The role and function of cadherins in the mammary gland

Breast Cancer Research

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2011, Pages

  Andrews, Jennifer L ^a   Kim, Alvin C ^a   Hens, Julie R ^a  

^a ST BONAVENTURE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA CATENIN; CADHERIN; DESMOGLEIN 2; DESMOGLEIN 3; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1; M CADHERIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; NERVE CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; OB CADHERIN; OL PROTOCADHERIN; P CADHERIN; PLAKOGLOBIN; PROTEIN P120; PROTOCADHERIN 8 PROTEIN; PROTOCADHERIN FAT4 PROTEIN; R CADHERIN; T CELL FACTOR PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UVOMORULIN; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CADHERIN; WNT PROTEIN;

BREAST CANCER; CANCER CELL; CANCER INVASION; CELL INVASION; CELL MOTILITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; DOWN REGULATION; EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; EPITHELIUM CELL; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENE SILENCING; HUMAN; MAMMARY GLAND; METASTASIS; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; UPREGULATION; ANIMAL; BREAST TUMOR; DESMOSOME; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CADHERINS; DESMOSOMES; EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS; MAMMARY GLANDS, HUMAN; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84856695098     PISSN: 14655411     EISSN: 1465542X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/bcr3065     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Peinado H, Portillo F, Cano A. Transcriptional regulation of cadherins during development and carcinogenesis. Int J Dev Biol 2004, 48:365-375. 10.1387/ijdb.041794hp, 15349812.
2. Nelson WJ. Regulation of cell-cell adhesion by the cadherin-catenin complex. Biochem Soc Trans 2008, 36:149-155. 10.1042/BST0360149, 18363555.
3. Hazan RB, Kang L, Whooley BP, Borgen PI. N-cadherin promotes adhesion between invasive breast cancer cells and the stroma. Cell Adhes Commun 1997, 4:399-411. 10.3109/15419069709004457, 9177902.
4. Radice GL, Sauer CL, Kostetskii I, Peralta Soler A, Knudsen KA. Inappropriate P-cadherin expression in the mouse mammary epithelium is compatible with normal mammary gland function. Differentiation 2003, 71:361-373. 10.1046/j.1432-0436.2003.7106005.x, 12919105.
5. Paredes J, Milanezi F, Reis-Filho JS, Leitao D, Athanazio D, Schmitt F. Aberrant P-cadherin expression: is it associated with estrogen-independent growth in breast cancer?. Pathol Res Pract 2002, 198:795-801. 10.1078/0344-0338-00338, 12608656.
6. Sommers CL. The role of cadherin-mediated adhesion in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1996, 1:219-229. 10.1007/BF02013645, 10887495.
7. Paredes J, Milanezi F, Viegas L, Amendoeira I, Schmitt F. P-cadherin expression is associated with high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Virchows Arch 2002, 440:16-21. 10.1007/s004280100487, 11942571.
8. Agiostratidou G, Li M, Suyama K, Badano I, Keren R, Chung S, Anzovino A, Hulit J, Qian B, Bouzahzah B, Eugenin E, Loudig O, Phillips GR, Locker J, Hazan RB. Loss of retinal cadherin facilitates mammary tumor progression and metastasis. Cancer Res 2009, 69:5030-5038.
9. Nelson WJ, Nusse R. Convergence of Wnt, beta-catenin, and cadherin pathways. Science 2004, 303:1483-1487. 10.1126/science.1094291, 15001769.
10. Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR. Cadherin-mediated cellular signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2003, 15:509-514. 10.1016/S0955-0674(03)00101-7, 14519384.
11. Bracke ME, Depypere H, Labit C, Van Marck V, Vennekens K, Vermeulen SJ, Maelfait I, Philippe J, Serreyn R, Mareel MM. Functional downregulation of the E-cadherin/catenin complex leads to loss of contact inhibition of motility and of mitochondrial activity, but not of growth in confluent epithelial cell cultures. Eur J Cell Biol 1997, 74:342-349.
