Cancer and bone

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 18-54

  Guise, Theresa A ^a   Mundy, Gregory R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN; CALCITONIN; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; ENDOTHELIN 1; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; GALLIUM NITRATE; GLUCOCORTICOID; INTERLEUKIN 6; MITHRAMYCIN; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PROTEIN; PROSTAGLANDIN; SOMATOMEDIN B; SOMATOMEDIN BINDING PROTEIN; SOMATOMEDIN C; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR;

BONE DISEASE; BONE METASTASIS; BONE REMODELING; BONE TUMOR; BREAST CANCER; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPOCALCEMIA; LUNG CANCER; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NONHUMAN; OSTEOMALACIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW;

EID: 0032455216     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.19.1.18     Document Type: Review

References (475)

1. Paget S 1889 The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet 1:571-572
2. Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, Wingo PA 1996 Cancer statistics, 1996. CA Cancer J Clin 46:5-27
3. Hauschka PV, Mavrakos AE, Iafrati MD, Doleman SE, Klagsbrun M 1986 Growth factors in bone matrix. Isolation of multiple types by affinity chromatography on heparin-sepharose. J Biol Chem 261:12665-12674
4. Mohan S, Baylink DJ 1991 Bone growth factors. Clin Orthop 263: 30-48
5. Pfeilschifter J, Mundy GR 1987 Modulation of type β transforming growth factor activity in bone cultures by osteotropic hormones. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:2024-2028
6. Yoneda T 1996 Mechanisms of preferential metastasis of breast cancer to bone. Int J Oncol 9:103-109
7. Chattopadhyay N, Mithal A, Brown EM 1996 The calcium-sensing receptor: a window into the physiology and pathophysiology of mineral ion metabolism. Endocr Rev 17:289-307 [Published erratum appears in Endocr Rev 1996; 17:517]
8. Parfitt AM 1987 Bone and plasma calcium homeostasis. Bone 8[Suppl 1]:S1-S8
9. Parfitt AM 1976 The actions of parathyroid hormone on bone: relation to bone remodeling and turnover, calcium homeostasis, and metabolic bone diseases. II. PTH and bone cells: bone turnover and plasma calcium regulation. Metabolism 25:909-955
10. Brown EM 1982 PTH secretion in vivo and in vitro. Regulation by calcium and other secretagogues. Miner Electrolyte Metab 8:130-150
11. Mayer GP, Hurst JG 1978 Sigmoidal relationship between parathyroid hormone secretion rate and plasma calcium concentration in calves. Endocrinology 102:1036-1042
12. Samuels MH, Veldhuis J, Cawley C, Urban RJ, Luther M, Bauer R, Mundy G 1993 Pulsatile secretion of parathyroid hormone in normal young subjects: assessment by deconvolution analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:399-403
13. 2+ sensing receptor from bovine parathyroid. Nature 366:575-580
14. 2+-sensing receptor gene cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Cell 75: 1297-1303
15. Strewler GJ 1994 Familial benign hypocalciuric hypercalcemia-from the clinic to the calcium sensor. West J Med 160:579-580
16. 2+-sensing receptor gene in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Am J Hum Genet 56:880-886
17. Nemeth EF, Heath H 1995 The calcium receptor and familial benign hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 2:556-561
18. Pearce SHS, Trump D, Wooding C, Besser GM, Chew SL, Grant DB, Heath DA, Hughes IA, Paterson CR, Whyte MP, Thakker RV 1995 Calcium-sensing receptor mutations in familial benign hypercalcemia and neonatal hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Invest 96: 2683-2692
19. Brown EM, Pollak M, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Chou YW, Riccardi D, Hebert SC 1995 Calcium-ion-sensing cell-surface receptors. N Engl J Med 333:234-240
20. Finegold DN, Armitage MM, Galiani M, Matise TC, Pandian MR, Perry YM, Deka R, Ferrell RE 1994 Preliminary localization of a gene for autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism to chromosome 3q13. Pediatr Res 36:414-417
21. 2+-sensing receptor gene mutation. Nat Genet 8:303-307
22. Silver J, Russell J, Sherwood LM 1985 Regulation by vitamin D metabolites of messenger RNA for preproparathyroid hormone in isolated bovine parathyroid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:4279-4273
23. Silver J, Naveh-Many T, Mayer H, Schmelzer HJ, Popovtzer MM 1986 Regulation by vitamin D metabolites of parathyroid hormone gene transcription in vivo in the rat. J Clin Invest 78:1296-1301
24. Jüppner H, Abou-Samra AB, Freeman M, Kong XF, Schipani E, Richards J, Kolakowski LF, Kronenberg HM, Segre GV 1991 A G protein-linked receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Science 254:1024-1026
25. Schipani E, Krese K, Jüppner H 1995 A constitutively active mutant PTH-PTHrP receptor in Jansen-type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. Science 268:98-100
26. Schipani E, Langman CB, Parfitt AM, Jensen GS, Kikuchi S, Kooh SW, Cole WG, Jüppner H 1996 Constitutively activated receptors for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide in Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. N Engl J Med 335: 708-714
27. Usdin TB, Gruber C, Bonner TI 1995 Identification and functional expression of a receptor selectively recognizing parathyroid hormone, the PTH2 receptor. J Biol Chem 270:15455-15458
