Progress and problems in the assessment of flower morphology in higher-level systematics

Plant Systematics and Evolution

Volumn 298, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 257-276

  Endress, Peter K ^a   Matthews, Merran L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Androecium; Angiosperms; Apomorphic tendencies; Flower morphology; Gynoecium; Higher classification; Orders; Ovules; Perianth

Indexed keywords

MAGNOLIOPHYTA;

EID: 84856230866     PISSN: 03782697     EISSN: 16156110     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00606-011-0576-2     Document Type: Article

References (230)

1. Albert VA, Williams SE, Chase MW (1992) Carnivorous plants: phylogeny and structural evolution. Science 257: 1491-1495.
2. Alford MH (2006) Gerrardinaceae: a new family of African flowering plants unresolved among Brassicales, Huerteales, Malvales, and Sapindales. Taxon 55: 959-964.
3. Anderberg AA, Zhang X (2002) Phylogenetic relationships of Cyrillaceae and Clethraceae (Ericales) with special emphasis on the genus Purdiaea Planch. Org Divers Evol 2: 127-137.
4. Anderberg AA, Rydin C, Källersjö M (2002) Phylogenetic relationships in the order Ericales s. l.: analyses of molecular data from five genes from the plastid and mitochondrial genomes. Am J Bot 89: 677-687.
5. APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) (1998) An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Ann Mo Bot Gard 85: 531-553.
6. APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) (2009) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot J Linn Soc 161: 105-121.
7. Bachelier JB, Endress PK (2008) Floral structure of Kirkia (Kirkiaceae) and its position in Sapindales. Ann Bot 102: 539-550.
8. Bachelier JB, Endress PK (2009) Comparative floral morphology and anatomy of Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae (Sapindales), with a special focus on gynoecium structure and evolution. Bot J Linn Soc 159: 499-571.
9. Bartlett ME, Specht CD (2010) Evidence for the involvement of GLOBOSA-like gene duplications and expression divergence in the evolution of floral morphology in the Zingiberales. New Phytol 187: 521-541.
10. Baum-Leinfellner H (1953) Über unifaziale Griffel und Narben. Planta 42: 452-460.
11. Bayer C, Fay MF, de Bruijn AJ, Savolainen V, Morton CM, Kubitzki K, Alverson WS, Chase MW (1999) Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences. Bot J Linn Soc 129: 267-303.
12. Behnke H-D (1997) Sarcobataceae-a new family of Caryophyllales. Taxon 46: 495-507.
13. Bello MA, Hawkins JA, Rudall PJ (2007) Floral morphology and development in Quillajaceae and Surianaceae (Fabales), the species-poor relatives of Leguminosae and Polygalaceae. Ann Bot 100: 1491-1505.
14. Bello MA, Bruneau A, Forest F, Hawkins JA (2009) Elusive relationships within order Fabales: phylogenetic analyses using matK and rbcL sequence data. Syst Bot 34: 102-114.
15. Bello MA, Hawkins JA, Rudall PJ (2010) Floral ontogeny in Polygalaceae and its bearing on the homologies of keeled flowers in Fabales. Int J Plant Sci 171: 482-498.
16. Bernhard A (1999) Flower structure, development, and systematics in Passifloraceae and in Abatia (Flacourtiaceae). Int J Plant Sci 160: 135-150.
17. Bernhard A, Endress PK (1999) Androecial development and systematics in Flacourtiaceae s. l. Plant Syst Evol 215: 141-155.
18. Blarer A, Nickrent D, Endress PK (2004) Floral structure and systematics in Apodanthaceae (Rafflesiales). Plant Syst Evol 245: 119-142.
19. Brockington SF, Alexandre R, Ramdial J, Moore MJ, Crawley S, Dhingra A, Hilu K, Soltis PS, Soltis DE (2009) Phylogeny of the Caryophyllales sensu lato: revisiting hypotheses on pollination biology and perianth differentiation in the core Caryophyllales. Int J Plant Sci 171: 185-198.
20. Brückner C (2000) Clarification of the carpel number in Papaverales, Capparales, and Berberidaceae. Bot Rev 66: 155-307.
21. Cameron KM (2003) On the phylogenetic position of the New Caledonian endemic families Paracryphiaceae, Oncothecaceae, and Strasburgeriaceae: a comparison of molecules and morphology. Bot Rev 68: 428-443.
22. Chase MW, Soltis DE, Olmstead RG, Morgan D, Les DH, Mishler BD, Duvall MR, Price RA, Hills HG, Qiu Y-L, Kron KA, Rettig JH, Conti E, Palmer JD, Manhart JR, Sytsma KJ, Michaels HJ, Kress WJ, Karol KG, Clark WD, Hedrén M, Gaut BS, Jansen RK, Kim K-J, Wimpee CF, Smith JF, Furnier GR, Strauss SH, Xiang Q-Y, Plunkett GM, Soltis PS, Swensen SM, Williams SE, Gadek PA, Quinn CJ, Eguiarte LE, Golenberg E, Learn GH Jr, Graham SW, Barrett SCH, Dayanandan S, Albert VA (1993) Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL. Ann Mo Bot Gard 80: 528-580.
