Expression profiling in neuropsychiatric disorders: Emphasis on glutamate receptors in bipolar disorder

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

Volumn 100, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 705-711

  Ginsberg, Stephen D ^a,b   Hemby, Scott E ^c   Smiley, John F ^a  

^a NATHAN S KLINE INSTITUTE FOR PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Expression profiling; Genome wide association studies; Glutamate receptors; Major depressive disorder; Molecular fingerprint; Postmortem human brain; Schizophrenia; Single cell analysis

Indexed keywords

AMPA RECEPTOR; CALCIUM CALMODULIN DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE II; CARBAMAZEPINE; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CLOZAPINE; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE 5; DEXTRO AMINO ACID OXIDASE; GLUTAMATE AMMONIA LIGASE; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; KAINIC ACID RECEPTOR; LITHIUM; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR 2A; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR 2D; NEU DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PROENKEPHALIN; TACHYKININ;

ALCOHOL ABUSE; AUTOPSY; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; CITRON; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DISTRACTIBILITY; DRUG ABUSE; FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; INFANCY; MANIA; MENTAL DISEASE; MOOD CHANGE; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SLEEP DISORDER; SPEECH DISORDER; SUICIDE;

EID: 84855565338     PISSN: 00913057     EISSN: 18735177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.09.015     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Altar CA, Martin A, Thurkauf A. Antipsychotic agents. In: Abraham DJ, editor. Burger's medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Hoboken: Wiley & Sons; 2003. p. 599-672.
2. Altar CA, Vawter MP, Ginsberg SD. Target identification for CNS diseases by transcriptional profiling. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009;34:18-54.
3. Atz M, Walsh D, Cartagena P, Li J, Evans S, Choudary P, et al. Methodological considerations for gene expression profiling of human brain. J Neurosci Methods 2007;163: 295-309. (Pubitemid 46874608)
4. Avramopoulos D, Lasseter VK, Fallin MD, Wolyniec PS, McGrath JA, Nestadt G, et al. Stage II follow-up on a linkage scan for bipolar disorder in the Ashkenazim provides suggestive evidence for chromosome 12p and the GRIN2B gene. Genet Med 2007;9:745-51. (Pubitemid 350129409)
5. Bachmann RF, Schloesser RJ, Gould TD, Manji HK.Mood stabilizers target cellular plasticity and resilience cascades: implications for the development of novel therapeutics. Mol Neurobiol 2005;32:173-202. (Pubitemid 41397185)
6. Baldessarini RJ, Vieta E, Calabrese JR, Tohen M, Bowden CL. Bipolar depression: overview and commentary. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2010;18:143-57.
7. Barnett JH, Smoller JW. The genetics of bipolar disorder. Neuroscience 2009;164: 331-43.
8. Baum AE, Akula N, Cabanero M, Cardona I, Corona W, Klemens B, et al. A genome-wide association study implicates diacylglycerol kinase eta (DGKH) and several other genes in the etiology of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2008;13:197-207.
9. Belmonte Mahon P, Pirooznia M, Goes FS, Seifuddin F, Steele J, Lee PH, et al. Genome-wide association analysis of age at onset and psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder. AmJ Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011;156:370-8.
10. Benes FM, Matzilevich D, Burke RE, Walsh J. The expression of proapoptosis genes is increased in bipolar disorder, but not in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2006;11: 241-51.
11. Benes FM, Lim B, Subburaju S. Site-specific regulation of cell cycle and DNA repair in post-mitotic GABA cells in schizophrenic versus bipolars. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106:11731-6.
12. Beneyto M, Meador-Woodruff JH. Lamina-specific abnormalities of NMDA receptorassociated postsynaptic protein transcripts in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33:2175-86. (Pubitemid 351992080)
13. Bernard R, Kerman IA, Thompson RC, Jones EG, Bunney WE, Barchas JD, et al. Altered expression of glutamate signaling, growth factor, and glia genes in the locus coeruleus of patients with major depression. Mol Psychiatry 2011;16:634-46.
14. Bustin SA. Why the need for qPCR publication guidelines?-The case for MIQE. Methods 2010;50:217-26.
15. Buttenschon HN, Mors O, Ewald H, McQuillin A, Kalsi G, Lawrence J, et al. No association between a neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) gene polymorphism on chromosome 12q24 and bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004;124B:73-5. (Pubitemid 38031596)
16. Cassidy F. Risk factors of attempted suicide in bipolar disorder. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2011;41:6-11.