12. Tryndyak VP, Beland FA, Pogribny IP. E-cadherin transcriptional down-regulation by epigenetic and microRNA-200 family alterations is related to mesenchymal and drug-resistant phenotypes in human breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2010, 126:2575-2583.
13. Schmalhofer O, Brabletz S, Brabletz T. E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and ZEB1 in malignant progression of cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2009, 28:151-166. 10.1007/s10555-008-9179-y, 19153669.
14. Fedor-Chaiken M, Hein PW, Stewart JC, Brackenbury R, Kinch MS. E-cadherin binding modulates EGF receptor activation. Cell Commun Adhes 2003, 10:105-118.
15. Suyama K, Shapiro I, Guttman M, Hazan RB. A signaling pathway leading to metastasis is controlled by N-cadherin and the FGF receptor. Cancer Cell 2002, 2:301-314. 10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00150-2, 12398894.
16. Fukata M, Kaibuchi K. Rho-family GTPases in cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001, 2:887-897. 10.1038/35103068, 11733768.
17. Derycke LD, Bracke ME. N-cadherin in the spotlight of cell-cell adhesion, differentiation, embryogenesis, invasion and signalling. Int J Dev Biol 2004, 48:463-476. 10.1387/ijdb.041793ld, 15349821.
18. Cavallaro U, Schaffhauser B, Christofori G. Cadherins and the tumour progression: is it all in a switch?. Cancer Lett 2002, 176:123-128. 10.1016/S0304-3835(01)00759-5, 11804738.
19. Franberg J, Svensson AI, Winblad B, Karlstrom H, Frykman S. Minor contribution of presenilin 2 for gamma-secretase activity in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and adult mouse brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011, 404:564-568. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.029, 21146496.
20. Berx G, van Roy F. Involvement of members of the cadherin superfamily in cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009, 1:a003129. 10.1101/cshperspect.a003129, 2882122, 20457567.
21. Daniel CW, Strickland P, Friedmann Y. Expression and functional role of E-and P-cadherins in mouse mammary ductal morphogenesis and growth. Dev Biol 1995, 169:511-519. 10.1006/dbio.1995.1165, 7781895.
22. Turashvili G, McKinney SE, Goktepe O, Leung SC, Huntsman DG, Gelmon KA, Los G, Rejto PA, Aparicio SA. P-cadherin expression as a prognostic biomarker in a 3992 case tissue microarray series of breast cancer. Mod Pathol 2011, 24:64-81. 10.1038/modpathol.2010.189, 20852590.
23. Paredes J, Albergaria A, Oliveira JT, Jeronimo C, Milanezi F, Schmitt FC. P-cadherin overexpression is an indicator of clinical outcome in invasive breast carcinomas and is associated with CDH3 promoter hypomethylation. Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11:5869-5877. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0059, 16115928.
24. Paredes J, Correia AL, Ribeiro AS, Albergaria A, Milanezi F, Schmitt FC. P-cadherin expression in breast cancer: a review. Breast Cancer Res 2007, 9:214. 10.1186/bcr1774, 2242663, 18001487.
25. Zhang CC, Yan Z, Zhang Q, Kuszpit K, Zasadny K, Qiu M, Painter CL, Wong A, Kraynov E, Arango ME, Mehta PP, Popoff I, Casperson GF, Los G, Bender S, Anderes K, Christensen JG, VanArsdale T. PF-03732010: a fully human monoclonal antibody against P-cadherin with antitumor and antimetastatic activity. Clin Cancer Res 2010, 16:5177-5188.
26. Zou W, Hu CH, Zhou JP. [Relationship between the expression of E-cadherin-catenins and alpha-, beta-, gamma-catenin and the metastasis and prognosis of breast cancer]. Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2002, 27:499-502.
27. Labelle M, Schnittler HJ, Aust DE, Friedrich K, Baretton G, Vestweber D, Breier G. Vascular endothelial cadherin promotes breast cancer progression via transforming growth factor beta signaling. Cancer Res 2008, 68:1388-1397. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2706, 18316602.