23. Chase MW, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Rudall PJ, Fay MF, Hahn WH, Sullivan S, Joseph J, Molvray M, Kores PJ, Givnish TJ, Sytsma KJ, Pires JC (2000) Higher-level systematics of the monocotyledons: an assessment of current knowledge and a new classification. In: Wilson KL, Morrison DA (eds) Monocots: systematics and evolution. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp 3-16.
24. Chen L, Ren Y, Endress PK, Tian XH, Zhang XH (2007) Floral development of Tetracentron sinense (Trochodendraceae) and its systematic significance. Plant Syst Evol 264: 183-193.
25. Christenhusz MJM, Fay MF, Clarkson JJ, Gasson P, Morales-Can J, Jiménez-Barrios JB, Chase MW (2010) Petenaeaceae, a new angiosperm family in Huerteales with a distant relationship to Gerrardina (Gerrardinaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 164: 16-25.
26. Corner EJH (1946) Centrifugal stamens. J Arnold Arbor 27: 423-437.
27. Crane PR, Pedersen KR, Friis EM, Drinnan AN (1993) Early Cretaceous (early to middle Albian) platanoid inflorescences associated with Sapindopsis leaves from the Potomac Group of eastern North America. Syst Bot 91: 1666-1682.
28. Crane PR, Herendeen PS, Friis EM (2004) Fossils and plant phylogeny. Am J Bot 91: 1683-1699.
29. Cronquist A (1957) Outline of a new system of families and orders of dicotyledons. Bull Jard Bot État Bruxelles 27: 13-40.
30. Cronquist A (1981) An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York.
31. Cuénoud P, Savolainen V, Chatrou LW, Powell M, Grayer RJ, Chase MW (2002) Molecular phylogenetics of Caryophyllales based on nuclear 18S rDNA and plastid rbcL, atpB, and matK DNA sequences. Am J Bot 89: 132-144.
32. Davis CC, Anderson WR (2010) A complete generic phylogeny of Malpighiaceae inferred from nucleotide sequence data and morphology. Am J Bot 97: 2031-2048.
33. Davis CC, Endress PK, Baum DA (2008) The evolution of floral gigantism. Curr Opin Plant Biol 11: 49-57.
34. Dickison WC (1972) Observations on the floral morphology of some species of Saurauia, Actinidia, and Clematoclethra. J Elisha Mitchell Sci Soc 88: 43-54.
35. Doweld A (2001) Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta). GEOS, Moscow.
36. Doweld A, Reveal JL (2008) New suprageneric names for vascular plants. Phytologia 90: 416-417.
37. Doyle JA, Endress PK (2000) Morphological phylogenetic analysis of basal angiosperms: comparison and combination with molecular data. Int J Plant Sci 161: S121-S153.
38. Doyle JA, Endress PK (2010) Integrating Early Cretaceous fossils into the phylogeny of living angiosperms: Magnoliidae and eudicots. J Syst Evol 48: 1-35.
39. Doyle JA, Endress PK (2011) Tracing the evolutionary diversification of the flower in basal angiosperms. In: Wanntorp L, Ronse De Craene LP (eds) Flowers on the tree of life. Systematics Association Special Volume Series, vol 80. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 88-119.
40. Eckardt T (1976) Classical morphological features of of centrospermous families. Plant Syst Evol 126: 5-25.
41. Eckert G (1966) Entwicklungsgeschichtliche und blütenanatomische Untersuchungen zum Problem der Obdiplostemonie. Bot Jahrb Syst 85: 523-604.
42. Endress PK (1967) Systematische Studie über die verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen zwischen den Hamamelidaceen und Betulaceen. Bot Jahrb Syst 87: 431-525.
43. Endress PK (1977) Evolutionary trends in the Hamamelidales-Fagales group. Plant Syst Evol Suppl 1: 321-347.
44. Endress PK (1982) Syncarpy and alternative modes of escaping disadvantages of apocarpy in primitive angiosperms. Taxon 31: 48-52.
45. Endress PK (1986) Floral structure, systematics and phylogeny in Trochodendrales. Ann Mo Bot Gard 73: 297-324.
46. Endress PK (1987) Floral phyllotaxis and floral evolution. Bot Jahrb Syst 108: 417-438.
47. Endress PK (1989a) A suprageneric taxonomic classification of the Hamamelidaceae. Taxon 38: 371-376.
48. Endress PK (1989b) Aspects of evolutionary differentiation of the Hamamelidaceae and the Lower Hamamelididae. Plant Syst Evol 162: 193-211.
49. Endress PK (1989c) Chaotic floral phyllotaxis and reduced perianth in Achlys (Berberidaceae). Bot Acta 102: 159-163.
50. Endress PK (1994a) Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
51. Endress PK (1994b) Shapes, sizes and evolutionary trends in stamens of Magnoliidae. Bot Jahrb Syst 115: 429-460.
52. Endress PK (1997a) Evolutionary biology of flowers: prospects for the next century. In: Iwatsuki K, Raven PH (eds) Evolution and diversification of land plants. Springer, Tokyo, pp 99-119.
53. Endress PK (1997b) Relationships between floral organization, architecture and pollination mode in Dillenia (Dilleniaceae). Plant Syst Evol 206: 99-118.
