Moral hypocrisy: Appearing moral to oneself without being so

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 77, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 525-537

  Batson, C Daniel ^a   Thompson, Elizabeth R ^b   Seuferling, Greg ^b   Whitney, Heather ^b   Strongman, Jon A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MORALITY; RANDOMIZATION; SELF CONCEPT;

ADULT; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MORALS; RANDOM ALLOCATION; SELF CONCEPT;

EID: 0033194993     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.525     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Alexander, R. D. (1987). The biology of moral systems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
2. Arendt, H. (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil. New York: Viking.
3. Asch, S. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs, 70 (9, Whole No. 416).
4. Austen, J. (1995). Sense and sensibility. New York: Doherty. (Original work published 1811)
5. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
6. Bandura, A. (1990). Selective activation and disengagement of moral control. Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 27-46.
7. Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development: Vol. 1. Theory (pp. 45-103). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Batson, C. D., Bolen, M. H., Cross, J. A., & Neuringer-Benefiel, H. (1986). Where is the altruism in the altruistic personality? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 212-220.
9. Batson, C. D., Kobrynowicz, D., Dinnerstein, J. L., Kampf, H. C., & Wilson, A. D. (1997). In a very different voice: Unmasking moral hypocrisy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1335-1348.
10. Baumeister, R. F., & Newman, L. S. (1994). Self-regulation of cognitive inference and decision processes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 3-19.
11. Bennett, W. J. (1992). The de-valuing of America: The fight for our culture and our children. Colorado Springs, CO: Focus on the Family.
12. Bersoff, D. M. (1999). Why good people sometimes do bad things: Motivated reasoning and unethical behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 28-39.
13. Burton, R. V., & Kunce, L. (1995). Behavioral models of moral development: A brief history and integration. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Moral development: An introduction (pp. 141-171). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
14. Darley, J. M. (1992). Social organization for the production of evil. Psychological Inquiry, 3, 199-218.
15. Darley, J. M., & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 377-383.
16. Demos, R. (1960). Lying to oneself. Journal of Philosophy, 57, 588-595.
17. Diener, E., & Wallbom, M. (1976). Effects of self-awareness on antinormative behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 10, 107-111.
18. Duval, S. D., & Lalwani, N. (in press). Objective self-awareness and causal attributions for self-standard discrepancies: Changing self or changing standards of correctness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
19. Eisenberg, N., Miller, P. A., Schaller, M., Fabes, R. A., Fultz, J., Shell, R., & Shea, C. L. (1989). The role of sympathy and altruistic personality traits in helping: A reexamination. Journal of Personality, 57, 41-67.
20. Fienberg, S. E. (1980). The analysis of cross-classified categorical data (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
21. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1984). Social cognition. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
22. Freedman, J. L., & Fraser, S. C. (1966). Compliance without pressure: The foot-in-the-door technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 195-202.
23. Freud, S. (1961). Civilization and its discontents (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Norton. (Original work published 1930)
24. Gibbons, F. X., & Wicklund, R. A. (1982). Self-focused attention and helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 462-474.
25. Gur, R. C., & Sackheim, H. A. (1979). Self-deception: A concept in search of a phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 147-169.
26. Hoffman, M. L. (1977). Moral internalization: Current theory and research. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 86-135). New York: Academic Press.
27. Jones, E. E., & Pittman, T. S. (1982). Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (pp. 231-262). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
28. Kelman, H. C., & Hamilton, V. C. (1989). Crimes of obedience: Toward a social psychology of authority and responsibility. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
29. Kerr, N. L. (1998). HARKing: Hypothesizing after the results are known. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 196-217.
30. Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 480-498.
31. Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1968). Group inhibition of bystander intervention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 215-221.
32. Lifton, R. J. (1986). The Nazi doctors: Medical killing and the psychology of genocide. New York: Basic Books.
33. Mele, A. R. (1987). Irrationality: An essay on akrasia, self-deception, and self-control. New York: Oxford University Press.
34. Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. New York: Harper & Row.
35. Oliner, S. P., & Oliner, P. M. (1988). The altruistic personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York: Free Press.
36. Rushton, J. P. (1980). Altruism, socialization, and society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
37. Snyder, M. L., Kleck, R. E., Strenta, A., & Mentzer, S. J. (1979). Avoidance of the handicapped: An attributional ambiguity analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2297-2306.
38. Staub, E. (1974). Helping a distressed person: Social, personality, and stimulus determinants. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 293-341). New York: Academic Press.
39. Staub, E. (1989). The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
40. Staub, E. (1990). Moral exclusion, personal goal theory, and extreme destructiveness. Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 47-64.
41. Todorov, T. (1996). Facing the extreme: Moral life in the concentration camps (A. Denner & A. Pollak, Trans.). New York: Holt.
42. Trivers, R. L. (1985). Social evolution. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
43. Webster's desk dictionary of the English language. (1990). New York: Portland House.
44. Wickens, T. D. (1989). Multiway contingency tables analysis for the social sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
45. Wicklund, R. A. (1975). Objective self-awareness. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 8, pp. 233-275). New York: Academic Press.
46. Wright, D. (1971). The psychology of moral behavior. Baltimore: Penguin Books.