17. Chen X, Li X, Wang P, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhao G, et al. Novel association strategy with copy number variation for identifying new risk loci of human diseases. PLoS One 2010;5:e12185.
18. Cheng MC, Liao DL, Hsiung CA, Chen CY, Liao YC, Chen CH. Chronic treatment with aripiprazole induces differential gene expression in the rat frontal cortex. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008;11:207-16. (Pubitemid 351231829)
19. Cherlyn SY, Woon PS, Liu JJ, Ong WY, Tsai GC, Sim K. Genetic association studies of glutamate, GABA and related genes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a decade of advance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010;34:958-77.
20. Choudary PV, Molnar M, Evans SJ, Tomita H, Li JZ, Vawter MP, et al. Altered cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic signal transmission with glial involvement in depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:15653-8. (Pubitemid 41528111)
21. Deep-Soboslay A, Benes FM, Haroutunian V, Ellis JK, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM. Psychiatric brain banking: three perspectives on current trends and future directions. Biol Psychiatry 2011;69:104-12.
22. DSM-IV. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th edition. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
23. Eastwood SL, Harrison PJ. Detection and quantification of hippocampal synaptophysin messenger RNA in schizophrenia using autoclaved, formalin-fixed, paraffin waxembedded sections. Neuroscience 1999;93:99-106. (Pubitemid 29290690)
24. Eastwood SL, Harrison PJ. Decreased expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and complexin II mRNAs in schizophrenia: further evidence for a synaptic pathology affecting glutamate neurons. Schizophr Res 2005;73:159-72. (Pubitemid 40093877)
25. Eberwine J, Kacharmina JE, Andrews C, Miyashiro K, McIntosh T, Becker K, et al. mRNA expression analysis of tissue sections and single cells. J Neurosci 2001;21:8310-4. (Pubitemid 33051426)
26. Elashoff M, Higgs BW, Yolken RH, Knable MB, Weis S, Webster MJ, et al. Meta-analysis of 12 genomic studies in bipolar disorder. J Mol Neurosci 2007;31:221-43. (Pubitemid 47338416)
27. Fallin MD, Lasseter VK, Avramopoulos D, Nicodemus KK, Wolyniec PS, McGrath JA, et al. Bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia: a 440-single-nucleotide polymorphism screen of 64 candidate genes among Ashkenazi Jewish case-parent trios. Am J Hum Genet 2005;77:918-36. (Pubitemid 41698514)
28. Fan J, Ionita-Laza I, McQueen MB, Devlin B, Purcell S, Faraone SV, et al. Linkage disequilibrium mapping of the chromosome 6q21-22.31 bipolar I disorder susceptibility locus. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010;153B:29-37.
29. Fasulo WH, Hemby SE. Time-dependent changes in gene expression profiles of midbrain dopamine neurons following haloperidol administration. J Neurochem 2003;87: 205-19. (Pubitemid 37210654)
30. Fatemi SH, Reutiman TJ, Folsom TD, Bell C, Nos L, Fried P, et al. Chronic olanzapine treatment causes differential expression of genes in frontal cortex of rats as revealed by DNA microarray technique. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006;31:1888-99.
31. Ferreira MA, O'Donovan MC, Meng YA, Jones IR, Ruderfer DM, Jones L, et al. Collaborative genome-wide association analysis supports a role for ANK3 and CACNA1C in bipolar disorder. Nat Genet 2008;40:1056-8.
32. Frank RA, McRae AF, Pocklington AJ, van de Lagemaat LN, Navarro P, Croning MD, et al. Clustered coding variants in the glutamate receptor complexes of individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. PLoS One 2011;6:e19011.
33. Friedman JN, Hurley RA, Taber KH. Bipolar disorder: imaging state versus trait. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006;18:296-301.
34. Gejman PV, Sanders AR, Duan J. The role of genetics in the etiology of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2010;33:35-66.
35. Georgi A, Jamra RA, Schumacher J, Becker T, Schmael C, Deschner M, et al. No association between genetic variants at the GRIN1 gene and bipolar disorder in a German sample. Psychiatr Genet 2006;16:183-4. (Pubitemid 44401255)
36. Ginsberg SD. Transcriptional profiling of small samples in the central nervous system. Methods Mol Biol 2008;439:147-58.