28. Okazaki M, Takeshita S, Kawai S, Kikuno R, Tsujimura A, Kudo A, Amann E. Molecular cloning and characterization of OB-cadherin, a new member of cadherin family expressed in osteoblasts. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:12092-12098.
29. Valencia X, Higgins JM, Kiener HP, Lee DM, Podrebarac TA, Dascher CC, Watts GF, Mizoguchi E, Simmons B, Patel DD, Bhan AK, Brenner MB. Cadherin-11 provides specific cellular adhesion between fibroblast-like synoviocytes. J Exp Med 2004, 200:1673-1679. 10.1084/jem.20041545, 2211995, 15611293.
30. Kiener HP, Niederreiter B, Lee DM, Jimenez-Boj E, Smolen JS, Brenner MB. Cadherin 11 promotes invasive behavior of fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 60:1305-1310. 10.1002/art.24453, 19404963.
31. Lee DM, Kiener HP, Agarwal SK, Noss EH, Watts GF, Chisaka O, Takeichi M, Brenner MB. Cadherin-11 in synovial lining formation and pathology in arthritis. Science 2007, 315:1006-1010. 10.1126/science.1137306, 17255475.
32. Pishvaian MJ, Feltes CM, Thompson P, Bussemakers MJ, Schalken JA, Byers SW. Cadherin-11 is expressed in invasive breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 1999, 59:947-952.
33. Feltes CM, Kudo A, Blaschuk O, Byers SW. An alternatively spliced cadherin-11 enhances human breast cancer cell invasion. Cancer Res 2002, 62:6688-6697.
34. Tamura D, Hiraga T, Myoui A, Yoshikawa H, Yoneda T. Cadherin-11-mediated interactions with bone marrow stromal/osteoblastic cells support selective colonization of breast cancer cells in bone. Int J Oncol 2008, 33:17-24.
35. Farina AK, Bong YS, Feltes CM, Byers SW. Post-transcriptional regulation of cadherin-11 expression by GSK-3 and beta-catenin in prostate and breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2009, 4:e4797. 10.1371/journal.pone.0004797, 2650783, 19274078.
36. Boscher C, Mege RM. Cadherin-11 interacts with the FGF receptor and induces neurite outgrowth through associated downstream signalling. Cell Signal 2008, 20:1061-1072. 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.01.008, 18302981.
37. Hebbard LW, Garlatti M, Young LJ, Cardiff RD, Oshima RG, Ranscht B. T-cadherin supports angiogenesis and adiponectin association with the vasculature in a mouse mammary tumor model. Cancer Res 2008, 68:1407-1416. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2953, 2676344, 18316604.
38. Ranscht B, Dours-Zimmermann MT. T-cadherin, a novel cadherin cell adhesion molecule in the nervous system lacks the conserved cytoplasmic region. Neuron 1991, 7:391-402. 10.1016/0896-6273(91)90291-7, 1654948.
39. Takeuchi T, Misaki A, Chen BK, Ohtsuki Y. H-cadherin expression in breast cancer. Histopathology 1999, 35:87-88. 10.1046/j.1365-2559.1999.0728c.x, 10383720.
40. Adachi Y, Takeuchi T, Nagayama T, Ohtsuki Y, Furihata M. Zeb1-mediated T-cadherin repression increases the invasive potential of gallbladder cancer. FEBS Lett 2009, 583:430-436. 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.12.042, 19116147.
41. Lee SW. H-cadherin, a novel cadherin with growth inhibitory functions and diminished expression in human breast cancer. Nat Med 1996, 2:776-782. 10.1038/nm0796-776, 8673923.
42. Toyooka KO, Toyooka S, Virmani AK, Sathyanarayana UG, Euhus DM, Gilcrease M, Minna JD, Gazdar AF. Loss of expression and aberrant methylation of the CDH13 (H-cadherin) gene in breast and lung carcinomas. Cancer Res 2001, 61:4556-4560.