54. Endress PK (2002) Morphology and angiosperm systematics in the molecular era. Bot Rev 68: 545-570.
55. Endress PK (2003) What should a "complete" morphological phylogenetic analysis entail? In: Stuessy TF, Hörandl E, Mayer V (eds) Deep morphology: toward a renaissance of morphology in plant systematics. Regnum Vegetabile, vol. 141. Gantner, Ruggell, pp 131-164.
56. Endress PK (2005) Links between embryology and evolutionary floral morphology. Curr Sci 89: 749-754.
57. Endress PK (2006) Angiosperm floral evolution: Morphological developmental framework. Adv Bot Res 44: 1-61.
58. Endress PK (2008) The whole and the parts: relationships between floral architecture and floral organ shape, and their repercussions on the interpretation of fragmentary floral fossils. Ann Mo Bot Gard 95: 101-120.
59. Endress PK (2010a) Flower structure and trends of evolution in eudicots and their major subclades. Ann Mo Bot Gard 97: 541-583.
60. Endress PK (2010b) Synorganisation without organ fusion in the flowers of Geranium robertianum (Geraniaceae) and its not so trivial obdiplostemony. Ann Bot 106: 687-695.
61. Endress PK (2011a) Angiosperm ovules: diversity, development, evolution. Ann Bot 107: 1465-1489.
62. Endress PK (2011b) Changing views of flower evolution and new questions. In: Wanntorp L, Ronse De Craene LP (eds) Flowers on the tree of life. Systematics Association Special Volume Series, vol 80. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 120-141.
63. Endress PK (2011c) Evolutionary diversification of the flowers in angiosperms. Am J Bot 98: 370-396.
64. Endress PK, Doyle JA (2007) Floral phyllotaxis in basal angiosperms-development and evolution. Curr Opin Plant Biol 10: 52-57.
65. Endress PK, Doyle JA (2009) Reconstructing the ancestral flower and its initial specializations. Am J Bot 96: 22-66.
66. Endress PK, Friis EM (1991) Archamamelis, hamamelidalean flowers from the Upper Cretaceous of Sweden. Plant Syst Evol 175: 101-114.
67. Endress PK, Friis EM (2006) Rosids-reproductive structures, fossil and extant, and their bearing on deep relationships. Introduction. Plant Syst Evol 260: 83-85.
68. Endress PK, Hufford LD (1989) The diversity of stamen structures and dehiscence patterns among Magnoliidae. Bot J Linn Soc 100: 45-85.
69. Endress PK, Igersheim A (1999) Gynoecium diversity and systematics of the basal eudicots. Bot J Linn Soc 130: 305-393.
70. Endress PK, Igersheim A (2000) Gynoecium structure and evolution in basal angiosperms. Int J Plant Sci 161: S211-S223.
71. Endress PK, Matthews ML (2006a) Elaborate petals and staminodes in eudicots: structure, function, evolution. Org Divers Evol 6: 257-293.
72. Endress PK, Matthews ML (2006b) First steps towards a floral structural characterization of the major rosid subclades. Plant Syst Evol 260: 223-251.
73. Endress PK, Stumpf S (1991) The diversity of stamen structures in lower Rosidae (Rosales, Fabales, Proteales, Sapindales). Bot J Linn Soc 107: 217-293.
74. Endress PK, Jenny M, Fallen ME (1983) Convergent elaboration of apocarpous gynoecia in higher advanced dicotyledons (Sapindales, Malvales, Gentianales). Nord J Bot 3: 292-300.
75. Endress PK, Baas P, Gregory M (2000) Systematic morphology and anatomy: 50 years of progress. Taxon 49: 401-434.
76. Engler A (1925) Parietales. In: Engler A, Prantl K (eds) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (edn 2) 21. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp 1-6.
77. Engler A (1930) Saxifragaceae. In: Engler A, Prantl K (eds) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (edn 2) 18 a. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp 74-226.
78. Engler A (1931) Rutaceae. In: Engler A, Prantl K (eds) Die natürlichen Planzenfamilien (edn 2) 19 a. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp 187-359.
79. Engler A, Krause K (1931) Dichapetalaceae. In: Engler A, Prantl K (eds) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (edn 2) 19c. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp 1-11.
80. Erbar C, Leins P (1996) Distribution of the character states "early" and "late sympetaly" within the "Sympetalae Tetracyclicae" and presumably related groups. Bot Acta 109: 427-440.
81. Erbar C, Leins P (2011) Synopsis of some important, non-DNA character states in the asterids with special reference to sympetaly. Plant Divers Evol 129: 93-123.
82. Filipowicz N, Renner SS (2010) The worldwide holoparasitic Apodanthaceae confidently placed in the Cucurbitales by nuclear and mitochondrial gene trees. BMC Evol Biol 10: 219.
83. Friis EM, Crane PR, Pedersen KR (1988) Reproductive structures of Cretaceous Platanaceae. Biol Skr Danske Vidensk Selsk 31: 1-55.
84. Friis EM, Pedersen KR, Schönenberger J (2006) Normapolles plants: a prominent component of the Cretaceous rosid diversification. Plant Syst Evol 260: 107-140.
85. Friis EM, Crane PR, Pedersen KR (2011) Early flowers and angiosperm evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
86. Gibbs LS (1917) Dutch N. W. New Guinea: A contribution to the phytogeography and flora of the Arfak Mountains & c. Taylor & Frances, London.
