Why envy outperforms admiration

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 37, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 784-795

  van de Ven, Niels ^a   Zeelenberg, Marcel ^a   Pieters, Rik ^a  

^a TILBURG UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

admiration; envy; motivation; performance; role models; social comparison

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; IDENTITY; MALE; MOTIVATION; NETHERLANDS; PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY; QUESTIONNAIRE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SELF CONCEPT;

EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; IDENTIFICATION (PSYCHOLOGY); MALE; MOTIVATION; NETHERLANDS; PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY; QUESTIONNAIRES; SELF CONCEPT;

EID: 79955776940     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167211400421     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Algoe, S.B., & Haidt, J. (2009). Witnessing excellence in action: The "other-praising" emotions of elevation, gratitude, and admiration. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 105-127.
2. Aristotle. (1954). The rhetoric and the poetics of Aristotle (W. R. Roberts, Trans.). New York, NY: Modern Library. (Original work published 350 BC).
3. Blanton, H., Buunk, B.P., Gibbons, F.X., & Kuyper, H. (1999). When better-than-others compare upward: Choice of comparison and comparative evaluation as independent predictors of academic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 420-430.
4. Burleson, K., Leach, C.W., & Harrington, D.M. (2005). Upward social comparison and self-concept: Inspiration and inferiority among art students in an advanced programme. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 109-123.
5. Buunk, A.P., Peiro, J.M., & Griffioen, C. (2007). A positive role model may stimulate career-oriented behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 1489-1500.
6. Cohen-Charash, Y. (2009). Episodic envy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 2128-2173.
7. Collins, R.L. (1996). For better or worse: The impact of upward social comparison on self-evaluations. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 51-69.
8. Dijksterhuis, A., Spears, R., Postmes, T., Stapel, D.A., Koomen, W., van Knippenberg, A., & Scheepers, D. (1998). Seeing one thing and doing another: Contrast effects in automatic behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 862-871.
9. Duffy, M.K., & Shaw, J.D. (2000). The Salieri syndrome: Consequences of envy in groups. Small Group Research, 31, 3-23.
10. Dweck, C.S. (1999). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
11. Elster, J. (1991). Envy in social life. In R. J. Zeckhauser (Ed.), Strategy and choices (pp. 49-82). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
12. Epstude, K., & Roese, N.J. (2008). The functional theory of counterfactual thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 168-192.
13. Fredrickson, B.L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319.
14. Frijda, N.H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
15. Gallozzi, C. (2010). Admiration of others. Retrieved fromhttp://www.personal-development.com/chuck/admiration.htm.
16. Gibbons, F.X., & Buunk, B.P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: The development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 129-142.
17. Harkins, S. (2006). Mere effort as the mediator of the evaluation-performance relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 436-455.
18. Hart, T. (1998). Inspiration: Exploring the experience and its meaning. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 38, 7-35.
19. Harth, N.S., Kessler, T., & Leach, C.W. (2008). Advantaged group's emotional reactions to intergroup inequality: The dynamics of pride, guilt, and sympathy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 115-129.
20. Immordino-Yang, M.H., McColl, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. (2009). Neural correlates of admiration and compassion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 8021-8026.
21. Johnson, C.S., & Stapel, D.A. (2007a). No pain, no gain: The conditions under which upward comparisons lead to better performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1051-1067.
22. Johnson, C.S., & Stapel, D.A. (2007b). When different is better: Performance following upward comparison. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 258-275.
23. Kant, I. (1997). Lectures on ethics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1780).
24. Kaplan, E.L., & Meier, P. (1958). Nonparametric estimation from incomplete data. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 53, 457-481.
25. Keltner, D., & Gross, J.J. (1999). Functional accounts of emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 467-480.
26. Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999). Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 505-521.
27. Kierkegaard, S. (2008). The sickness unto death. Radford, VA: Wilder. (Original work published 1849).
28. Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (1997). Superstars and me: Predicting the impact of role models on the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 91-103.
29. Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (1999). Increasing the salience of one's best selves can undermine inspiration by outstanding role models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 214-228.
30. Mantel, N. (1966). Evaluation of survival data and two new rank order statistics arising in its consideration. Cancer Chemotherapy Reports, 50(3), 163-170.
31. Markman, K.D., Gavanski, I., Sherman, S.J., & McMullen, M.N. (1993). The mental simulation of better and worse possible worlds. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 87-109.
32. Markman, K.D., & McMullen, M.N. (2003). A reflection and evaluation model of comparative thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 244-267.
33. Markman, K.D., McMullen, M.N., & Elizaga, R.A. (2008). Counterfactual thinking, persistence, and performance: A test of the reflection and evaluation model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 421-428.
34. Marx, D.M., & Roman, J.S. (2002). Female role models: Protecting women's math test performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1183-1193.