37. Ginsberg SD, Mirnics K. Functional genomic methodologies. Prog Brain Res 2006;158: 15-40.
38. Ginsberg SD, Che S, Wuu J, Counts SE, Mufson EJ. Down regulation of trk but not p75NTR gene expression in single cholinergic basal forebrain neurons mark the progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2006;97:475-87.
39. Ginsberg SD, Alldred MJ, Counts SE, Cataldo AM, Neve RL, Jiang Y, et al. Microarray analysis of hippocampal CA1 neurons implicates early endosomal dysfunction during Alzheimer's disease progression. Biol Psychiatry 2010;68:885-93.
40. Ginsberg SD, Mufson EJ, Alldred MJ, Counts SE, Wuu J, Nixon RA, et al. Upregulation of select rab GTPases in cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2011;42:102-10.
41. Ginsberg SD, Alldred MJ, Che S. Gene expression levels assessed by CA1 pyramidal neuron and regional hippocampal dissections in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2011 Jul 28. [Epub ahead of print].
42. Gould TD, Quiroz JA, Singh J, Zarate CA, Manji HK. Emerging experimental therapeutics for bipolar disorder: insights from the molecular and cellular actions of current mood stabilizers. Mol Psychiatry 2004;9:734-55. (Pubitemid 39107964)
43. Gratacos M, Costas J, de Cid R, Bayes M, Gonzalez JR, Baca-Garcia E, et al. Identification of new putative susceptibility genes for several psychiatric disorders by association analysis of regulatory and non-synonymous SNPs of 306 genes involved in neurotransmission and neurodevelopment. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009;150B:808-16.
44. Grozeva D, Kirov G, Ivanov D, Jones IR, Jones L, Green EK, et al. Rare copy number variants: a point of rarity in genetic risk for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67:318-27.
45. Hakak Y,Walker JR, Li C,WongWH, Davis KL, BuxbaumJD, et al. Genome-wide expression analysis reveals dysregulation of myelination-related genes in chronic schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:4746-51. (Pubitemid 32295047)
46. Haroutunian V, Katsel P, Dracheva S, Stewart DG, Davis KL. Variations in oligodendrocyterelated gene expression across multiple cortical regions: implications for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2007;10:565-73. (Pubitemid 46985258)
47. Hashimoto K, Sawa A, Iyo M. Increased levels of glutamate in brains from patients with mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:1310-6. (Pubitemid 350060893)
48. Hashimoto T, Arion D, Unger T, Maldonado-Aviles JG, Morris HM, Volk DW, et al. Alterations in GABA-related transcriptome in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2008;13:147-61.
49. Hemby SE, Ginsberg SD, Brunk B, Arnold SE, Trojanowski JQ, Eberwine JH. Gene expression profile for schizophrenia: discrete neuron transcription patterns in the entorhinal cortex. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:631-40. (Pubitemid 34747243)
50. Hemby SE, Trojanowski JQ, Ginsberg SD. Neuron-specific age-related decreases in dopamine receptor subtype mRNAs. J Comp Neurol 2003;456:176-83. (Pubitemid 36043777)
51. Humphries C,Mortimer A,Hirsch S, de Belleroche J.NMDA receptormRNA correlationwith antemortem cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 1996;7:2051-5. (Pubitemid 26348223)
52. Itokawa M, Yamada K, Iwayama-Shigeno Y, Ishitsuka Y, Detera-Wadleigh S, Yoshikawa T. Genetic analysis of a functional GRIN2A promoter (GT)n repeat in bipolar disorder pedigrees in humans. Neurosci Lett 2003;345:53-6. (Pubitemid 36694848)
53. Iwamoto K, Kakiuchi C, Bundo M, Ikeda K, Kato T. Molecular characterization of bipolar disorder by comparing gene expression profiles of postmortem brains of major mental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2004;9:406-16. (Pubitemid 38534701)
54. Javitt DC. Glutamate and schizophrenia: phencyclidine, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptors, and dopamine-glutamate interactions. Int Rev Neurobiol 2007;78:69-108.
55. Jurata LW, Bukhman YV, Charles V, Capriglione F, Bullard J, Lemire AL, et al. Comparison of microarray-based mRNA profiling technologies for identification of psychiatric disease and drug signatures. J Neurosci Methods 2004;138:173-88. (Pubitemid 39485990)
56. Kato T, Kakiuchi C, Iwamoto K. Comprehensive gene expression analysis in bipolar disorder. Can J Psychiatry 2007;52:763-71.