87. González F, Rudall PJ (2010) Flower and fruit characters in the early-divergent lamiid family Metteniusaceae, with particular reference to the evolution of pseudomonomery. Am J Bot 97: 191-206.
88. González F, Betancur J, Maurin O, Freudenstein JV, Chase MW (2007) Metteniusaceae, an early-diverging family in the lamiid clade. Taxon 56: 795-800.
89. Hallier H (1896) Betrachtungen über die Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Ampelideen und anderer Pflanzenfamilien. Natuurk Tijdschr Ned-Indië III 56: 300-331.
90. Hamann U (1975) Neue Untersuchungen zur Embryologie und Systematik der Centrolepidaceae. Bot Jahrb Syst 96: 154-191.
91. Hamann U (1976) Hydatellaceae-a new family of Monocotyledoneae. N Z J Bot 14: 193-196.
92. Harms H (1940) Meliaceae. In: Engler A, Prantl K (eds) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (edn 2) 19 bI. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp 1-172.
93. Hartl D (1962) Die morphologische Natur und die Verbreitung des Apikalseptums. Analyse einer bisher unbekannten Gestaltungsmöglichkeit des Gynoeceums. Beitr Biol Pfl 37: 241-330.
94. Hayes V, Schneider EL, Carlquist S (2000) Floral development of Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae). Int J Plant Sci 161: S183-S191.
95. Hiepko P (1965) Das zentrifugale Androeceum der Paeoniaceae. Ber Deutsch Bot Ges 77: 427-435.
96. Hoogland RD, Reveal JL (2005) Index nominum familiarum plantarum vascularium. Bot Rev 71: 1-291.
97. Hufford L (1992) Rosidae and their relationships to other nonmagnoliid dicotyledons: a phylogenetic analysis using morphological and chemical data. Ann Mo Bot Gard 79: 218-248.
98. Hufford L (1995) Patterns of ontogenetic evolution in perianth diversification of Besseya (Scrophulariaceae). Am J Bot 82: 655-680.
99. Hufford LD (1990) Androecial development and the problem of monophyly of Loasaceae. Can J Bot 68: 402-419.
100. Hufford LD, Endress PK (1989) The diversity of anther structures and dehiscence patterns among Hamamelididae. Bot J Linn Soc 99: 301-346.
101. Hufford L, Moody ML, Soltis DE (2001) A phylogenetic analysis of Hydrangeaceae based on sequences of the plastid gene matK and their combination with rbcL and morphological data. Int J Plant Sci 162: 835-846.
102. Iltis HH (1999) Setchellanthaceae (Capparales), a new family for a relictual, glucosinolate-producing endemic of the Mexican desert. Taxon 48: 257-275.
103. Jäger-Zürn I (1966) Infloreszenz- und blütenmorphologische, sowie embryologische Untersuchungen an Myrothamnus Welw. Beitr Biol Pfl 42: 241-271.
104. Janka H, von Balthazar M, Alverson WS, Baum DA, Semir J, Bayer C (2008) Structure, development and evolution of the androecium in Adansonieae (core Bombacoideae, Malvaceae s. l.). Plant Syst Evol 275: 69-91.
105. Jérémie J (1997) Sphenostemonaceae. In: Morat P (ed) Flore de la Nouvelle Calédonie 21. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, pp 3-21.
106. Jérémie J (2008) Paracryphiaceae. Species Plantarum. Flora of the world, vol 13. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Geneva, pp 1-7.
107. Jian S, Soltis PS, Gitzendanner MA, Moore MJ, Li R, Hendry TA, Qiu Y-L, Dhringa A, Bell CD, Soltis DE (2008) Resolving an ancient, rapid radiation in Saxifragales. Syst Biol 57: 38-57.
108. Karehed J (2001) Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae. Am J Bot 88: 2259-2274.
109. Karol KG, Rodman JE, Conti E, Sytsma KJ (1999) Nucleotide sequence of rbcL and phylogenetic relationships of Setchellanthus caeruleus (Setchellanthaceae). Taxon 48: 303-315.
110. Karrer AB (1991) Blütenentwicklung und systematische Stellung der Papaveraceae und Capparaceae. Doctoral dissertation, University of Zurich. ADAG, Zurich.
111. Kubitzki K, Kallunki JA, Duretto M, Wilson PG (2011) Rutaceae. In: Kubitzki K (ed) The families and genera of vascular plants, vol 10. Springer, Berlin, pp 276-356.
112. Leins P (1975) Die Beziehungen zwischen multistaminaten und einfachen Androeceen. Bot Jahrb Syst 96: 231-237.
113. Leins P, Erbar C (2010) Flower and fruit. Morphology, ontogeny, phylogeny, function and ecology. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.
114. Leins P, Metzenauer G (1979) Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an Capparis-Blüten. Bot Jahrb Syst 100: 542-554.
115. Leins P, Schwitalla S (1985) Studien an Cactaceen-Blüten I. Einige Bemerkungen zur Blütenentwicklung von Pereskia. Beitr Biol Pflanzen 60: 313-323.
116. Link DA (1992) The floral nectaries of the Geraniales and their systematic implications VI. Ixonanthaceae Exell & Mendonça. Bot Jahrb Syst 114: 81-90.
117. Losos JB (2011) Seeing the forest for the trees: the limitations of phylogenies in comparative biology. Am Nat 177: 709-727.
