Effects of anger, guilt, and envy on moral hypocrisy

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 129-139

  Polman, Evan ^a   Ruttan, Rachel L ^b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

Author keywords

anger; emotions; envy; guilt; moral hypocrisy

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANGER; ARTICLE; DECISION MAKING; EMOTION; GUILT; HUMAN; MORALITY;

ANGER; DECISION MAKING; EMOTIONS; GUILT; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; MORALS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84855263941     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167211422365     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Alicke M.D.,Klotz M.L.,Breitenbecher D.L.,Yurak T.J.,Vredenburg D.S.Personal contact, individuation, and the better-than-average effect.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995;68:804-825.
2. Andrade E.B.,Ho T-H.How is the boss's mood today? I want a raise.Psychological Science. 2007;18:668-671.
3. Asuncion A.G.,Lam W.F.Affect and impression formation: Influence of mood on person memory.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1995;31:437-464.
4. Averill J.R.Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1982:.
5. Barling J.,Slater F.,Kelloway E.K.Transformational leadership and emotional intelligence: An exploratory study.Leadership & Organizational Development Journal. 2000;21:157-161.
6. Barsade S.The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior.Administrative Science Quarterly. 2002;47:644-675.
7. Batson C.D.,Collins E.C.Moral hypocrisy: A selfenhancement/ self-protection motive in the moral domain.Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection. Alicke M.D.Sedikides C., ed. New York, NY: Guilford; 2010:92-111.
8. Batson C.D.,Collins E.C.,Powell A.A.Doing business after the fall: The virtue of moral hypocrisy.Journal of Business Ethics. 2006;66:321-335.
9. Batson C.D.,Kobrynowicz D.,Dinnerstein J.L.,Kampf H.C.,Wilson A.D.In a very different voice: Unmasking moral hypocrisy.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1997;72:1335-1348.
10. Batson C.D.,Thompson E.R.Why don't moral people act morally? Motivational considerations.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2001;10:54-57.
11. Batson C.D.,Thompson E.R.,Chen H.Moral hypocrisy: Addressing some alternatives.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002;83:330-339.
12. Batson C.D.,Thompson E.R.,Seuferling G.,Whitney H.,Strongman J.A.Moral hypocrisy: Appearing moral to oneself without being so.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999;77:525-537.
13. Baumeister R. E,Stillwell A.M.,Heatherton T.E.Guilt: An interpersonal approach.Psychological Bulletin. 1994;115:243-267.
14. Berthoz S.,Grezes J.,Armony J.L.,Passingham R.E.,Dolan R.J.Affective response to one's own moral violations.NeuroImage. 2006;31:945-950.
15. Blader S.L.,Wiesenfeld B.M.,Rothman N.B.,Wheeler-Smith S.R.Social emotions and justice: How the motional fabric of groups determines justice enactment and reactions.Research on managing groups and teams. Manniz E.A.Neale M.A.Mullen E., ed. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group; 2010:29-62.
16. Bodenhausen G.V.,Sheppard L.A.,Kramer G.P.Negative affect and social judgment: The differential impact of anger and sadness.European Journal of Social Psychology. 1994;24:45-62.
17. Brockner J.,Davy J.,Carter C.Layoffs, self-esteem, and survivor guilt: Motivational, affective and attitudinal consequences.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1985;36:229-244.
18. Carlsmith J.M.,Gross A.E.Some effects of guilt on compliance.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1969;11:232-239.
19. Carpenter D.D.,Harding T.S.,Finelli C.J.,Montgomery S.M.,Passow H.J.Engineering students' perceptions of and attitudes towards cheating.Journal of Engineering Education. 2006;95:181-194.
20. Chapman H.A.,Kim D.A.,Susskind J.M.,Anderson A.K.In bad taste: Evidence for the oral origins of moral disgust.Science. 2009;323:1222-1226.
21. Cohen-Charash Y.,Mueller J.S.Does perceived unfairness exacerbate or mitigate interpersonal counterproductive work behaviors related to envy?.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2007;92:666-680.