43. Cool M, Jolicoeur P. Elevated frequency of loss of heterozygosity in mammary tumors arising in mouse mammary tumor virus/neu transgenic mice. Cancer Res 1999, 59:2438-2444.
44. Hulpiau P, van Roy F. New insights into the evolution of metazoan cadherins. Mol Biol Evol 2011, 28:647-657.
45. Qi C, Zhu YT, Hu L, Zhu YJ. Identification of Fat4 as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in breast cancers. Int J Cancer 2009, 124:793-798. 10.1002/ijc.23775, 2667156, 19048595.
46. Mao Y, Mulvaney J, Zakaria S, Yu T, Morgan KM, Allen S, Basson MA, Francis-West P, Irvine KD. Characterization of a Dchs1 mutant mouse reveals requirements for Dchs1-Fat4 signaling during mammalian development. Development 2011, 138:947-957. 10.1242/dev.057166, 3035097, 21303848.
47. Yu JS, Koujak S, Nagase S, Li CM, Su T, Wang X, Keniry M, Memeo L, Rojtman A, Mansukhani M, Hibshoosh H, Tycko B, Parsons R. PCDH8, the human homolog of PAPC, is a candidate tumor suppressor of breast cancer. Oncogene 2008, 27:4657-4665. 10.1038/onc.2008.101, 3013056, 18408767.
48. Yasuda S, Tanaka H, Sugiura H, Okamura K, Sakaguchi T, Tran U, Takemiya T, Mizoguchi A, Yagita Y, Sakurai T, De Robertis EM, Yamagata K. Activity-induced protocadherin arcadlin regulates dendritic spine number by triggering N-cadherin endocytosis via TAO2beta and p38 MAP kinases. Neuron 2007, 56:456-471. 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.020, 2424284, 17988630.
49. Santiago-Josefat B, Esselens C, Bech-Serra JJ, Arribas J. Post-transcriptional up-regulation of ADAM17 upon epidermal growth factor receptor activation and in breast tumors. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:8325-8331. 10.1074/jbc.M608826200, 17227756.
50. Klus GT, Rokaeus N, Bittner ML, Chen Y, Korz DM, Sukumar S, Schick A, Szallasi Z. Down-regulation of the desmosomal cadherin desmocollin 3 in human breast cancer. Int J Oncol 2001, 19:169-174.
51. Thiery JP. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and pathologies. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2003, 15:740-746. 10.1016/j.ceb.2003.10.006, 14644200.
52. Christiansen JJ, Rajasekaran AK. Reassessing epithelial to mesenchymal transition as a prerequisite for carcinoma invasion and metastasis. Cancer Res 2006, 66:8319-8326. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0410, 16951136.
53. Chao YL, Shepard CR, Wells A. Breast carcinoma cells re-express E-cadherin during mesenchymal to epithelial reverting transition. Mol Cancer 2010, 9:179. 10.1186/1476-4598-9-179, 2907333, 20609236.
54. Dubois-Marshall S, Thomas JS, Faratian D, Harrison DJ, Katz E. Two possible mechanisms of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in invasive ductal breast cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011, 28:811-818. 10.1007/s10585-011-9412-x, 21789718.
55. Lundgren K, Nordenskjold B, Landberg G. Hypoxia, Snail and incomplete epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2009, 101:1769-1781. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605369, 2778529, 19844232.
56. Park SM, Gaur AB, Lengyel E, Peter ME. The miR-200 family determines the epithelial phenotype of cancer cells by targeting the E-cadherin repressors ZEB1 and ZEB2. Genes Dev 2008, 22:894-907. 10.1101/gad.1640608, 2279201, 18381893.
57. Berx G, Cleton-Jansen AM, Strumane K, de Leeuw WJ, Nollet F, van Roy F, Cornelisse C. E-cadherin is inactivated in a majority of invasive human lobular breast cancers by truncation mutations throughout its extracellular domain. Oncogene 1996, 13:1919-1925.