118. Mabberley DJ (2011) Meliaceae. In: Kubitzki K (ed) The families and genera of vascular plants, vol 10. Springer, Berlin, pp 185-211.
119. Magallón S (2007) From fossils to molecules: phylogeny and the core eudicot floral groundplan in Hamamelidoideae (Hamamelidaceae, Saxifragales). Syst Bot 32: 317-347.
120. Magallón S, Herendeen PS, Crane PR (1997) Quadriplatanus georgianus gen. et sp. nov.: staminate and pistillate platanaceous flowers from the Late Cretaceous (Coniacian-Santonian of Georgia, USA). Int J Plant Sci 158: 373-394.
121. Magallón S, Herendeen PS, Crane PR (2001) Androdecidua endressii gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous of Georgia (United States): further floral diversity in Hamamelidoideae (Hamamelidaceae). Int J Plant Sci 162: 963-983.
122. Magallón-Puebla S, Herendeen PS, Endress PK (1996) Allonia decandra: floral remains of the tribe Hamamelideae (Hamamelidaceae) from Campanian strata of Southeastern U. S. A. Plant Syst Evol 202: 177-198.
123. Malécot V, Nickrent DL (2008) Molecular phylogenetic relationships of Olacaceae and related Santalales. Syst Bot 33: 97-106.
124. Manos PS, Steele KP (1997) Phylogenetic analysis of "higher" Hamamelididae based on plastid sequence data. Am J Bot 84: 1407-1419.
125. Matthews ML, Endress PK (2002) Comparative floral structure and systematics in Oxalidales (Oxalidaceae, Connaraceae, Cephalotaceae, Brunelliaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Tremandraceae). Bot J Linn Soc 140: 321-381.
126. Matthews ML, Endress PK (2004) Comparative floral structure and systematics in Cucurbitales (Corynocarpaceae, Coriariaceae, Datiscaceae, Tetramelaceae, Begoniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Anisophyllaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 145: 129-185.
127. Matthews ML, Endress PK (2005a) Comparative floral structure and systematics in Celastrales (Celastraceae, Parnassiaceae, Lepidobotryaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 149: 129-194.
128. Matthews ML, Endress PK (2005b) Comparative floral structure and systematics in Crossosomatales (Crossosomataceae, Stachyuraceae, Staphyleaceae, Aphloiaceae, Geissolomataceae, Ixerbaceae, Strasburgeriaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 147: 1-46.
129. Matthews ML, Endress PK (2006) Floral structure and systematics in four orders of rosids, including a broad survey of floral mucilage cells. Plant Syst Evol 260: 199-221.
130. Matthews ML, Endress PK (2008) Comparative floral structure and systematics in Chrysobalanaceae s. l. (Chrysobalanaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Euphroniaceae, Trigoniaceae; Malpighiales). Bot J Linn Soc 157: 249-309.
131. Matthews ML, Endress PK (2011) Comparative floral structure and systematics in Rhizophoraceae, Erythroxylaceae, and the potentially related Ctenolophonaceae, Linaceae, Irvingiaceae, and Caryocaraceae (Malpighiales). Bot J Linn Soc 166: 331-416.
132. Matthews ML, Endress PK, Schönenberger J, Friis EM (2001) A comparison of floral structures of Anisophylleaceae and Cunoniaceae and the problem of their systematic position. Ann Bot 88: 439-455.
133. Mayr B (1969) Ontogenetische Studien an Myrtales-Blüten. Bot Jahrb Syst 89: 210-271.
134. Merino Suter D, Forster PI, Endress PK (2006) Female flowers and systematic position of Picrodendraceae (Euphorbiaceae s. l., Malpighiales). Plant Syst Evol 261: 187-215.
135. Merxmüller H, Leins P (1967) Die Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Kreuzblütler und Mohngewächse. Bot Jahrb Syst 86: 113-129.
136. Nandi OI (1998a) Floral development and systematics of Cistaceae. Plant Syst Evol 212: 107-134.
137. Nandi OI (1998b) Ovule and seed anatomy of Cistaceae and related Malvanae. Plant Syst Evol 209: 239-264.
138. Nandi OI, Chase MW, Endress PK (1998) A combined cladistic analysis of angiosperms using rbcL and nonmolecular data sets. Ann Mo Bot Gard 85: 137-212.
139. Nickrent D, Malécot V, Vidal-Russell R, Der JP (2010) A revised classification of Santalales. Taxon 59: 538-558.
140. Nuraliev MS, Oskolski AA, Sokoloff DD, Remizowa MV (2010) Flowers of Araliaceae: structural diversity, developmental and evolutionary aspects. Plant Div Evol 128: 247-268.
141. Nyffeler R, Eggli U (2010) Disintegrating Portulacaceae: a new familial classification of the suborder Portulacineae (Caryophyllales) based on molecular and morphological data. Taxon 59: 227-240.
142. Oh SH, Potter D (2006) Description and phylogenetic position of a new angiosperm family, Guamatelaceae, inferred from chloroplast rbcL, atpB, and matK sequences. Syst Bot 31: 730-738.
143. Pax F, Hoffmann K (1931) Euphorbiaceae. In: Engler A, Prantl K (eds) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (edn 2) 19c. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp 11-240.
