Electromigration occurences and its effects on metallic surfaces submitted to high electromagnetic field: A novel approach to breakdown in accelerators

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

Volumn 665, Issue , 2011, Pages 54-69

  Antoine, C Z ^a   Peauger, F ^a   Le Pimpec, F ^b  

^a CEA SACLAY   (France)

^b PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Atomic diffusion; Breakdown; Electromigration; Field emission; RF cavities; Surface melting

Indexed keywords

ACCELERATING STRUCTURE; APPLIED FIELD; APPLIED STRESS; ATOMIC DIFFUSIONS; BREAKDOWN; BREAKDOWN MECHANISM; CAPILLARY WAVE; COLLECTIVE MOTIONS; CONDITIONING PROCESS; ELECTRICAL FIELD; ELECTROSPRAYS; EMISSION SOURCES; EXPLOSIVE ELECTRON EMISSION; FIGURES OF MERITS; HIGH FIELD; LINEAR COLLIDERS; METAL EMISSIONS; METALLIC SURFACE; PHYSICAL PHENOMENA; PLASMA FORMATIONS; PRE-MELTING; PULSE-HEATING; RADIO FREQUENCIES; RELATIVE WEIGHTS; RESEARCH FIELDS; RF CAVITIES; RF SIMULATION; ROOM TEMPERATURE; SURFACE ATOMS; SURFACE MECHANISM; SURFACE MELTING; SURFACE PROTRUSION; SURFACE STATE; VACUUM ARCS;

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; ELECTROMIGRATION; FIELD EMISSION; GRAIN BOUNDARIES; LIQUID METALS; MELTING; METALLIC COMPOUNDS; MICROTRONS; NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTATION; PLASMAS; SEARCH ENGINES; SURFACE MEASUREMENT; VACUUM APPLICATIONS;

SURFACES;

EID: 84855232373     PISSN: 01689002     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2011.11.032     Document Type: Article

References (154)