57. Kerner B, Jasinska AJ, DeYoung J, Almonte M, Choi OW, Freimer NB. Polymorphisms in the GRIA1 gene region in psychotic bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009;150B:24-32.
58. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005a;62:593-602. (Pubitemid 40973434)
59. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005b;62:617-27. (Pubitemid 40973437)
60. Kim S, Webster MJ. The stanley neuropathology consortium integrative database: a novel,web-based tool for exploring neuropathologicalmarkers in psychiatric disorders and the biological processes associatedwith abnormalities of thosemarkers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:473-82.
61. Kim AH, Reimers M, Maher B, Williamson V, McMichael O, McClay JL, et al. MicroRNA expression profiling in the prefrontal cortex of individuals affected with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Schizophr Res 2010;124:183-91.
62. Klempan TA, Sequeira A, Canetti L, Lalovic A, Ernst C, Ffrench-Mullen J, et al. Altered expression of genes involved in ATP biosynthesis and GABAergic neurotransmission in the ventral prefrontal cortex of suicides with and without major depression. Mol Psychiatry 2009;14:175-89.
63. Konradi C, EatonM, MacDonaldML,Walsh J, Benes FM, Heckers S.Molecular evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:300-8. (Pubitemid 38295832)
64. Le-Niculescu H, McFarland MJ, Mamidipalli S, Ogden CA, Kuczenski R, Kurian SM, et al. Convergent functional genomics of bipolar disorder: fromanimalmodel pharmacogenomics to human genetics and biomarkers. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007;31:897-903. (Pubitemid 47287774)
65. Lewis DA. Antipsychotic medications and brain volume: do we have cause for concern? Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011;68:126-7.
66. Lewis DA, Hashimoto T, Morris HM. Cell and receptor type-specific alterations in markers of GABA neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Neurotox Res 2008;14:237-48.
67. Li B, Zhang S, Li M, Zhang H, Hertz L, Peng L. Down-regulation of GluK2 kainate receptor expression by chronic treatment withmood-stabilizing anti-convulsants or lithiumin cultured astrocytes and brain, but not in neurons. Neuropharmacology 2009;57: 375-85.
68. Lin M, Pedrosa E, Shah A, Hrabovsky A, Maqbool S, Zheng D, et al. RNA-Seq of human neurons derived from iPS cells reveals candidate long non-coding RNAs involved in neurogenesis and neuropsychiatric disorders. PLoS One 2011;6:e23356.
69. Lorenzi C, Delmonte D, Pirovano A, Marino E, Bongiorno F, Catalano M, et al. Searching susceptibility loci for bipolar disorder: a sib pair study on chromosome 12. Neuropsychobiology 2010;61:10-8.
70. Lyons-Warren A, Chang JJ, Balkissoon R, Kamiya A, GarantM, Nurnberger J, et al. Evidence of association between bipolar disorder and Citron on chromosome 12q24. Mol Psychiatry 2005;10:807-9. (Pubitemid 43080113)
71. Marsden WN. Stressor-induced NMDAR dysfunction as a unifying hypothesis for the aetiology, pathogenesis and comorbidity of clinical depression. Med Hypotheses 2011;77:508-28.
72. Marti SB, Cichon S, Propping P, Nothen M. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (GRM3) gene variation is not associated with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder in the German population. Am J Med Genet 2002;114:46-50.
73. Martucci L,Wong AH, De Luca V, Likhodi O,WongGW, KingN, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR2B subunit gene GRIN2B in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: polymorphisms and mRNA levels. Schizophr Res 2006;84:214-21.
74. McCullumsmith RE, Kristiansen LV, Beneyto M, Scarr E, Dean B, Meador-Woodruff JH. Decreased NR1,NR2A, and SAP102 transcript expression in the hippocampus in bipolar disorder. Brain Res 2007;1127:108-18. (Pubitemid 44854837)
75. McDonald LJ, Griffin ML, Kolodziej ME, Fitzmaurice GM, Weiss RD. The impact of drug use in social networks of patients with substance use and bipolar disorders. Am J Addict 2011;20:100-5.
76. Melchitzky DS, Lewis DA. Dendritic-targeting GABA neurons inmonkey prefrontal cortex: comparison of somatostatin- and calretinin-immunoreactive axon terminals. Synapse 2008;62:456-65. (Pubitemid 351614770)
77. Merikangas KR, Jin R, He JP, Kessler RC, Lee S, Sampson NA, et al. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011;68:241-51.
