Ochratoxin A in feed of food-producing animals: An undesirable mycotoxin with health and performance effects

Veterinary Microbiology

Volumn 154, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 1-13

  Duarte, Sofia C ^a,b   Lino, Celeste M ^a   Pena, Angelina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^b University School Vasco da Gama   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Animal; Exposure; Feed; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxin A; Performance

Indexed keywords

OCHRATOXIN; OCHRATOXIN ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL FOOD; BACTERIAL INFECTION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FARM ANIMAL; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD PRODUCING ANIMAL; HUMAN; IMMUNOTOXICITY; INTOXICATION; NONHUMAN; OCHRATOXICOSIS; ORGANIC FARMING; PARASITOSIS; PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM; POULTRY; REVIEW;

ANIMAL FEED; ANIMALS; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; FUNGI; LIVESTOCK; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; MYCOTOXINS; OCHRATOXINS;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 80655149152     PISSN: 03781135     EISSN: 18732542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.006     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Abramson D., Mills J.T., Boycott B.R. Mycotoxins and mycoflora in animal feedstuffs in western Canada. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1983, 47:23-26.
2. Al-Anati L., Petzinger E. Immunotoxic activity of ochratoxin A. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2006, 29:79-90.
3. Beg M.U., Al-Mutairi M., Beg K.R., Al-Mazeedi H.M., Ali L.N., Saeed T. Mycotoxins in poultry feed in Kuwait. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2006, 50:594-602.
4. Bennett J.W., Klich M. Mycotoxins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2003, 16:497-516.
5. Birò K., Solti L., Barna-Vetrò I., Bagò G., Glavits R., Szabò E., Fink-Gremmels J. Tissue distribution of ochratoxin A as determined by HPLC and ELISA and histopathological effects in chickens. Avian Pathol. 2002, 31:141-148.
6. Boermans H.J., Leung M.C.K. Mycotoxins and the pet food industry: toxicological evidence and risk assessment. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2007, 119:95-102.
7. Bokhari F.M. Implications of fungal infections and mycotoxins in camel diseases in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2010, 17:73-81.
8. Boorman G.A. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenic Studies of Ochratoxin A (CAS No. 303-47-9i)n F344/n Rats (Gavage Studies). NIH Publication No. 89-2813 1989, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC.
9. Boudra H., Barnouin J., Dragacci S., Morgavi D.P. Aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A in raw bulk milk from French dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90:3197-3201.
10. Bozzo G., Ceci E., Bonerba E., Desantis S., Tantillo G. Ochratoxin A in laying hens: high-performance liquid chromatography detection and cytological and histological analysis of target tissues. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 2008, 17:151-156.
11. Bozzo G., Bonerba E., Ceci E., Colao V., Tantillo G. Determination of ochratoxin A in eggs and target tissues of experimentally drugged hens using HPLC-FLD. Food Chem. 2011, 126:1278-1282.
12. Burditt S.J., Hagler W.M., Hamilton P.B. Feed refusal during ochratoxicosis in turkeys. Poult. Sci. 1984, 63:2172-2174.
13. Chiavaro E., Lepiani A., Colla F., Bettoni P., Pari E., Spotti E. Ochratoxin A determination in ham by immunoaffinity clean-up and a quick fluorometric method. Food Addit. Contam. A 2002, 19:575-581.
14. Commission of the European Communities (CEC) Commission recommendation 2006/576/EC of 17 August 2006 on the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding. Off. J. Eur. Union L 2006, 229:7-9.
15. Cruz L.C.H., Rosa C.A.R., Campos J.C., Turatti J.A. Ocratoxicose em suínos no Estado de Santa Catarina. Rev. Bras. Med. Vet. 1984, 6:17.
16. Dahlmann A., Dantzler W.H., Silbernagl S., Gekle M. Detailed mapping of ochratoxin A reabsorption along the rat nephron in vivo: the nephrotoxin can be reabsorbed in all nephron segments by different mechanisms. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1998, 286:157-162.
17. Dalcero A., Magnoli C., Hallak C., Chiacchiera S.M., Palacio G., Rosa C.A.R. Detection of ochratoxin A in animal feeds and capacity to produce this mycotoxin by Aspergillus section Nigri in Argentina. Food Addit. Contam. A 2002, 19:1065-1072.
18. Dall'Asta C., Lindner J.D., Galaverna G., Dossena A., Neviani E., Marchelli R. The occurrence of ochratoxin A in blue cheese. Food Chem. 2008, 106:729-734.