1. T. Higo, Progress of X-band accelerating structures. Linac 10, 2010,. Tsukuba, Japan, 〈http://silver.j-parc.jp/linac10/FR104.PDF〉.
2. G.A. Izquierdo, SEM analysis of HDS accelerating structures from recent 30 GHz tests at CTF3, in: Proceedings of the CLIC Meeting, 2007, 〈http://clic-meeting.web.cern.ch/clic-meeting/2007/01-12ga.pdf〉.
3. J.A. Rodriguez., Results from recent 30 GHz and X-band accelerating structure tests, in: Proceedings of the CLIC Meeting, 2007, 〈http://clic- meeting.web.cern.ch/clic-meeting/2007/01-12ar.pdf〉.
4. A. Grudiev, W. Wuensch., A newly designed and optimized CLIC main linac accelerating structure,. in: Proceedings of the 22nd International Linear Accelerator Conference, 2004, Lubeck, Germany.
5. J. Rodriguez, et al., 30 GHz high-gradient accelerating structure test results, in: Proceedings of the PAC07, Albuquerque, NM, USA 2007.
6. S. Heikkinen. SEM inspection of 30 GHz quadrant structure 30HDSTK.Cu #2 after 2nd CTF-3 test, in: Proceedings of the RF structure development meeting 2008, 〈http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?contribId=2&resId= 0&materialId=slides&confId=37436〉.
7. S. Heikkinen., SEM inspection of 30CNSQ-Tk.Cu #2 (NDS4-thick) structure after CTF-3 test, in: Proceedings of the RF Structure Development Meeting, 2008, 〈http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?contribId=0&resId= 0&materialId=slides&confId=30977〉.
8. S. Döbert, Recent results on CLIC X-band prototype accelerating structures, in: Proceedings of the XBand RF Structure Workshop, Cockcroft Institute, UK, 2008, 〈http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?contribId= 31&sessionId=38&resId=1&materialId=slides&confId=39372〉.
9. I. Kaur, and W. Gust Fundamentals of Grain and Interphase Boundary Diffusion 1989 Ziegler Stuttgart
10. S. Harvey, F. Le Pimpec, R.E. Kirby, F. Marcelja, K. Adamson, and E.L. Garwin Journal of Vaccum Science and Technology A 22 2004 1326
11. F. Le Pimpec, S. Harvey, R.E. Kirby, and F. Marcelja Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology 2002 〈arxiv: physics/0210016〉
12. G.A. Mesyats, and D.I. Proskurovsky Pulsed Electrical Discharge in Vacuum 1989 Springer Berlin
13. R. Noer Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 28 1 1982 1 24
14. P.B. Wilson. Gradient limitation in accelerating structures imposed by surface melting, in: Proceedings of the PAC 2003. Portland, OR, USA, 〈http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs-all.jsp?arnumber=1289679&tag= 1〉.
15. 〈http://www.ansoft.com/products/hf/hfss/〉.
16. I. Wilson, Surface Heating of the CLIC Main Linac Structure, CLIC Note 52, 1987
17. P.S. Ho, and T. Kwok Reports on Progress in Physics 52 1989 301 348
18. J. Lienig Introduction to Electromigration-Aware Physical Design 2006 ACM
19. M. Kizilyalli, J. Corish, and R. Metselaar Pure Applied Chemistry 71 7 1999 1307 1325
20. J. Philibert Atom movements: diffusion and mass transport in solids 1991 EDP Sciences Editions
21. J.R. Black IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 16 4 1969 338 347
22. D.G. Pierce, and P.G. Brusius Microelectronics and Reliability 37 7 1997 1053 1072
23. I.A. Blech Thin Solid Films 13 1 1972 117 129
24. D. Bly, and P. Rous Physical Review B 53 20 1996 13909 13920
25. P. Guiraldenq Matériaux Métalliques 1994 1 38
26. C. Kittel, and P. McEuen Introduction to Solid State Physics 1996 Wiley New York
27. S.Y. Davydov Physics of the Solid State 41 1 1999 8 10
28. H.P. Bonzel Surface diffusion on metals Diffusion in Solid Metals and Alloys 1990 Springer Berlin pp. 717747
29. A.J. Melmed Journal of Applied Physics 38 1967 1885