22. Cushman F.,Young L.,Hauser M.The role of conscious reasoning and intuition in moral judgments: Testing three principles of harm.Psychological Science. 2006;17:1082-1089.
23. Dahl D.W.,Honea H.,Manchanda R.V.The nature of self-reported guilt in consumption contexts.Marketing Letters. 2003;14:159-171.
24. De Hooge I.E.,Breugelmans S.M.,Zeelenberg M.Not so ugly after all: Endogenous shame acts as a commitment device.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008;95:933-943.
25. DeSteno D.,Dasgupta N.,Bartlett M.Y.,Cajdric A.Prejudice from thin air: The effect of emotion on automatic intergroup attitudes.Psychological Science. 2004;15:319-324.
26. Dunn J.,Kendrick C.Siblings: Love, envy, and understanding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1982:.
27. Dunn J.R.,Schweitzer M.E.Feeling and believing: The influence of emotion on trust.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;88:736-748.
28. Dunning D.Self-image motives and consumer behavior: How sacrosanct self-beliefs sway preferences in the marketplace.Journal of Consumer Psychology. 2007;17:237-249.
29. Epley N.,Dunning D.Feeling "holier than thou": Are self-serving assessments produced by errors in self or social prediction?.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2000;79:861-875.
30. Feather N.T.,Sherman R.Envy, resentment, Schadenfreude, and sympathy: Reactions to deserved and undeserved achievement and subsequent failure.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2002;28:953-961.
31. Fein S.,Spencer S.J.Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1997;73:31-44.
32. Forrester J.Dispatches for the Freud wars. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1997:.
33. Foster G.M.The anatomy of envy: A study in symbolic behavior.Current Anthropology. 1972;13:165-202.
34. Gino F.,Pierce L.The abundance effect: Unethical behavior in the presence of wealth.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 2009;109:142-155.
35. Goethals G.R.Fabricating and ignoring social reality: Selfserving estimates of consensusSocial comparison and relative deprivation: The Ontario symposium. Olson J.M.Herman C. P Zanna M.P., ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1986:135-157.
36. Goldberg J.H.,Lerner J.S.,Tetlock P.E.Rage and reason: The psychology of the intuitive prosecutor.European Journal of Social Psychology. 1999;29:781-795.
37. Goleman D.Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. New York, NY: Bentham; 2005:.
38. Granitz N.,Ward J.Actual and perceived sharing of ethical reasoning and moral intent among in-group and out-group members.Journal of Business Ethics. 2001;33:299-322.
39. Gratz K.L.,Roemer L.Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale.Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 2004;26:41-54.
40. Greene J.,Haidt J.How (and where) does moral judgment work?.Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2002;6:517-523.
41. Greene J.D.,Nystrom L.E.,Engell A.D.,Darley J.M.,Cohen J.D.The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment.Neuron. 2004;44:389-400.
42. Greene J.D.,Sommerville R.B.,Nystrom L.E.,Darley J.M.,Cohen J.D.An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment.Science. 2001;293:2105-2108.
43. Haidt J.The emotional dog and its rational tail.Psychological Review. 2001;108:814-834.
44. Haidt J.Handbook of affective sciences. The moral emotions.Davidson R.J.Scherer K.R.Goldsmith H.H., ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2003:852-870.
45. Haidt J.Moral psychology must not be based on faith and hope: Commentary on Narvaez (2010).Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2010;5:182-184.
46. Hatfield E.,Cacioppo J.,Rapson R.Emotional contagion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1994:.
47. Heider F.The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York, NY: Wiley; 1958:.
48. Hemenover S.,Zhang S.Anger, personality, and optimistic stress appraisals.Cognition & Emotion. 2004;18:363-382.
49. Hoffman M.L.The development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt.The development of prosocial behavior. Eisenberg N., ed. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1982:281-313.
50. Hoffman M.L.Guilt and children. Bybee J., ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1998:91-113.
51. Hsee C.K.,Weber E.U.A fundamental prediction error: Self-others discrepancies in risk preference.Journal of Experimental Psychology-General. 1997;126:45-53.