19. Denli M., Blandon J.C., Guynot M.E., Salado S., Perez J.F. Efficacy of a new ochratoxin-binding agent (OcraTox) to counteract the deleterious effects of ochratoxin A in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 2008, 87:2266-2272.
20. Dietrich D.R., Heussner A.H., O'Brien E. Ochratoxin A: comparative pharmacokinetics and toxicological implications (experimental and domestic animals and humans). Food Addit. Contam. 2005, 22(Suppl. 1):45-52.
21. Doster R.C., Sinnhuber R.O., Wales J.H. Acute intraperitoneal toxicity of ochratoxin A and B in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1972, 10:85-92.
22. Duarte S.C., Lino C.M., Pena A. Mycotoxin food and feed regulation and the specific case of ochratoxin A: a review of the worldwide status. Food Addit. Contam. 2010, 27:1440-1450.
23. Duarte S.C., Pena A., Lino C.M. A review on ochratoxin A occurrence and effects of processing of cereal and cereal derived food products. Food Microbiol. 2010, 27:187-198.
24. Duarte S.C., Pena A., Lino C.M. Ochratoxin A non-conventional exposure sources - a review. Microchem. J. 2009, 93:115-120.
25. Dwivedi, P., 1984. The immunological and pathological changes in poultry induced by ochratoxin A. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Edinburgh, UK.
26. Dwivedi P., Burns R.B. Immunosuppressive effects of ochratoxin A in young turkeys. Avian Pathol. 1985, 14:213-225.
27. Elaroussi M.A., Mohamed F.R., Barkouky E.M.E., Atta A.M., Abdou A.M., Hatab M.H. Experimental ochratoxicosis in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol. 2006, 35:263-269.
28. Elissalde M.H., Ziprin R.L., Huff W.E., Kubena L.F., Harvey R.B. Effect of ochratoxin A on Salmonella-challenged broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 1994, 73:1241-1248.
29. Elling F., Hald B., Jacobsen C., Krogh P. Spontaneous toxic nephropathy in poultry associated with ochratoxin A. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. - Sect. A 1975, 83:739-741.
30. El-Sayed Y.S., Khalil R.H., Saad T.T. Acute toxicity of ochratoxin-A in marine water-reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Chemosphere 2009, 75:878-882.
31. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in Food Chain on a request from the Commission related to ochratoxin A (OTA) as undesirable substance in animal feed (Request No EFSA-Q-2003-039). EFSA J. 2004, 365:1-36.
32. Figueroa S., Centeno S., Calvo M.A., Rengel A., Adelantado C. Mycobiota and concentration of ochratoxin A in concentrated poultry feed from Venezuela. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2009, 12:589-594.
33. Fink-Gremmels J. The role of mycotoxins in the health and performance of dairy cows. Vet. J. 2008, 176:84-92.
34. Fink-Gremmels J. Mycotoxins in cattle feeds and carry-over to dairy milk: a review. Food Addit. Contam. A 2008, 25:172-180.
35. Fuchs R., Radic B., Peraica M., Hult K., Plestina R. Enterohepatic circulation of ochratoxin A in rats. Period. Biol. 1988, 90:39-42.
36. Fukata T., Sasai K., Baba E., Arakawa A. Effect of ochratoxin A on Salmonella typhimurium-challenged layer chickens. Avian Dis. 1996, 40:924-926.
37. Galtier P., Alvinerie M., Charpenteau J.L. The pharmacokinetic profiles of ochratoxin A in pigs, rabbit and chicken. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1981, 19:735-738.
38. Garcia A.R., Avila E., Rosiles R., Petrone V.M. Evaluation of two mycotoxin binders to reduce toxicity of broiler diets containing ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin contaminated grain. Avian Dis. 2003, 47:691-699.
39. Gekle M., Silbernagl S. The role of the proximal tubule in ochratoxin A nephrotoxicity in vivo toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic aspects. Ren. Physiol. Biochem. 1994, 17:40-49.
40. Gentles A., Smith E.E., Kubena L.F., Duffus E., Johnson P., Thompson J., Harvey R.B., Edrington T.S. Toxicological evaluations of cyclopiazonic acid and ochratoxin A in broilers. Poult. Sci. 1999, 78:1380-1384.
41. Guillamont E.M., Lino C.M., Baeta M.L., Pena A.S., Silveira M.I.N., Vinuesa J.M. A comparative study of extraction apparatus in HPLC analysis of ochratoxin A in muscle. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2005, 383:570-575.