58. Graff JR, Gabrielson E, Fujii H, Baylin SB, Herman JG. Methylation patterns of the E-cadherin 5' CpG island are unstable and reflect the dynamic, heterogeneous loss of E-cadherin expression during metastatic progression. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:2727-2732. 10.1074/jbc.275.4.2727, 10644736.
59. Lynch HT, Grady W, Lynch JF, Tsuchiya KD, Wiesner G, Markowitz SD. E-cadherin mutation-based genetic counseling and hereditary diffuse gastric carcinoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2000, 122:1-6. 10.1016/S0165-4608(00)00273-9, 11104024.
60. Nass SJ, Herman JG, Gabrielson E, Iversen PW, Parl FF, Davidson NE, Graff JR. Aberrant methylation of the estrogen receptor and E-cadherin 5' CpG islands increases with malignant progression in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2000, 60:4346-4348.
61. Vuoriluoto K, Haugen H, Kiviluoto S, Mpindi JP, Nevo J, Gjerdrum C, Tiron C, Lorens JB, Ivaska J. Vimentin regulates EMT induction by Slug and oncogenic H-Ras and migration by governing Axl expression in breast cancer. Oncogene 2011, 30:1436-1448.
62. Gemmill RM, Roche J, Potiron VA, Nasarre P, Mitas M, Coldren CD, Helfrich BA, Garrett-Mayer E, Bunn PA, Drabkin HA. ZEB1-responsive genes in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2011, 300:66-78. 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.09.007, 20980099.
63. Hajra KM, Chen DY, Fearon ER. The SLUG zinc-finger protein represses E-cadherin in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2002, 62:1613-1618.
64. Hajra KM, Fearon ER. Cadherin and catenin alterations in human cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002, 34:255-268. 10.1002/gcc.10083, 12007186.
65. Bolos V, Peinado H, Perez-Moreno MA, Fraga MF, Esteller M, Cano A. The transcription factor Slug represses E-cadherin expression and induces epithelial to mesenchymal transitions: a comparison with Snail and E47 repressors. J Cell Sci 2003, 116:499-511. 10.1242/jcs.00224, 12508111.
66. Martin TA, Watkins G, Lane J, Jiang WG. Assessing microvessels and angiogenesis in human breast cancer, using VE-cadherin. Histopathology 2005, 46:422-430. 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02104.x, 15810954.
67. Chen X, Ding J, Gao W, Yi X, Wang H, Li H. [Expression of E-cadherin in non-small cell lung cancer: correlation with lymphatic metastasis and prognosis.]. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi 2002, 5:260-262.
68. Nishimura Y, Yoshioka K, Bernard O, Bereczky B, Itoh K. A role of LIM kinase 1/cofilin pathway in regulating endocytic trafficking of EGF receptor in human breast cancer cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2006, 126:627-638. 10.1007/s00418-006-0198-x, 16763828.
69. Postigo AA, Depp JL, Taylor JJ, Kroll KL. Regulation of Smad signaling through a differential recruitment of coactivators and corepressors by ZEB proteins. EMBO J 2003, 22:2453-2462. 10.1093/emboj/cdg226, 155984, 12743039.
70. Postigo AA. Opposing functions of ZEB proteins in the regulation of the TGFbeta/BMP signaling pathway. EMBO J 2003, 22:2443-2452. 10.1093/emboj/cdg225, 155983, 12743038.
71. Liu T, Dong XG, Wang Y, Yan Y, Zhang JJ. [The mechanism of twist gene regulation during the retina angiogenesis.]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2008, 44:634-639.
72. Graham TR, Zhau HE, Odero-Marah VA, Osunkoya AO, Kimbro KS, Tighiouart M, Liu T, Simons JW, O'Regan RM. Insulin-like growth factor-I-dependent up-regulation of ZEB1 drives epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2008, 68:2479-2488. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2559, 18381457.
73. Sanchez-Tillo E, Lazaro A, Torrent R, Cuatrecasas M, Vaquero EC, Castells A, Engel P, Postigo A. ZEB1 represses E-cadherin and induces an EMT by recruiting the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling protein BRG1. Oncogene 2010, 29:3490-3500. 10.1038/onc.2010.102, 20418909.