144. Prenner G, Box MS, Cunniff J, Rudall PJ (2008) The branching stamens of Ricinus and the homologies of the angiosperm stamen fascicle. Int J Plant Sci 169: 735-744.
145. Qiu Y-L, Chase MW, Hoot SB, Conti E, Crane PR, Sytsma KJ, Parks CR (1998) Phylogenetics of the Hamamelidae and their allies: parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequences of the plastid gene rbcL. Int J Plant Sci 159: 891-905.
146. Qiu Y-L, Li L, Wang B, Xue J-Y, Hendry TA, Li R-Q, Brown JW, Liu Y, Geordan T, Chen Z-D (2010) Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from sequences of four mitochondrial genes. J Syst Evol 48: 391-425.
147. Remizowa MV, Sokoloff DD, Rudall PJ (2010) Evolutionary history of the monocot flower. Ann Mo Bot Gard 97: 617-645.
148. Ren Y, Li H-F, Zhao L, Endress PK (2007) Floral morphogenesis in Euptelea (Eupteleaceae, Ranunculales). Ann Bot 100: 185-193.
149. Ren Y, Chang H-L, Endress PK (2010) Floral development in Anemoneae (Ranunculaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 162: 77-100.
150. Reuter K (1926) Die Phylogenie der Parietales. Bot Arch 16: 118-217.
151. Reveal JL (1993) New ordinal names for extant vascular plants. Phytologia 74: 173-177.
152. Reveal JL (2011) Summary of recent systems of angiosperm classification. Kew Bull 66: 1-44.
153. Reveal JL, Chase MW (2011) APG III: bibliographical information and synonymy of Magnoliidae. Phytotaxa 19: 71-134.
154. Ritterbusch A (1991) Morphologisches Beschreibungsmodell tubiflorer Kronen, ein Beitrag zur Terminologie und Morphologie der Asteriden-Blüte. Bot Jahrb Syst 112: 329-345.
155. Rodman J, Karol KG, Price RA, Sytsma KJ (1996) Molecules, morphology, and Dahlgren's expanded order Capparales. Syst Bot 21: 289-307.
156. Rohweder O (1963) Anatomische und histogenetische Untersuchungen an Laubsprossen und Blüten der Commelinaceen. Bot Jahrb Syst 82: 1-99.
157. Ronse Decraene LP (1989) Floral development of Cochlospermum tinctorium and Bixa orellana with special emphasis on the androecium. Am J Bot 76: 1344-1359.
158. Ronse De Craene LP (2008) Homology and evolution of petals in the core eudicots. Syst Bot 33: 301-325.
159. Ronse De Craene LP (2010) Floral diagrams. An aid to understanding flower morphology and evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
160. Ronse De Craene LP, Haston E (2006) The systematic relationships of glucosinolate-producing plants and related families: a cladistic investigation based on morphological and molecular characters. Bot J Linn Soc 151: 453-494.
161. Ronse Decraene LP, Smets EF (1991) The impact of receptacular growth on polyandry in the Myrtales. Bot J Linn Soc 105: 257-269.
162. Ronse Decraene LP, Smets EF (1992) Complex polyandry in the Magnoliatae, definition, distribution and systematic value. Nord J Bot 12: 621-649.
163. Ronse Decraene LP, Smets EF (1993) The distribution and systematic relevance of the androecial character polymery. Bot J Linn Soc 113: 285-350.
164. Ronse Decraene LP, Smets EF (1995) The distribution and systematic relevance of the androecial character oligomery. Bot J Linn Soc 118: 193-247.
165. Ronse Decraene LP, Smets EF (1999a) Similarities in floral ontogeny and anatomy between the genera Francoa (Francoaceae) and Greyia (Greyiaceae). Int J Plant Sci 160: 377-393.
166. Ronse Decraene LP, Smets EF (1999b) The floral development and anatomy of Carica papaya (Caricaceae). Can J Bot 77: 582-598.
167. Ronse De Craene LP, Wanntorp L (2006) Evolution of floral characters in Gunnera (Gunneraceae). Syst Bot 31: 671-688.
168. Ronse Decraene LP, Linder HP, Smets EF (2000) The questionable relationship of Montinia (Montiniaceae): evidence from a floral ontogenetic and anatomical study. Am J Bot 87: 1408-1424.
169. Ronse De Craene LP, Linder HP, Dlamini T, Smets EF (2001) Evolution and development of floral diversity of Melianthaceae, an enigmatic Southern African family. Int J Plant Sci 162: 59-82.
170. Ross R (1982) Initiation of stamens, carpels, and receptacle in the Cactaceae. Am J Bot 69: 369-379.
171. Rudall PJ (2010) All in a spin: centrifugal organ formation and floral patterning. Curr Opin Plant Biol 13: 108-114.
172. Rudall PJ, Bateman RM (2006) Morphological phylogenetic analysis of Pandanales: testing contrasting hypotheses of floral evolution. Syst Bot 31: 223-238.
173. Rudall PJ, Sokoloff DD, Remizowa MV, Conran JG, Davis JI, Macfarlane TD, Stevenson DW (2007) Morphology of Hydatellaceae, an anomalous aquatic family recently recognized as a early-divergent angiosperm lineage. Am J Bot 94: 1073-1092.