42. Gupta S., Jindal N., Khokhar R.S., Gupta A.K., Ledoux D.R., Rottinghaus G.E. Effect of ochratoxin A on broiler chicks challenged with Salmonella gallinarum. Br. Poult. Sci. 2005, 46:443-450.
43. Gupta S., Jindal N., Khokhar R.S., Asrani R.K., Ledoux D.R., Rottinghaus G.E. Individual and combined effects of ochratoxin A and Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum infection on pathological changes in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol. 2008, 37(3):265-272.
44. Hagelberg S., Hult K., Fuchs R. Toxicokinetics of ochratoxin A in several species and its plasma-binding properties. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1989, 9:91-96.
45. Hamilton P.B., Huff W.E., Harris J.R., Wyatt R.D. Natural occurrences of ochratoxicosis in poultry. Poult. Sci. 1982, 51:1832.
46. Harvey R.B., Kubena L.F., Elissalde M.H., Rottinghaus G.E., Corrier D.E. Administration of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin to growing swine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1994, 55:1757-1761.
47. Höhler D., Sudekum K.H., Wolffram S., Frohlich A.A., Marquardt R.R. Metabolism and excretion of ochratoxin A fed to sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 1999, 77:1217-1223.
48. Huff W.E., Wyatt R.D., Hamilton P.B. Nephrotoxicity of dietary ochratoxin A in broiler chickens. Appl. Microbiol. 1975, 30:48-51.
49. Huff W.E., Ruff M.D. Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella infections in ochratoxin A compromised broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 1982, 61:685-692.
50. Huff W.E., Kubena L.F., Harvey R.B. Progression of ochratoxicosis in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 1988, 67:1139-1146.
51. Huff W.E., Kubena L.F., Harvey R.B., Doerr J.A. Mycotoxin interactions in Poultry and Swine. J. Anim. Sci. 1988, 66:2351-2355.
52. Hult K., Teiling A., Gatenbeck S. Degradation of ochratoxin A by a ruminant. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1976, 32:443-444.
53. Hult K., Hokby E., Hagglund U., Gatenbeck S., Rutqvist L., Sellyey G. Ochratoxin A in pig blood: method of analysis and use as a tool for feed studies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1979, 38:772-776.
54. Hussein H.S., Brasel J.M. Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology 2001, 167:101-134.
55. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Some Naturally Occurring Substances, Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins, Monograph No. 56 1993, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
56. Jaimez J., Fente C.A., Franco C.M., Cepeda A., Vázquez B. A survey of the fungal contamination and presence of ochratoxin A and zearalenone on Spanish feed and raw materials. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2004, 84:832-840.
57. Kiessling K.H., Petterson H., Sandholm K., Olsen M. Metabolism of aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearlenone, and three trichothecenes by intact rumen fluid, rumen protozoa, and rumen bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1984, 475:1070-1073.
58. Klarić M.S., Cvetnić Z., Pepeljnjak S., Kosalec I. Co-occurrence of aflatoxins, ochratoxin a, fumonisins, and zearalenone in cereals and feed determined by competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and thin-layer chromatography. Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol. 2009, 60:427-434.
59. Kotowski K., Grabarkiewicz-Szczesna J., Waskiewicz A., Kostecki M., Golinski P. Ochratoxin A in porcine blood and in consumed feed samples. Mycotox. Res. 2000, 16:66-72.
60. Koynarski V., Stoev S., Grozeva N., Mirtcheva T., Daskalov H., Mitev J., Mantle P. Experimental coccidiosis provoked by Eimeria acervulina in chicks simultaneously fed on ochratoxin A contaminated diet. Res. Vet. Sci. 2007, 82:225-231.
61. Krogh P. Causal associations of mycotoxic porcine nephropathy. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. - Sect. A: Suppl. 1978, 269:1-28.
62. Krogh P., Hald B., Pedersen E.J. Occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in cereals associated with mycotoxic porcine nephropathy. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. - Sect. B 1973, 81:689-695.
63. Krogh P., Axelsen N.H., Elling F., Gyrd-Hansen N., Hald B., Hyldgaard-Jensen J., Larsen A.E., Madsen A., Mortensen H.P., Moller T., Petersen O.K., Ravnskov U., Rostgaard M., Aalund O. Experimental porcine nephropathy. Changes of renal function and structure induced by ochratoxin A-contaminated feed. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Suppl. 1974, 246:1-21.