30. J.L. Wang, and R. Vanselow Surface science 43 1 1974 21 28
31. G.L. Kellogg Physical Review Letters 70 11 1993 1631 1634
32. C.W. Park, and R.W. Vook Applied Physics Letters 59 1991 175
33. M.C. Shine, and F.M. DHeurle IBM Journal of Research and Development 15 5 1971 378
34. O.V. Kononenko, E.D. Ivanov, V.N. Matveev, and Khodos II Scripta Metallurgica et Materiala 33 12 1995 1981 1986
35. P.J. Rous, T.L. Einstein, and E.D. Williams Surface Science 315 12 1994 L995 L1002
36. J.P. Barbour, F.M. Charbonnier, W.W. Dolan, W.P. Dyke, E.E. Martin, and J.K. Trolan Physical Review 117 6 1960 1452
37. M. Pichaud, and M. Drechsler Surface Science 32 2 1972 341 348
38. V.M. Zhukov, and S.A. Polezhaev Soviet Physics - Technical Physics 32 1987 6
39. B.I. Grishanov, V.M. Zhukov, S.A. Polezhaev, G.N. Fursey, Y.Y. Chibukov, and G.I. Yasnov Radio Engineering & Electronic Physics 23 3 1979 84
40. Z. Knor, and D. Lazarov Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 16 4 1966 333 337
41. G.L. Bilbro Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 20 2002 757
42. D. Alpert, D.A. Lee, E.M. Lyman, and H.E. Tomaschke Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology 1 1964 35
43. L. Mandelstam Annals of Physics 41 1913 609
44. M. Smoluchowski Annals of Physics 330 2 1908 205 226
45. D. Aarts, M. Schmidt, and H. Lekkerkerker Science 304 5672 2004 847
46. M. Regan, P. Pershan, O. Magnussen, B. Ocko, M. Deutsch, and L. Berman Physical Review B 54 14 1996 9730
47. A. Zaikin, A. Levin, and A. Petrov Quantum Electronics 24 1994 449
48. R. Delgado-Buscalioni, E. Chacon, and P. Tarazona Physical Review Letters 101 10 2008 106102
49. R. Ganter, R. Bakker, C. Gough, M. Paraliev, M. Pedrozzi, F. Le Pimpec, L. Rivkin, and A. Wrulich Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 565 2 2006 423
50. J. Jarvis, H. Andrews, C. Brau, B. Choi, J. Davidson, W. Kang, S. Raina, Y. Wong, Development of diamond field-emitter arrays for free-electron lasers, in: Proceedings of the FEL08 2008. Gyeongju, Korea.
51. P.R. Schwoebel, C.A. Spindt, C.E. Holland, and J.A. Panitz Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 19 2001 980
52. J.W.M. Frenken, P.M.J. Marée, and J.F. van der Veen Physical Review B 34 11 1986 7506
53. R. Kofman, P. Cheyssac, A. Aouaj, Y. Lereah, G. Deutscher, T. Ben-David, J.M. Penisson, and A. Bourret Surface Science 303 1-2 1994 231 246
54. U. Tartaglino, T. Zykova-Timan, F. Ercolessi, and E. Tosatti Physics Reports 411 5 2005 291
55. O. Tomagnini, F. Ercolessi, S. Iarlori, F.D. Di Tolla, and E. Tosatti Physical Review Letters 76 7 1996 1118
56. V.T. Binh, and N. Garcia Journal de Physique I 1 5 1991 605
57. V.G. Suvorov, and N.M. Zubarev Journal of Physics D, Applied Physics 37 2 2004 289 297
58. N. Ljepojevic, and R. Forbes Variational thermodynamic derivation of the formula for pressure difference across a charged conducting liquid surface and its relation to the thermodynamics of electrical capacitance Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences 450 1938 1995 177
59. P. Bruggeman, L. Graham, J. Degroote, J. Vierendeels, and C. Leys Journal of Physics D, Applied Physics 40 16 2007 4779
60. J. Fenn, M. Mann, C. Meng, S. Wong, and C. Whitehouse Science 246 4926 1989 64
61. S.I. Gubarenko, P. Chiarot, R.B. Mrad, and P.E. Sullivan Physics of Fluids 20 2008 043601
62. D. Garoz, C. Bueno, C. Larriba, S. Castro, I. Romero-Sanz, J.F. de la Mora, Y. Yoshida, and G. Saito Journal of Applied Physics 102 2007 064913
63. R.G. Forbes Journal of Aerosol Science 31 1 2000 97