78. Mimmack ML, Ryan M, Baba H, Navarro-Ruiz J, Iritani S, Faull RL, et al. Gene expression analysis in schizophrenia: reproducible up-regulation of several members of the apolipoprotein L family located in a high-susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 22. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:4680-5. (Pubitemid 34286044)
79. Mirnics K, Middleton FA, Marquez A, Lewis DA, Levitt P. Molecular characterization of schizophrenia viewed bymicroarray analysis of gene expression in prefrontal cortex. Neuron 2000;28:53-67.
80. Mirnics K, Levitt P, LewisDA. Critical appraisal of DNAmicroarrays in psychiatric genomics. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60:163-76.
81. Mueller HT, Meador-Woodruff JH. NR3A NMDA receptor subunit mRNA expression in schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2004;71:361-70. (Pubitemid 39330514)
82. Mundo E, Tharmalingham S, Neves-Pereira M, Dalton EJ, Macciardi F, Parikh SV, et al. Evidence that the N-methyl-D-aspartate subunit 1 receptor gene (GRIN1) confers susceptibility to bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2003;8:241-5. (Pubitemid 36315234)
83. Nolan T, Hands RE, Bustin SA. Quantification ofmRNA using real-time RT-PCR. Nat Protoc 2006;1:1559-82.
84. O'Connor JA, Hemby SE. Elevated GRIA1 mRNA expression in Layer II/III and V pyramidal cells of the DLPFC in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007;97:277-88.
85. O'Connor JA, Muly EC, Arnold SE, Hemby SE. AMPA receptor subunit and splice variant expression in the DLPFC of schizophrenic subjects and rhesus monkeys chronically administered antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Res 2007;90:28-40. (Pubitemid 46177560)
86. Ogden CA, Rich ME, Schork NJ, Paulus MP, Geyer MA, Lohr JB, et al. Candidate genes, pathways and mechanisms for bipolar (manic-depressive) and related disorders: an expanded convergent functional genomics approach. Mol Psychiatry 2004;9: 1007-29. (Pubitemid 39524290)
87. Okumura T, Kishi T, Okochi T, Ikeda M, Kitajima T, Yamanouchi Y, et al. Genetic association analysis of functional polymorphisms in neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1 gene (NOS1) and mood disorders and fluvoxamine response in major depressive disorder in the Japanese population. Neuropsychobiology 2010;61:57-63.
88. Oquendo MA, Currier D, Liu SM, Hasin DS, Grant BF, Blanco C. Increased risk for suicidal behavior in comorbid bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71:902-9.
89. Pennington K, Beasley CL, Dicker P, Fagan A, English J, Pariante CM, et al. Prominent synaptic and metabolic abnormalities revealed by proteomic analysis of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2008;13:1102-17.
90. Perlis RH, Smoller JW, Ferreira MA, McQuillin A, Bass N, Lawrence J, et al. A genomewide association study of response to lithium for prevention of recurrence in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:718-25.
91. Pickard BS, Malloy MP, Christoforou A, Thomson PA, Evans KL, Morris SW, et al. Cytogenetic and genetic evidence supports a role for the kainate-type glutamate receptor gene, GRIK4, in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2006;11: 847-57. (Pubitemid 44299106)
92. Pickard BS, KnightHM,Hamilton RS, Soares DC,Walker R, Boyd JK, et al. A common variant in the 3′UTR of the GRIK4 glutamate receptor gene affects transcript abundance and protects against bipolar disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:14940-5.
93. Piletz JE, Zhang XT, Ranade R, Liu C. Database of genetic studies of bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2011;21:57-68.
94. Prata D, Breen G, Osborne S, Munro J, St Clair D, Collier D. Association of DAO and G72 (DAOA)/G30 genes with bipolar affective disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008;147B:914-7.
95. Rao JS, Harry GJ, Rapoport SI, Kim HW. Increased excitotoxicity and neuroinflammatory markers in postmortem frontal cortex from bipolar disorder patients. Mol Psychiatry 2010;15:384-92.
96. Regier DA, Narrow WE, Rae DS, Manderscheid RW, Locke BZ, Goodwin FK. The de facto US mental and addictive disorders service system. Epidemiologic catchment area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and services. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:85-94. (Pubitemid 23059313)
97. Reif A, Strobel A, Jacob CP, Herterich S, Freitag CM, Topner T, et al. A NOS-III haplotype that includes functional polymorphisms is associated with bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2006;9:13-20. (Pubitemid 43068330)
98. Ruberto G, Vassos E, Lewis CM, Tatarelli R, Girardi P, Collier D, et al. The cognitive impact of the ANK3 risk variant for bipolar disorder: initial evidence of selectivity to signal detection during sustained attention. PLoS One 2011;6:e16671.