64. Kubena L.F., Harvey R.B., Huff W.E., Corrier D.E., Philips T.D., Rottinghaus G.E. Influence of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin singly and in combination on broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 1989, 68:867-872.
65. Kubena L.F., Harvey R.B., Edrington T.S., Rottinghaus G.E. Influence of ochratoxin A and diacetoxyscirpenol singly and in combination on broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 1994, 73:408-415.
66. Kubena L.F., Edrington T.S., Harvey R.B., Phillips T.D., Sarr A.B., Rottinghaus G.E. Individual and combined effects of fumonisin B1 present in Fusarium moniliforme culture material and diacetoxyscirpenol or ochratoxin A in Turkey poults. Poult. Sci. 1997, 76:256-264.
67. Kumar A., Jindal N., Shukla C.L., Pal Y., Ledoux D.R., Rottinghaus G.E. Effect of ochratoxin A on Escherichia coli challenged broiler chicks. Avian Dis. 2003, 47:415-424.
68. Kumar A., Jindal N., Shukla C.L., Asrani R.K., Ledoux D.R., Rottinghaus G.E. Pathological changes in broiler chickens fed ochratoxin A and inoculated with Escherichia coli. Avian Pathol. 2004, 33:413-417.
69. Kunjamma C.R.L., Nair M.K. Pathomorphology of the combined effects of ochratoxin A and citrinin in chicken embryos. Indian Vet. J. 1997, 74:22-25.
70. Magnoli C., Hallak C., Astoreca A., Ponsone L., Chiacchiera S.M., Palacio G., Dalcero A. Surveillance of toxigenic fungi and ochratoxin A in feedstuffs from Córdoba Province, Argentina. Vet. Res. Commun. 2005, 29:431-445.
71. Malagutti L., Zannotti M., Scampini A., Sciaraffia F. Effects of ochratoxin A on heavy pig production. Anim. Res. 2005, 54:179-184.
72. Manning B.B., Ulloa R.M., Li M.H., Robinson E.H., Rottinghaus G.E. Ochratoxin A fed to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) causes reduced growth and lesions of hepatopancreatic tissue. Aquaculture 2003, 219:739-750.
73. Marquardt R.R. Effects of molds and their toxins on livestock performance: a western Canadian perspective. Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 1996, 58:77-89.
74. Milićević D., Jurić V., Stefanović S., Jovanović M., Janković S. Survey of slaughtered pigs for occurrence of ochratoxin A and porcine nephropathy in Serbia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2008, 9:2169-2183.
75. Mir M.S., Dwivedi P. Immunopathology of ochratoxicosis-A in New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Vet. J. 2010, 5. (Article 51). Retrieved January 7, 2011 from http://www.vetscan.co.in/v5n1/immunopathology_of_ochratoxicosis_a_in_new_zealand_white_rabbits.htm.
76. Mir M.S., Dwivedi P., Charan K. Ochratoxin A induced acute toxicity in rabbits. Indian J. Vet. Pathol. 1999, 23:8-13.
77. Morgavi D.P., Riley R.T. An historical overview of field disease outbreaks known or suspected to be caused by consumption of feeds contaminated with Fusarium toxins. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2007, 137:201-212.
78. Müller G., Kielstein P., Rosner H., Berndt A., Heller M., Köhler H. Studies of the influence of ochratoxin A on immune and defence reactions in weaners. Mycoses 1999, 42:495-505.
79. O'Brien E., Dietrich D.R. Ochratoxin A: the continuing enigma. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2005, 35:33-60.
80. Ominski K.H., Frohlich A.A., Marquardt R.R., Crow G.H., Abramson D. The incidence and distribution of ochratoxin A in western Canadian swine. Food Addit. Contam. A 1996, 13:185-198.
81. Oswald I.P., Marin D.E., Bouhet S., Pinton P., Taranu I., Accensi F. Immunotoxicological risk of mycotoxins for domestic animals. Food Addit. Contam. 2005, 22:354-360.
82. Peckham J.C., Doupnik B.J., Jones O.H.J. Acute toxicity of ochratoxins A and B in chicks. Appl. Microbiol. 1971, (March):492-494.
83. Pereyra C.M., Cavaglieri L.R., Chiacchiera S.M., Dalcero A.M. Fungi and mycotoxins in feed intended for sows at different reproductive stages in Argentina. Vet. Med. Int. 2010, 2010:1-7.
84. Pozzo L., Cavallarin L., Nucera D., Antoniazzi S., Schiavone A. A survey of ochratoxin A contamination in feeds and sera from organic and standard swine farms in northwest Italy. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2010, 90:1467-1472.