52. Hunt S.D.,Vitell S.A general theory of marketing ethics.Journal of Macromarketing. 1986;6:5-16.
53. Inbar Y.,Pizarro D.A.,Knobe J.,Bloom P.Disgust sensitivity predicts intuitive disapproval of gays.Emotion. 2009;9:435-439.
54. Keltner D.,Ellsworth P.C.,Edwards K.Beyond simple pessimism: Effects of sadness and anger on social-perception.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1993;64:740-752.
55. Kramer R.M.,Jost J.T.From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups. Mackie D.M.Smith E.R., ed. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2002:153-189.
56. Kuppens P.,Van Mechelen I.,Meulders M.Every cloud has a silver lining: Interpersonal and individual differences determinants of anger-related behaviors.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2004;30:1550-1564.
57. Kuppens P.,Van Mechelen I.,Rijmen F.Toward disentangling sources of individual differences in appraisal and anger.Journal of Personality. 2008;76:969-1000.
58. Lammers J.,Stapel D.A.,Galinsky A.D.Power increases hypocrisy: Moralizing in reasoning, immorality in behavior.Psychological Science. 2010;21:737-744.
59. Leary M.R.Motivational and emotional aspects of the self.Annual Review of Psychology. 2007;58:317-344.
60. Lerner J.S.,Goldberg J.H.,Tetlock P.E.Sober second thought: The effects of accountability, anger, and authoritarianism on attributions of responsibility.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1998;24:563-574.
61. Lerner J.S.,Keltner D.Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgment and choice.Cognition and Emotion. 2000;14:473-493.
62. Lerner J.S.,Keltner D.Fear, anger, and risk.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001;81:146-159.
63. Lerner J.S.,Tiedens L.S.Portrait of the angry decision maker: How appraisal tendencies shape anger's influence in cognition.Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. 2006;19:115-137.
64. Lewicki P.Self-image bias in person perception.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1983;45:384-393.
65. Lewicki R.J.,Litterer J.,Minton J.,Saunders D.Negotiation. Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin; 1994:.
66. Mackie D.M.,DeVos T.,Smith E.R.Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2000;79:602-616.
67. Marks L.J.,Mayo M.A.An empirical-test of a model of consumer ethical dilemmas.Advances in Consumer Research. 1991;18:720-728.
68. Miceli M.,Castelfranchi C.The envious mind.Cognition & Emotion. 2007;21:449-479.
69. Mikula G.,Scherer K.R.,Athenstaedt U.The role of injustice in the elicitation of differential emotional reactions.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1998;24:769-783.
70. Miller D.T.,McFarland C.Pluralistic ignorance: When similarity is interpreted as dissimilarity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1987;53:298-305.
71. Moran S.,Schweitzer M.E.When better is worse: Envy and the use of deception.Negotiation and Conflict Management Research. 2008;1:3-29.
72. Mullen E.,Skitka L.J.Exploring the psychological underpinnings of the moral mandate effect: Motivated reasoning, group differentiation, or anger?.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2006;90:629-643.
73. Mussweiler T.Comparison processes in social judgment: Mechanisms and consequences.Psychological Review. 2003;110:472-489.
74. Pizarro D.A.,Uhlmann E.,Bloom P.Causal deviance and the attribution of moral responsibility.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2003;39:653-660.
75. Polman E.When more pain is preferred to less: The effect of anger in decision making.Social Cognition. 2011;29:43-55.
76. Quiles Z.N.,Bybee J.Chronic and predispositional guilt: Relations to mental health, prosocial behavior, and religiosity.Journal of Personality Assessment. 1997;69:104-126.
77. Ross L.The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process.Advances in experimental social psychology. Berkowtiz L., ed. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1977:174-221.
78. Rozin P.,Lowery L.,Imada S.,Haidt J.The CAD triad hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity).Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999;76:574-586.