174. Ruhfel BR, Bittrich V, Bove CP, Gustafsson MHG, Philbrick CT, Rutishauser R, Xi Z, Davis CC (2011) Phylogeny of the clusioid clade (Malpighiales): evidence from the plastid and mitochondrial genomes. Am J Bot 98: 306-325.
175. Rutishauser R, Wanntorp L, Pfeifer E (2004) Gunnera herteri-developmental morphology of a dwarf from Uruguay and S Brazil (Gunneraceae). Plant Syst Evol 248: 219-241.
176. Saarela JM, Rai HS, Doyle JA, Endress PK, Mathews S, Marchant AD, Briggs BG, Graham SW (2007) Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312-315.
177. Sauer H (1933) Blüte und Frucht der Oxalidaceen, Linaceen, Geraniaceen, Tropaeolaceen und Balsaminaceen. Vergleichend-entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen. Planta 19: 417-481.
178. Savolainen V, Fay MF, Albach DC, Backlund A, van der Bank M, Cameron KM, Johnson SA, Lledó MD, Pintaud J-C, Powell M, Sheahan MC, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Weston P, Whitten WM, Wurdack KJ, Chase MW (2000) Phylogeny of the eudicots: a nearly complete familial analysis based on rbcL gene sequences. Kew Bull 55: 257-309.
179. Schaefer H, Renner SS (2011) Phylogenetic relationships in the order Cucurbitales and a new classification of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae). Taxon 60: 122-138.
180. Schäferhoff B, Müller KF, Borsch T (2010) Caryophyllales phylogenetics: disentangling Phytolaccaceae and Molluginaceae and description of Microteaceae as a new isolated family. Willdenowia 39: 209-228.
181. Schlechter R (1906) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flora von Neu-Kaledonien. Bot Jahrb Syst 39: 1-274.
182. Schöffel K (1932) Untersuchungen über den Blütenbau der Ranunculaceen. Planta 17: 315-371.
183. Schönenberger J (2009) Comparative floral structure and systematics of Fouquieriaceae and Polemoniaceae (Ericales). Int J Plant Sci 170: 1132-1167.
184. Schönenberger J, Conti E (2003) Molecular phylogeny and floral evolution in Penaeaceae, Oliniaceae, Rhynchocalycaceae, and Alzateaceae (Myrtales). Am J Bot 90: 292-309.
185. Schönenberger J, von Balthazar M (2006) Reproductive structures and phylogenetic framework of the rosids-progress and prospects. Plant Syst Evol 260: 87-106.
186. Schönenberger J, Grenhagen (2005) Early floral development and androecium organization in Fouquieriaceae (Ericales). Plant Syst Evol 254: 233-249.
187. Schönenberger J, Anderberg AA, Sytsma KJ (2005) Molecular phylogenetics and patterns of floral evolution in the Ericales. Int J Plant Sci 166: 265-288.
188. Schönenberger J, von Balthazar M, Sytsma KJ (2010) Diversity and evolution of floral structure among early diverging lineages in the Ericales. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond B 365: 437-448.
189. Scotland RW (2011) What is parallelism? Evol Dev 13: 214-227.
190. Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Chase MW, Mort ME, Albach DC, Zanis M, Savolainen V, Hahn WH, Hoot SB, Fay MF, Axtell M, Swensen SM, Prince LM, Kress WJ, Nixon KC, Farris JS (2000) Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences. Bot J Linn Soc 133: 381-461.
191. Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Endress PK, Chase MW (2005) Phylogeny and evolution of angiosperms. Sinauer, Sunderland.
192. Soltis DE, Smith SA, Cellinese N, Wurdack KJ, Tank DC, Brockington SF, Refulio-Rodriguez NF, Walker JB, Moore MJ, Carlsward BS, Bell CD, Latvis M, Crawley S, Black C, Diouf D, Xi Z, Rushworth CA, Gitzendanner MA, Sytsma KJ, Qiu Y-L, Hilu KW, Davis CC, Sanderson MJ, Beaman RS, Olmstead RG, Judd WS, Donoghue MJ, Soltis PS (2011) Angiosperm phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa. Am J Bot 98: 704-730.
193. Sosa V, Chase MW (2003) Phylogenetics of Crossosomataceae based on rbcL sequence data. Syst Bot 28: 96-105.
194. Staedler YM, Endress PK (2009) Diversity and lability of floral phyllotaxis in the pluricarpellate families of core Laurales (Gomortegaceae, Atherospermataceae, Siparunaceae, Monimiaceae). Int J Plant Sci 170: 522-550.
195. Stevens PF (2001) Angiosperm phylogeny website, version 9, June 2008. http://www. mobot. org/MOBOT/research/APweb.
196. Stevens PF (2007) Clusiaceae-Guttiferae. In: Kubitzki K (ed) The families and genera of vascular plants, vol 9. Springer, Berlin, pp 48-66.
197. Stevens PF, Luteyn J, Oliver EGH, Bell TL, Brown EA, Crowden RK, George AS, Jordan GJ, Ladd P, Lemson K, McLean CB, Menadue Y, Pate JS, Stace HM, Weiller CM (2004) Ericaceae. In: Kubitzki K (ed) The families and genera of vascular plants, vol 6. Springer, Berlin, pp 145-194.