85. Prandini A., Tansini G., Sigolo S., Filippi L., Laporta M., Piva G. On the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009, 47:984-991.
86. Prior M.G., Sisodia C.S., O'Neil J.B. Acute oral ochratoxicosis in day-old White Leghorns, turkeys and Japanese Quail. Poult. Sci. 1976, 55:590-786.
87. Rafai P., Bata á., Jakab L., Vanyi A. Evaluation of mycotoxin-contaminated cereals for their use in animal feeds in Hungary. Food Addit. Contam. A 2000, 17:799-808.
88. Ribelin W.E., Fukushima K., Still P.E. The toxicity of ochratoxin to ruminants. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1978, 42:172-176.
89. Rosa C.A.R., Cavaglieri L.R., Ribeiro J.M.M., Keller K.M., Alonso V.A., Chiacchiera S.M., Dalcero A.M., Lopes C.W.G. Mycobiota and naturally-occurring ochratoxin A in dairy cattle feed from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. World Mycotoxin. J. 2008, 1:195-201.
90. Rosa C.A.R., Keller K.M., Keller L.A.M., Pereyra M.L.G., Pereyra C.M., Dalcero A.M., Cavaglieri L.R., Lopes C.W.G. Mycological survey and ochratoxin A natural contamination of swine feedstuffs in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Toxicon 2009, 53:283-288.
91. Roth A., Chakor K., Creppy E.E., Kane A., Röschenthaler R., Dirheimer G. Evidence of an enterohepatic circulation of ochratoxin A in mice. Toxicology 1988, 48:293-308.
92. Rutqvist L., Bjorklund N.-E., Hult K., Hokby E., Carlsson B. Ochratoxin A as the cause of spontaneous nephropathy in fattening pigs. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1978, 36:920-925.
93. Sakthivelan S.M., Rao G.V.S. Effect of ochratoxin A on body weight, feed intake and feed conversion in broiler chicken. Vet. Med. Int. 2010, 2010:1-4.
94. Santin E., Paulillo A.C., Maiorka P.C., Alessi A.C., Krabbe E.L., Maiorka A. The effects of ochratoxin/aluminosilicate interaction on the tissues and humoral immune response of broilers. Avian Pathol. 2002, 31:73-79.
95. Sapkota A.M., Lefferts L.Y., McKenzie S., Walker P. What do we feed to food-production animals? A review of animal feed ingredients and their potential impacts on human health. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115:663-670.
96. Schiavone A., Cavallero C., Girotto L., Pozzo L., Antoniazzi S., Cavallarin L. A survey on the occurrence of ochratoxin A in feeds and sera collected in conventional and organic poultry farms in Northern Italy. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2008, 7:495-503.
97. Schlatter C., Studer R.J., Rasonyi T. Carcinogenicity and kinetic aspects of ochratoxin A. Food Addit. Contam. 1996, 13:43-44.
98. Scudamore K.A., Hetmanski M.T., Chan H.K., Collins S. Occurrence of mycotoxins in raw ingredients used for animal feeding stuffs in the United Kingdom in 1992. Food Addit. Contam. A 1997, 14:157-173.
99. Shlosberg A., Elkin N., Malkinson M., Orgad U., Hanji V., Bogin E., Weisman Y., Meroz M., Bock R. Severe hepatopathy in geese and broilers associated with ochratoxin in their feed. Mycopathologia 1997, 138:71-76.
100. Skaug M.A. Analysis of Norwegian milk and infant formulas for ochratoxin A. Food Addit. Contam. 1999, 16:75-78.
101. Skaug M.A., Eduard W., Stormer F.C. Ochratoxin A in airborne dust and fungal conidia. Mycopathologia 2000, 151:93-98.
102. Solti L., Pécsi T., Barna-Vetró I., Szász F., Biró K., Szabo E. Analysis of serum and seminal plasma after feeding ochratoxin A with breeding boars. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 1999, 56:123-132.
103. Sreemannarayana O., Frohlich A.A., Vitti T.G., Marquardt R.R., Abramson D. Studies of the tolerance and disposition of ochratoxin A in young calves. J. Anim. Sci. 1988, 66:1703-1711.
104. ® on growth performance, feed utilization and carcass composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 2004, 29:51-61.
105. Stoev S.D., Goundasheva D., Mirtcheva T., Mantle P. Susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections in growing pigs as an early response in ochratoxicosis. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 2000, 52:287-296.