35. Matelesta, C., & Izard, C. (1984). The facial expression of emotion: Young, middle-aged, and older adult expressions. In C. Matelesta & C. Izard (Eds.), Emotion in adult development (pp. 253-273). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
36. McFarlin, D.B., & Blascovich, J. (1984). On the Remote Associates Test (RAT) as an alternative to illusory performance feedback: A methodological note. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 5, 223-229.
37. Mednick, S. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review, 69, 220-232.
38. Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2007). The envious mind. Cognition & Emotion, 21, 449-479.
39. Neu, J. (1980). Jealous thoughts. In A. O. Rorty (Ed.), Explaining emotions (pp. 425-464). Los Angeles: University of California Press.
40. Parks, C.D., Rumble, A.C., & Posey, D.C. (2002). The effects of envy on reciprocation in a social dilemma. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 509-520.
41. Parrott, W.G. (1991). The emotional experiences of envy and jealousy. In P. Salovey (Ed.), The psychology of jealousy and envy (pp. 3-30). New York, NY: Guilford.
42. Parrott, W.G., & Smith, R.H. (1993). Distinguishing the experiences of envy and jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 906-920.
43. Poon, C.S.K., & Koehler, D.J. (2006). Lay personality knowledge and dispositionist thinking: A knowledge-activation framework. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 177-191.
44. Preacher, K.J., & Hayes, A.F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891.
45. Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
46. Roese, N.J., & Olson, J.M. (1995). Outcome controllability and counterfactual thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 620-628.
47. Salovey, P., & Rodin, J. (1984). Some antecedents and consequences of social comparison jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 780-792.
48. Schaubroeck, J., & Lam, S.S.K. (2004). Comparing lots before and after: Promotion rejectees' invidious reactions to promotees. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94, 33-47.
49. Seta, J.J. (1982). The impact of comparison processes on coactors' task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 281-291.
50. Smith, R.H. (2004). Envy and its transmutations. In L. Z. Tiedens & C. W. Leach (Eds.), The social life of emotions (pp. 43-63). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
51. Smith, R.H. (2008). Envy: Theory and research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
52. Smith, R.H., & Kim, S.H. (2007). Comprehending envy. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 46-64.
53. Smith, R.H., Kim, S.H., & Parrott, W.G. (1988). Envy and jealousy: Semantic problems and experiential distinctions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 401-409.
54. Smith, R.H., Parrott, W.G., Diener, E.F., Hoyle, R.H., & Kim, S.H. (1999). Dispositional envy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1007-1020.
55. Smith, R.H., Parrott, W.G., Ozer, D., & Moniz, A. (1994). Subjective injustice and inferiority as predictors of hostile and depressive feelings in envy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 705-711.
56. Smith, R.H., Turner, T.J., Garonzik, R., Leach, C.W., Urch-Druskat, V., & Weston, C.M. (1996). Envy and schadenfreude. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 158-168.
57. Stapel, D.A., & Suls, J. (2004). Method matters: Effects of explicit versus implicit social comparisons on activation, behavior, and self-views. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 860-875.
58. Steele, C.M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
59. Strack, F., Schwarz, N., & Gschneidinger, E. (1985). Happiness and reminiscing: The role of time perspective, affect, and mode of thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1460-1469.
60. Taylor, G. (1988). Envy and jealousy: Emotions and vices. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 13, 233-249.
61. Teigen, K.H. (1997). Luck, envy, and gratitude: It could have been different. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 38, 313-323.
62. Tesser, A. (1988). Towards a self-evaluative maintenance model of social behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 181-227.
63. Thrash, T.M., & Elliot, A.J. (2003). Inspiration as a psychological construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 871-889.
64. Thrash, T.M., & Elliot, A.J. (2004). Inspiration: Core characteristics, component processes, antecedents, and function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 957-973.
65. Van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2009). Leveling up and down: The experiences of benign and malicious envy. Emotion, 9, 419-429.
66. Van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2011). The envy premium in product evaluation. Journal of Consumer Research, 37.
67. Van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2010a). Warding off the evil eye: When the fear of envy increases prosocial behavior. Psychological Science, 21, 1671-1677.
68. Van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2010b). Appraisal patterns of benign envy and malicious envy and related social comparison emotions. Unpublished manuscript.
69. Van Dijk, W.W., Ouwerkerk, J.W., Goslinga, S., Nieweg, M., & Galluci, M. (2006). When people fall from grace: Reconsidering the role of envy in schadenfreude. Emotion, 6, 156-160.
70. Vecchio, R.P. (2000). Negative emotion in the workplace: Employee jealousy and envy. International Journal of Stress Management, 7, 161-179.
71. Wert, S.R., & Salovey, P. (2004). A social comparison account of gossip. Review of General Psychology, 8, 122-137.
72. Williams, L.A., & DeSteno, D. (2009). Pride: Adaptive social emotion or seventh sin? Psychological Science, 20, 284-288.
73. Zeelenberg, M., Nelissen, R.M.A., Breugelmans, S.M., & Pieters, R. (2008). On emotion specificity in decision making: Why feeling is for doing. Judgment and Decision Making, 3, 18-27.
74. Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2004). Consequences of regret aversion in real life: The case of the Dutch postcode lottery. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 93, 155-168.
75. Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2007). A theory of regret regulation 1.0. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17, 3-18.