99. Ryan MM, Lockstone HE, Huffaker SJ, Wayland MT, Webster MJ, Bahn S. Gene expression analysis of bipolar disorder reveals downregulation of the ubiquitin cycle and alterations in synaptic genes. Mol Psychiatry 2006;11:965-78. (Pubitemid 44470218)
100. Saus E, Brunet A, Armengol L, Alonso P, Crespo JM, Fernandez-Aranda F, et al. Comprehensive copy number variant (CNV) analysis of neuronal pathways genes in psychiatric disorders identifies rare variants within patients. J Psychiatr Res 2010;44:971-8.
101. Scott LJ, Muglia P, Kong XQ, Guan W, Flickinger M, Upmanyu R, et al. Genome-wide association and meta-analysis of bipolar disorder in individuals of European ancestry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106:7501-6.
102. Sequeira A, Turecki G. Genome wide gene expression studies in mood disorders. Omics 2006;10:444-54. (Pubitemid 46174578)
103. Sequeira A, Klempan T, Canetti L, ffrench-Mullen J, Benkelfat C, Rouleau GA, et al. Patterns of gene expression in the limbic system of suicides with and without major depression. Mol Psychiatry 2007;12:640-55. (Pubitemid 46998251)
104. Shi J, Badner JA, Hattori E, Potash JB, Willour VL, McMahon FJ, et al. Neurotransmission and bipolar disorder: a systematic family-based association study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008;147B:1270-7.
105. Sibille E, Arango V, Galfalvy HC, Pavlidis P, Erraji-Benchekroun L, Ellis SP, et al. Gene expression profiling of depression and suicide in human prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:351-61. (Pubitemid 38175153)
106. Sklar P, Gabriel SB, McInnis MG, Bennett P, Lim YM, Tsan G, et al. Family-based association study of 76 candidate genes in bipolar disorder: BDNF is a potential risk locus. Brain-derived neutrophic factor. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7:579-93.
107. Sklar P, Smoller JW, Fan J, Ferreira MA, Perlis RH, Chambert K, et al. Whole-genome association study of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2008;13:558-69. (Pubitemid 351704939)
108. Takata A, Kim SH, Ozaki N, Iwata N, Kunugi H, Inada T, et al. Association of ANK3 with bipolar disorder confirmed in East Asia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011;156:312-5.
109. Tang B, Thornton-Wells T, Askland KD. Comparative linkage meta-analysis reveals regionally- distinct, disparate genetic architectures: application to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. PLoS One 2011;6:e19073.
110. Tkachev D, Mimmack ML, Ryan MM, Wayland M, Freeman T, Jones PB, et al. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Lancet 2003;362: 798-805. (Pubitemid 37093922)
111. Uezato A, Meador-Woodruff JH, McCullumsmith RE. Vesicular glutamate transporter mRNA expression in the medial temporal lobe in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Bipolar Disord 2009;11:711-25.
112. Usher J, Leucht S, Falkai P, Scherk H. Correlation between amygdala volume and age in bipolar disorder - a systematic review and meta-analysis of structural MRI studies. Psychiatry Res 2010;182:1-8.
113. Vieta E, Morralla C. Prevalence of mixed mania using 3 definitions. J Affect Disord 2010.
114. Woo TU, Walsh JP, Benes FM. Density of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 messenger RNA-containing neurons that express the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2A in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:649-57. (Pubitemid 38890797)
115. Woo TU, Shrestha K, Amstrong C, Minns MM, Walsh JP, Benes FM. Differential alterations of kainate receptor subunits in inhibitory interneurons in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2007;96: 46-61. (Pubitemid 47494630)
116. Yosifova A, Mushiroda T, Stoianov D, Vazharova R, Dimova I, Karachanak S, et al. Case-control association study of 65 candidate genes revealed a possible association of a SNP of HTR5A to be a factor susceptible to bipolar disease in Bulgarian population. J Affect Disord 2009;117:87-97.
117. Zhao Q, Che R, Zhang Z, Wang P, Li J, Li Y, et al. Positive association between GRIN2B gene and bipolar disorder in the Chinese Han population. Psychiatry Res 2011;185:290-2.