64. G.N. Fursey Applied Surface Science 215 1-4 2003 113
65. T.T. Tsong Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscopy: Field Ion Emission and Surfaces and Interfaces at Atomic Resolution 1990 Cambridge University Press
66. T.F. Kelly, and M.K. Mille Rev. Sci. Instrum 78 2007 031101
67. P.C. Bettler, and F.M. Charbonnier Physical Review 119 1 1960 85
68. V.T. Binh, N. Garcia, and S.T. Purcell Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics 95 1996 63
69. T.T. Tsong Physical Review B 44 24 1991 13703
70. K. Nagaoka, H. Fujii, K. Matsuda, M. Komaki, Y. Murata, C. Oshima, and T. Sakurai Applied Surface Science 182 12 2001 12
71. B. Decounihout, personal communication.
72. J.W. Beams Physical Review 44 10 1933 803
73. F. Vurpillot, U. of Rouen, personal communication.
74. I. Arfaoui, C. Guillot, J. Cousty, and C. Antoine Journal of Applied Physics 91 11 2002 9319
75. I. Arfaoui, J. Cousty, and C. Guillot Surface science 557 2004 119 128
76. H.B. Heersche, G. Lientschnig, K. ONeill, H.S.J. van der Zant, and H.W. Zandbergen Applied Physics Letters 91 7 2007 072107
77. K.F. Braun, W.H. Soe, C.F.J. Flipse, and K.H. Rieder Applied Physics Letters 90 2 2007 023118
78. C.S. Chang, W.B. Su, and T.T. Tsong Physical Review Letters 72 4 1994 574
79. C. Paulo Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 39 2006 126
80. G.N. Fursey Field emission in vacuum micro-electronics I. Brodie, P.R. Schwoebel., Microdevices Physics and Fabrication Technology 2005 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publisher. N. Y
81. G.N. Fursey Applied Surface Science 215 1-4 1997 113
82. A. Kovalev, L. Baskin, G. Fursey, and L. Shirochin IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 2 2 1995 288
83. R. Gomer Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 19 4 1979 365 375
84. G.G. Sikharulidze Technical Physics 42 11 1997 1317
85. L. Shirochin, G. Fursey. Ion explosive emission in microwave field, 1999IEEE.
86. A. Kontonistov, I. Radchenko, G. Fursey, and L. Shirochin Field Emission of Liquid Metals in Alternating Fields 1989
87. L. Baskin, L. Shirochin, A. Kantonistov, G. Fursey, and I. Radchenko Soviet Journal of Communications Technology & Electronics 37 1 1992 119
88. V.A. Nevrovsky, Stability of liquid metal in alternating electric field, in: Proceedings of the XIXth International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, ISDEIV 2000, 2000, p. 1.
89. J. Robertson Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 17 1999 659
90. G.N. Fursey, M.A. Polyakov, L.A. Shirochin, and A.N. Saveliev Applied Surface Science 215 14 2003 286 290
91. G.N. Fursey, L.M. Baskin, D.V. Glazanov, A.O. Yevgenev, A.V. Kotcheryzhenkov, and S.A. Polezhaev Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 16 1998 232
92. E.O. Popov, and A.A. Pashkevich Ultramicroscopy 107 9 2007 838 843
93. A.V. Batrakov, D.I. Proskurovsky, and S.A. Popov IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 6 4 1999 410 417
94. W. Knapp, L. Bischoff, and J. Teichert Vacuum 69 2003 345
95. K.L. Lee, C.K. Hu, and K.N. Tu Journal of Applied Physics 78 1995 4428
96. D. Young, and A. Christou IEEE Transactions on Reliability 43 2 1994 186
97. A. Averbuch, M. Israeli, M. Nathan, and I. Ravve Journal of Computational Physics 188 2 2003 640 677
98. J.R. Black. Mass transport of aluminum by momentum exchange with conducting electrons, in: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Reliability Physics Symposium, San Jose, CA, USA, 2005.
99. H. Kanno, A. Kenjo, and M. Miyao Journal of Crystal Growth 279 1-2 2005 1 4
100. Z. Suo Applied Physics Letters 64 15 1994 1944