198. 't Hart H, van der Ham RDHJ, Stevens JF, Elema ET, van der Klis H, Gadella TWJ (1999) Biosystematic, molecular and phytochemical evidence for the multiple origin of sympetaly in Eurasian Sedoideae (Crassulaceae). Biochem Syst Ecol 27: 407-426.
199. Takhtajan A (1959) Die Evolution der Angiospermen. Fischer, Jena.
200. Takhtajan A (1964) The taxa of the higher plants above the rank of order. Taxon 13: 160-164.
201. Takhtajan A (1987) Systema Magnoliophytorum. Nauka, Leningrad.
202. Takhtajan A (1997) Diversity and classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York.
203. Tank DC, Donoghue MJ (2010) Phylogeny and phylogenetic nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an expanded sample of genes and taxa. Syst Bot 35: 425-441.
204. Tank DC, Beardsley PM, Kelchner SA, Olmstead RG (2006) Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s. l. and their current disposition. Aust Syst Bot 19: 289-307.
205. Thorne RF (1983) Proposed new alignments in the angiosperms. Nord J Bot 3: 85-117.
206. Thorne RF (1992) An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants. Aliso 13: 365-389.
207. Tomlinson PB (1980) The biology of trees native to tropical Florida. Harvard University Printing Office, Allston.
208. Tsou C-H (1998) Early floral development of Camellioideae (Theaceae). Am J Bot 85: 1531-1547.
209. Tsou C-H, Mori SA (2007) Floral organogenesis and floral evolution of the Lecythidoideae (Lecythidaceae). Am J Bot 94: 716-736.
210. Upchurch GR, Crane PR, Drinnan AN (1994) The megaflora from the Quantico locality (upper Albian), Lower Cretaceous Potomac Group of Virginia. Virg Mus Nat Hist Mem 4: 1-57.
211. van Heel WA (1966) Morphology of the androecium in Malvales. Blumea 13: 177-394.
212. von Balthazar M, Endress PK (2002a) Development of inflorescences and flowers in Buxaceae and the problem of perianth interpretation. Int J Plant Sci 163: 847-876.
213. von Balthazar M, Endress PK (2002b) Reproductive structures and systematics of Buxaceae. Bot J Linn Soc 140: 193-228.
214. von Balthazar M, Schönenberger J (2009) Floral structure and organization in Platanaceae. Int J Plant Sci 170: 210-225.
215. von Balthazar M, Endress PK, Qiu Y-L (2000) Molecular phylogenetics of Buxaceae based on nuclear ITS and plastid ndhF sequences. Int J Plant Sci 161: 785-792.
216. von Balthazar M, Schatz GE, Endress PK (2003) Female flowers and inflorescences of Didymelaceae. Plant Syst Evol 237: 199-208.
217. von Balthazar M, Schönenberger J, Alverson WS, Bayer C, Baum DA (2006) Structure and evolution of the androecium in the Malvatheca clade (Malvaceae s. l.) and implications for Malvaceae and Malvales. Plant Syst Evol 260: 171-197.
218. Wagenitz G (1997) The impact of molecular methods on the systematics of angiosperms. Bot Acta 110: 274-281.
219. Wake DB, Wake MH, Specht CD (2011) Homoplasy: from detecting pattern to determining process and mechanism of evolution. Science 331: 1032-1035.
220. Walker JW, Doyle JA (1975) The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: palynology. Ann Mo Bot Gard 62: 664-723.
221. Wang H, Moore MJ, Soltis PS, Bell CD, Brockington SF, Alexandre R, Davis CC, Latvis M, Manchester SR, Soltis DE (2009) Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106: 3853-3858.
222. Wang X-F, Armbruster WS, Huang S-Q (2012) Extra-gynoecial pollen-tube growth in apocarpous angiosperms is phylogenetically widespread and probably adaptive. New Phytol 193: 253-260.
223. Wanntorp L, Ronse De Craene LP (2009) Perianth evolution in the sandalwood order Santalales. Am J Bot 96: 1361-1371.
224. Wassmer A (1955) Vergleichend-morphologische Untersuchungen an den Blüten der Crassulaceen. Doctoral dissertation, University of Zurich. Keller, Winterthur.
225. Wolfe JA, Doyle JA, Page VM (1975) The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: paleobotany. Ann Mo Bot Gard 62: 801-824.
226. Worberg A, Alford MH, Quandt D, Borsch T (2009) Huerteales sister to Brassicales plus Malvales, and newly circumscribed to include Dipentodon, Gerrardina, Huertea, Perrottetia, and Tapiscia. Taxon 58: 468-478.
227. Wu H-C, Su H-J, Hu J-M (2007) The identification of A-, B-, C-, and E-class MADS-box genes and implications for perianth evolution in the basal eudicot Trochodendron aralioides (Trochodendraceae). Int J Plant Sci 168: 775-799.
228. Wurdack KJ, Davis CC (2009) Malpighiales phylogenetics: gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life. Am J Bot 96: 1551-1570.
229. Zhang L-B, Simmons MP (2006) Phylogeny and delimitation of the Celastrales inferred from nuclear and plastid genes. Syst Bot 31: 122-137.
230. Zhang L-B, Simmons MP, Kocyan A, Renner SS (2006) Phylogeny of the Cucurbitales based on DNA sequences of nine loci from three genomes: implications for morphological and sexual system evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 39: 305-322.