pattern-filtering algorithm for extraction of drug metabolites possessing a distinct isotope pattern from LC-MS data. Anal. Chem. 81(14), 5910-5917 (2009).
76. Cuyckens F, Balcaen LI, De Wolf K et al. Use of the bromine isotope ratio in HPLC-ICP-MS and HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of a new drug in development. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390(7), 1717-1729 (2008).
77. Rousu T, Herttuainen J, Tolonen A. Comparison of triple quadrupole, hybrid linear ion trap triple quadrupole, time-of-flight and LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometers in drug discovery phase metabolite screening and identification in vitro - amitriptyline and verapamil as model compounds. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 24(7), 939-957 (2010).
78. Tiller PR, Yu S, Bateman KP et al. Fractional mass filtering as a means to assess circulating metabolites in early human clinical studies. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 22(22), 3510-3516 (2008).
79. Gao C, Chen X, Zhong D. Absorption and disposition of scutellarin in rats: A pharmacokinetic explanation for the high exposure of its isomeric metabolite. Drug Metab. Dispos. 39(11), 2034-2044 (2011).
80. Liu D, Jiang J, Zhang L, Tan F, Wang Y, Hu P. Metabolite characterization of a novel anti-cancer agent, icotinib, in humans through liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 25(15), 2131-2140 (2011).
81. Ghibellini G, Leslie EM, Brouwer KL. Methods to evaluate biliary excretion of drugs in humans: An updated review. Mol Pharm 3(3), 198-211 (2006). (Pubitemid 44021428)
82. Xie C, Chen X, Deng P, You T, Zhong D. Rapid identification of perphenazine metabolites in human bile by UPLC/Q-TOF MSE. J. Chin. Mass Spectrom. Soc. 30(Suppl.), 91-94 (2009).
83. Dear GJ, Munoz-Muriedas J, Beaumont C et al. Sites of metabolic substitution: Investigating metabolite structures utilising ion mobility and molecular modelling. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 24(21), 3157-3162 (2010). nnInteresting paper detailing a methodology of ion mobility and molecular modeling in metabolite characterization.
84. Erve JC. Chemical toxicology: Reactive intermediates and their role in pharmacology and toxicology. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 2(6), 923-946 (2006). (Pubitemid 44911540)
85. Castro-Perez J, Plumb R, Liang L, Yang E. A high-throughput liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for screening glutathione conjugates using exact mass neutral loss acquisition. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19(6), 798-804 (2005). (Pubitemid 40349420)
86. Rousu T, Pelkonen O, Tolonen A. Rapid detection and characterization of reactive drug metabolites in vitro using several isotope-labeled trapping agents and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 23(6), 843-855 (2009).
87. Ma S, Zhu M. Recent advances in applications of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to the analysis of reactive drug metabolites. Chem. Biol. Interact. 179(1), 25-37 (2009).
88. Mutlib A, Lam W, Atherton J, Chen H, Galatsis P, Stolle W. Application of stable isotope labeled glutathione and rapid scanning mass spectrometers in detecting and characterizing reactive metabolites. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19(23), 3482-3492 (2005). (Pubitemid 41691924)
89. Argoti D, Liang L, Conteh A et al. Cyanide trapping of iminium ion reactive intermediates followed by detection and structure identification using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).Chem. Res. Toxicol. 18(10), 1537-1544 (2005). (Pubitemid 41504473)
90. Leblanc A, Shiao TC, Roy R, Sleno L. Improved detection of reactive metabolites with a bromine-containing glutathione analog using mass defect and isotope pattern matching. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 24(9), 1241-1250 (2010).
91. Shi Y, Bajrami B, Yao X. Passive and active fragment ion mass defect labeling: distinct proteomics potential of iodine-based reagents. Anal. Chem. 81(15), 6438-6448 (2009).
92. Jemal M, Yuan Q, Whigan DB. The use of high-flow high performance liquid chromatography coupled with positive and negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for quantitative bioanalysis via direct injection of the plasma/serum samples. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 12(19), 1389-1399 (1998). (Pubitemid 28450983)
93. Hsieh Y, Korfmacher WA. Increasing speed and throughput when using HPLC-MS/MS systems for drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic screening. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 7(5), 479-489 (2006).
94. Jemal M, Xia YQ. LC-MS Development strategies for quantitative bioanalysis. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 7(5), 491-502 (2006).
95. Tamvakopoulos C. Mass spectrometry for the quantification of bioactive peptides in biological fluids. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 26(3), 389-402 (2007). (Pubitemid 46750376)
96. Wan H, Desiderio DM. Quantification of [Dmt1]DALDA in ovine plasma by on-line liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 17(6), 538-546 (2003). (Pubitemid 36373018)