101. J. Tao, B.K. Liew, J.F. Chen, N.W. Cheung, and C. Hu Microelectronics and Reliability 38 3 1998 295
102. N. McCusker, H. Gamble, and B. Armstrong Microelectronics Reliability 40 1 2000 69 76
103. J.R. Lloyd, and J.J. Clement Thin Solid Films 262 1-2 1995 135 141
104. S. Vaucher, L. Bernau, M. Stir, K. Ishizaki, J.M. Catala-Civera, R. Nicula, Microwave-induced electromigration in multicomponent metallic alloys, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT), Anaheim, CA, 2010.
105. I. Blech Thin Solid Films 13 1 1972 117 129
106. I. Derényi, C. Lee, and A. Barabási Physical Review Letters 80 7 1998 1473 1476
107. S. Döbert et al., CLIC Note 767, 〈http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/ 1141224/files/CERN-AB-2008-069.pdf〉.
108. A. Grudiev, and W. Wuensch Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams 12 2009 102001
109. R. Roy, D. Agrawal, J. Cheng, and S. Gedevanishvili Nature 0028-0836 1999 668 670 399(6737)
110. K. Saitou Scripta Materialia 54 5 2006 875 879
111. S. Gedevanishvili, D. Agrawal, and R. Roy Journal of Materials Science Letters 18 9 1999 665
112. R. Wroe, and A.T. Rowley Journal of Materials Science 31 8 1996 2019 2026
113. E. Olevsky, and L. Froyen Scripta Materialia 55 12 2006 1175 1178
114. K.I. Rybakov, V.E. Semenov, S.V. Egorov, A. Plotnikov, and Y.V. Bykov Journal of Applied Physics 99 2006 023506
115. N. Bloembergen IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 10 3 1974 375 386
116. M.Y. Shen, C.H. Crouch, J.E. Carey, and E. Mazur Applied Physics Letters 85 2004 5694
117. V. Zorba, P. Tzanetakis, C. Fotakis, E. Spanakis, E. Stratakis, D.G. Papazoglou, and I. Zergioti Applied Physics Letters 88 2006 081103
118. S.I. Dolgaev, S.V. Lavrishev, A.A. Lyalin, A.V. Simakin, V.V. Voronov, and G.A. Shafeev Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 73 2 2001 177 181
119. see e.g. 〈http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrospray〉.
120. J. Tan, H. Safa, B. Bonin, and M. Jimenez Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 27 1994 2654 2658
121. G. Pananakakis, G. Ghibaudo, R. Kies, and C. Papadas Journal of Applied Physics 78 1995 2635
122. J. Tan, Etude de lémission électronique par effet de champ en haute fréquence, Paris-6, France, 1995.
123. F.A. Chudnovskii, L.L. Odynets, A.L. Pergament, and G.B. Stefanovich Journal of Solid State Chemistry 122 1 1996 95 99
124. E.A. Litvinov, G.A. Mesyats, and D.I. Proskurovski Soviet Physics Uspekhi 26 1983 138
125. D. Sertore, S. Schreiber, K. Floettmann, F. Stephan, K. Zapfe, and P. Michelato Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 445 1-3 2000 422
126. P. Kneisel, New Developments at JLab, 〈https://indico.desy.de/ getFile.py/access?sessionId=10&resId=3&materialId=2&confId=〉, 1834.
127. S. Calatroni, G.A. Izquierdo, J. Kovermann, C. Pasquino, R.S. Kern, H. Timko, M. Taborelli, W. Wuensch., DC breakdown measurements, in: Proceedings of the Breakdown Physics Workshop, CERN, 2010, 〈http://indico.cern.ch/getFile. py/access?contribId=13&sessionId=1&resId=1&materialId= slides&confId=75380〉.
128. F. Djurabekova, S. Parviainen, A. Pohjonen, and K. Nordlund Physical Review E 83 2 2011 026704
129. F. Le Pimpec, C. Gough, M. Paraliev, R. Ganter, C. Hauri, and S. Ivkovic JVST A 28 5 2010 1191
130. F. Le Pimpec, R. Ganter, and R. Betemps Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A 574 1 2007 7 16
131. A. Hansen, M. Kildemo, S. Calatroni, Investigation of the Energy Dependence of Breakdown Properties with a DC Spark Setup, CERN CLIC Notes, 2010, p. 816.