106. Stoev S.D., Vitanov S., Anguelov G., Petkova-Bocharova T., Creppy E.E. Experimental mycotoxic nephropathy in pigs provoked by a diet containing ochratoxin A and penicillic acid. Vet. Res. Commun. 2001, 25:205-223.
107. Stoev S.D., Paskalev M., Macdonald S., Mantle P.G. Experimental one year ochratoxin A toxicosis in pigs. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 2002, 53:481-487.
108. Stoev S.D., Koynarsky V., Mantle P.G. Clinicomorphological studies in chicks fed ochratoxin A while simultaneously developing coccidiosis. Vet. Res. Commun. 2002, 26:189-204.
109. Stoev S.D., Dutton M.F., Njobeh P.B., Mosonik J.S., Steenkamp P.A. Mycotoxic nephropathy in Bulgarian pigs and chickens: complex aetiology and similarity to Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. Food Addit. Contam. A 2010, 27:72-88.
110. Stoev S.D., Denev S., Dutton M.F., Njobeh P.B., Mosonik J.S., Steenkamp P.A., Petkov I. Complex etiology and pathology of mycotoxic nephropathy in South African pigs. Mycotox. Res. 2010, 26:31-46.
111. Stoev S.D. Studies on some feed additives and materials giving partial protection against the suppressive effect of ochratoxin A on egg production of laying hens. Res. Vet. Sci. 2010, 88:486-491.
112. Supamattaya K., Sukrakanchana N., Boonyaratpalin M., Schatzmayr D., Chittiwan V. Effects of ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol on growth performance and immuno-physiological parameters in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 2005, 27(Suppl. 1):91-99.
113. Tapia M.O., Seawright A.A. Experimental combined aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A intoxication in pigs. Aust. Vet. J. 1985, 62:33-37.
114. Verma R.J., Mathew S. Alterations in total and differential counts of WBC during ochratoxicosis in rabbits. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1998, 36:424-425.
115. Verma J., Johri T.S., Swain B.K. Effect of varying levels of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and their combinations on the performance and egg quality characteristics in laying hens. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2003, 16:1015-1019.
116. Verma J., Johri T.S., Swain B.K., Ameena S. Effect of graded levels of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and their combinations on the performance and immune response in broilers. Br. Poult. Sci. 2004, 45:512-518.
117. Veselá D., Vesely O., Jelinek R. Toxic effects of ochratoxin A and citrinin, alone and in combination on chicken embryos. Teratology 1983, 45:91-93.
118. Vilar E.A., Stamford T.L.M., Bastos S.T.G., Filho E.V.C., Souza E.L. Total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A in the liver, kidneys and plasma of experimentally contaminated chickens. Span. J. Agric. Res. 2008, 6:373-377.
119. Visconti A., Bottalico A. High levels of ochratoxins A and B in moldy bread responsible for mycotoxicosis in farm animals. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1983, 31:1122-1123.
120. Wang G.H., Xue C.Y., Chen F., Ma Y.L., Zhang X.B., Bi Y.Z., Cao Y.C. Effects of combinations of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin on immune function of yellow-feathered broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 2009, 88:504-510.
121. Wang Y., Chai T., Lu G., Quan C., Duan H., Yao M., Zucker B., Schlenker G. Simultaneous detection of airborne aflatoxin ochratoxin and zearalenone in a poultry house by immunoaffinity clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography. Environ. Res. 2008, 107:139-144.
122. Wangikar P.B., Dwivedi P., Sinha N. Teratogenic effects of ochratoxin A in rabbits. World Rabbit Sci. 2004, 12:159-171.
123. Wangikar P.B., Dwivedi P., Sinha N., Sharma A.K., Telang A.G. Teratogenic effects in rabbits of simultaneous exposure to ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 with special reference to microscopic effects. Toxicology 2005, 215:37-47.
124. Xiao H., Marquardt R.R., Frohlich A.A., Ohilipps G.D., Vitti T.G. Effect of a hay and grain diet in the rate of hydrolysis of ochratoxin A in the rumen of sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 1991, 69:3014-3706.
125. Xiao H., Marquardt R.R., Frohlich A.A., Phillips G.D., Vitti T.G. Effect of a hay and a grain diet on the bioavailability of ochratoxin A in the rumen of sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 1991, 69:3715-3723.
126. Zafar F., Yasmin N., Hassan R., Naim T., Qureshi A.A. A study on the analysis of ochratoxin A in different poultry feed ingredients. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2001, 14:5-7.