79. Ruttan R.L. The "good doctor"and the "crooked lawyer": When occupational affiliation influences judgments of unethical behaviors.Poster presented at the Society for Personality and Social Psychology; 2011San Antonio, TX; 2011.
80. Sachdeva S.,Iliev R.,Medin D.L.Sinning saints and saintly sinners: The paradox of moral self-regulation.Psychological Science. 2009;20:523-528.
81. Schnall S.,Benton J.,Harvey S.With a clean conscience: Cleanliness reduces the severity of moral judgments.Psychological Science. 2008;19:1219-1222.
82. Schnall S.,Haidt J.,Clore G.L.,Jordan A.H.Disgust as embodied moral judgment.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2008;34:1096-1109.
83. Schnall S.,Roper J.,Fessler D.M.Elevation leads to altruistic behavior.Psychological Science. 2010;21:315-320.
84. Shelton J.N.,Richeson J.A.Intergroup contact and pluralistic ignorance.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;88:91-107.
85. Silver M.,Sabini J.The perception of envy.Social Psychology. 1978;41:105-117.
86. Smith R.H.,Kim S.H.Comprehending envy.Psychological Bulletin. 2007;133:46-64.
87. Smith R.H.,Parrott W.G.,Diener E.F.,Hoyle R.H.,Kim S.H.Dispositional envy.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1999;25:1007-1020.
88. Tangney J.P.The mixed legacy of the super-ego: Adaptive and maladaptive aspects of shame and guiltEmpirical perspectives on object relations theory. Masling J.M.Bornstein R.F., ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1994:1-28.
89. Tetlock P.E.,Kristel O.V.,Elson S.B.,Green M.C.,Lerner J.S.The psychology of the unthinkable: Taboo trade-offs, forbidden base rates, and heretical counterfactuals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2000;78:853-870.
90. Tiedens L.Z.Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: The effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral.; 2001; 2001. 86.
91. Tiedens L.Z.,Leach C.W.The social life of emotions. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2004:.
92. Tiedens L.Z.,Linton S.Judgment under emotional certainty and uncertainty: The effects of specific emotions on information processing.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001;81:973-988.
93. Tong E.M. W.,Yang Z.Moral hypocrisy: Of proud and grateful people.Social Psychological and Personality Science. 2011;2:159-165.
94. Valdesolo P.,DeSteno D.Moral hypocrisy: Social groups and the flexibility of virtue.Psychological Science. 2007;18:689-690.
95. Valdesolo P.,DeSteno D.The duality of virtue: Deconstructing the moral hypocrite.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2008;44:1334-1338.
96. van de Ven N.,Zeelenberg M.,Pieters R.Leveling up and down: The experiences of benign and malicious envy.Emotion. 2009;9:419-429.
97. van de Ven N.,Zeelenberg M.,Pieters R.Warding off the evil eye: When the fear of being envied increases prosocial behavior.Psychological Science. 2010;21:1671-1677.
98. van de Ven N.,Zeelenberg M.,Pieters R.Why envy outperforms admiration.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2011a;37:784-795.
99. van de Ven N.,Zeelenberg M.,Pieters R.The envy premium in product evaluation.Journal of Consumer Research. 2011b;37:984-998.
100. Vohs K.D.,Baumeister R.F.,Loewenstein G.Do emotions help or hurt decision making? A hedgefoxian perspective. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation; 2007:.
101. Vorauer J.D.,Ratner R.K.Who's going to make the first move? Pluralistic ignorance as an impediment to relationship formation.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1996;13:483-506.
102. Wheatley T.,Haidt J.Hypnotic disgust makes moral judgments more severe.Psychological Science. 2005;16:780-784.
103. Zeelenberg M.,Nelissen R.M.A.,Breugelmans S.M.,Pieters R.On emotion specificity in decision making: Why feeling is for doing.Judgment and Decision Making. 2008;3:18-27.
104. Zhong C.B.,Liljenquist K.Washing away your sins: Threatened morality and physical cleansing.Science. 2006;313:1451-1452.