132. Luong, Role of Adsorbates on Current Fluctuations in dc Field Emission. in SRF 95. 1995. Gif-sur-Yvette.
133. A. Descoeudres, T. Ramsvik, S. Calatroni, and W. Wuensch DC breakdown conditioning and breakdown rate of metals and metallic alloys under ultrahigh vacuum Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams 12 3 2009 032001
134. K.L. Jensen, Y.Y. Lau, D.W. Feldman, P.G. OShea, M. Letters, and P.R.L. Timeline Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams 11 2008 081001
135. M. Paraliev, C. Gough, S. Ivkovic, F. Le Pimpec, Experimental study of diamond like carbon (DLC) coated electrodes for pulsed high gradient electron gun, in: Proceedings of the IPMHVC 2010. Atlanta, GA, USA, 2010, 〈http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1006/1006.2001.pdf〉.
136. T. Proslier, J. Zasadzinski, J. Norem, M. Pellin, J. Elam, J. Moore, L. Cooley, C. Antoine, Results from atomic layer deposition and tunneling deposition for superconducting RF cavities, in: Proceedings of the EPAC 08, Genoa, Italy, 2008.
137. H.H. Braun, S. Döbert, I. Wilson, and W. Wuensch Physical Review Letters 90 22 2003 224801
138. G.R. Werner Probing and Modeling Voltage Breakdown in Vacuum 2004 Cornell University
139. Knobloch Particule Accelerators 53 1996
140. M. Jimenez, and R. Noer Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 27 1994 1038 1045
141. J.M. Jimenez Etude de lémission électronique par effet de champ en courant continu sur des cathodes étendues 1994 Clermont-II France
142. S. Maissa, Etude des émissions lumineuses associées aux émissions électroniques dans les cavités hyperfréquences, Orsay Paris XI, 1996.
143. T. Junquera, S. Maissa, M. Fouaidy, A. Le Goff, B. Bonin, M. Luong, H. Safa, J. Tan, O. Cnrs, Study of luminous spots observed on metallic surfaces subjected tohigh RF fields, in: Proceedings of the PAC 95, 1995.
144. M. Luong, H. Safa, B. Bonin, T. Junquera, A. Le Goff, and S. Maissa Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 30 1997 1248 1251
145. P. Niedermann, N. Sankarraman, R. Noer, and O. Fischer Journal of Applied Physics 59 3 1986 892 901
146. R. Noer, P. Niedermann, N. Sankarraman, and O. Fischer Journal of Applied Physics 59 11 1986 3851 3860
147. E. Mahner, R. Heiderhoff, N. Minatti, G. Muller, H. Piel, N. Pupeter, Field emission measurements on niobium cathodes of high purity, in: Proceedings of the SRF 91, DESY, Hamburg, Germany, 1991, 〈http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/ AccelConf/SRF91/papers/srf91f08.pdf〉.
148. C.Z. Antoine, Single and large grain activities at fermilab, in: Proceedings of the Single Crystal Technology Workshop, AIP Conference Proceedings, Aranxa, Brazil, 2006, 〈https://indico.desy.de/getFile.py/ access?sessionId=5&resId=0&materialId=15&confId= 401〉.
149. P. Niedermann, and O. Fischer IEEE Transactions of the on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 24 6 1989 905 915
150. M. Jimenez, R.J. Noer, G. Jouve, C.Z. Antoine, B. Bonin, and J. Jodet Journal of Physics D - Applied Physics 26 9 1992 1503
151. M. Luong Etude émission électronique par effet de champ sur des surfaces larges en régime statique et hyperfréquence 1997 Universite Paris VI - Pierre et Marie Curie
152. H. Padamsee, Basic Principles of RF Superconductivity and SC Cavities, Tutorials given at SRF, 2009, 〈http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/ srf2009/CONTENTS/Tutorials/h-padamsee-superconducting-rf-cavities-fundamentals. pdf〉.
153. M. Fouaidy, and T. Junquera Cryogenics 37 11 1997 753 765
154. A. Anders Cathodic Arcs: From Fractal Spots to Energetic Condensation 2008 Springer Verlag