74. Burke JM. Epithelial phenotype and the RPE: is the answer blowing in the Wnt?. Prog Retin Eye Res 2008, 27:579-595. 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.08.002, 2584165, 18775790.
75. Wang F, Sloss C, Zhang X, Lee SW, Cusack JC. Membrane-bound heparin-binding epidermal growth factor like growth factor regulates E-cadherin expression in pancreatic carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2007, 67:8486-8493. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0498, 17875687.
76. Jiang WG. E-cadherin and its associated protein catenins, cancer invasion and metastasis. Br J Surg 1996, 83:437-446. 10.1002/bjs.1800830404, 8665230.
77. Hamamori Y, Wu HY, Sartorelli V, Kedes L. The basic domain of myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins is the novel target for direct inhibition by another bHLH protein, Twist. Mol Cell Biol 1997, 17:6563-6573. 232510, 9343420.
78. Maestro R, Dei Tos AP, Hamamori Y, Krasnokutsky S, Sartorelli V, Kedes L, Doglioni C, Beach DH, Hannon GJ. Twist is a potential oncogene that inhibits apoptosis. Genes Dev 1999, 13:2207-2217. 10.1101/gad.13.17.2207, 317004, 10485844.
79. Castanon I, Von Stetina S, Kass J, Baylies MK. Dimerization partners determine the activity of the Twist bHLH protein during Drosophila mesoderm development. Development 2001, 128:3145-3159.
80. Oda H, Tsukita S, Takeichi M. Dynamic behavior of the cadherin-based cell-cell adhesion system during Drosophila gastrulation. Dev Biol 1998, 203:435-450. 10.1006/dbio.1998.9047, 9808792.
81. Wang S, Jiang Y, Huang H, Yang Q. [Expression and correlation with metastasis of E-cadherin, CD44H, matrix metalloproteinase-3, nm23H1 and VEGF in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.]. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi 2004, 18:470-472.
82. Evron E, Dooley WC, Umbricht CB, Rosenthal D, Sacchi N, Gabrielson E, Soito AB, Hung DT, Ljung B, Davidson NE, Sukumar S. Detection of breast cancer cells in ductal lavage fluid by methylation-specific PCR. Lancet 2001, 357:1335-1336. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04501-3, 11343741.
83. Yang J, Mani SA, Donaher JL, Ramaswamy S, Itzykson RA, Come C, Savagner P, Gitelman I, Richardson A, Weinberg RA. Twist, a master regulator of morphogenesis, plays an essential role in tumor metastasis. Cell 2004, 117:927-939. 10.1016/j.cell.2004.06.006, 15210113.
84. Howe LR, Watanabe O, Leonard J, Brown AM. Twist is up-regulated in response to Wnt1 and inhibits mouse mammary cell differentiation. Cancer Res 2003, 63:1906-1913.
85. Yang MH, Wu KJ. TWIST activation by hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1): implications in metastasis and development. Cell Cycle 2008, 7:2090-2096. 10.4161/cc.7.14.6324, 18635960.
86. Yang L, Jiang Y, Wu SF, Zhou MY, Wu YL, Chen GQ. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha antagonizes transcriptional activity of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha with direct protein-protein interaction. Carcinogenesis 2008, 29:291-298.
87. Wu Y, Evers BM, Zhou BP. Small C-terminal domain phosphatase enhances snail activity through dephosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2009, 284:640-648. 2610500, 19004823.
88. Zhou BP, Deng J, Xia W, Xu J, Li YM, Gunduz M, Hung MC. Dual regulation of Snail by GSK-3beta-mediated phosphorylation in control of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat Cell Biol 2004, 6:931-940. 10.1038/ncb1173, 15448698.
89. de Herreros AG, Peiro S, Nassour M, Savagner P. Snail family regulation and epithelial mesenchymal transitions in breast cancer progression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010, 15:135-147. 10.1007/s10911-010-9179-8, 2930904, 20455012.