28. Inomata N, Akiyama M, Kubota N, Juppner H 1995 Characterization of a novel parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor with specificity for the carboxyl-terminal region of PTH-(1-84). Endocrinology 136:4732-4740
29. Segre GV, Niall HD, Habener JF, Potts Jr JT 1974 Metabolism of parathyroid hormone: physiologic and clinical significance. Am J Med 56:774-784
30. Martin KJ, Hruska KA, Greenwalt A, Klahr S, Slatopolsky E 1976 Selective uptake of intact parathyroid hormone by the liver: differences between hepatic and renal uptake. J Clin Invest 58:781-788
31. Hruska KA, Korkor A, Martin K, Slatopolsky E 1981 Peripheral metabolism of intact parathyroid hormone. Role of liver and kidney and the effect of chronic renal failure. J Clin Invest 67:885-892
32. D'Amour P, Huet PM, Segre GV, Rosenblatt M 1981 Characteristics of bovine parathyroid hormone extraction by dog liver in vivo. Am J Physiol 241:E208-E214
33. Segre GV, Perkins AS, Witters LA, Potts Jr JT 1981 Metabolism of parathyroid hormone by isolated rat Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. J Clin Invest 67:449-457
34. Segre GV, D'Amour P, Potts Jr JT 1976 Metabolism of radiodinated bovine parathyroid hormone in the rat. Endocrinology 99:1645-1652
35. Segre GV, D'Amour P, Hultman A, Potts Jr JT 1981 Effects of hepatectomy, nephrectomy, and nephrectomy/uremia on the metabolism of parathyroid hormone in the metabolism of parathyroid hormone in the rat J Clin Invest 67:439-448
36. Hruska KA, Kopelman R, Rutherford WE, Klahr S, Slatopolsky E, Greenwalt A, Bascom T, Markham J 1975 Metabolism of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in the dog. The role of the kidney and the effects of chronic renal disease. J Clin Invest 56: 39-48
37. Nussbaum SR, Zahradnik RJ, Lavigne JR, Brennan GL, Noxawa-Ung K, Kim LY, Keutmann HT, Wang CA, Potts Jr JT, Segre GV 1987 Highly sensitive two-site immunoradiometric assay of parathyrin and its clinical utility in evaluating patients with hypercalcemia. Clin Chem 33:1364-1367
38. Deftos LJ 1996 Calcitonin. Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, ed 3. Raven Press, New York, pp 83-87
39. Garrett JE, Tamir H, Kifor O, Simin RT, Rogers KV, Mithal A, Gagel RF, Brown EM 1995 Calcitonin-secreting cells of the thyroid express an extracellular calcium receptor gene. Endocrinology 136: 5202-5211
40. Barbot N, Calmettes C, Schuffenecker I, Saint-Andre JP, Franc B, Rohmer V, Jallet P, Bigorgne JC 1994 Pentagastrin stimulation test and early diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma using an immunoradiometric assay of calcitonin: comparison with genetic screening in hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:114-120
41. Friedman J, Au WY, Raisz LG 1968 Responses of fetal rat bone to thyrocalcitonin in tissue culture. Endocrinology 82:149-156
42. Heersche JNM, Marcus R, Aurbach GD 1974 Calcitonin and the formation of 3′,5′-AMP in bone and kidney. Endocrinology 94: 241-247
43. Moonga BS, Alam AS, Bevis PJ, Avaldi F, Soncini R, Huang CL, Zaidi M 1992 Regulation of cystosolic free calcium in isolated osteoclasts by calcitonin. J Endocrinol 132:241-249
44. Chambers TJ, Magnus CJ 1982 Calcitonin alters behavior of isolated osteoclasts. J Pathol 136:27-40
45. Lin HY, Harris TL, Flannery MS, Aruffo A, Kaji EH, Gorn A, Kolakowski Jr LF, Lodish HF, Goldring SR 1991 Expression cloning of an adenylate cyclase-coupled calcitonin receptor. Science 254:1022-1024
46. 3. Annu Rev Nutr 8:375-399
47. Holick MF 1996 Vitamin D: photobiology, metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. In: Favus MJ (ed) Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, ed 3. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, pp 74-81
48. 3-1alpha-hydroxylase in the rat kidney. Distinct site and mechanism of action. J Clin Invest 70: 135-140
49. Bell NH 1985 Vitamin D-endocrine system. J Clin Invest 76:1-6
50. DeLuca HR 1983 Metabolism and mechanism of action of vitamin D-1982. In: Peck WA (ed) Bone and Mineral Research Annual 1. Excerpta Medica, Princeton, NJ, pp 7-73
51. Norman AW, Roth J, Orci L 1982 The vitamin D endocrine system: steroid metabolism, hormone receptors, and biological response (calcium binding proteins). Endocr Rev 3:331-366
52. Gkonos PJ, London R, Hendler ED 1984 Hypercalcemia and elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in a patient with end-stage renal disease and active tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 311:1683-1685
53. Barbour GL, Coburn JW, Slatopolsky E, Norman AW, Horast RL 1981 Hypercalcemia in an anephric patient with sarcoidosis: evidence for extrarenal generation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. N Engl J Med 305:440-443
54. Zerwekh JE, Breslau NA 1986 Human placental production of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: biochemical characterization and production in normal subjects and patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:192-196
55. Holtrop ME, Cox KA, Clark MB, Holick MF, Anast CS 1981 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol stimulates osteoclasts in rat bones in the absence of parathyroid hormone. Endocrinology 108:2293-2301
56. Takahashi N, Yamana H, Yoshiki S, Roodman GD, Mundy GR, Jones SJ, Boyde A, Suda T 1988 Osteoclast-like cell formation and its regulation by osteotropic hormones in mouse bone marrow cultures. Endocrinology 122:1373-1382
57. Suda T, Takahashi N, Martin TJ 1992 Modulation of osteoclast differentiation. Endocr Rev 13:66-80 [Published erratum appears in Endocr Rev 1992; 13:191]
58. Liberman UA, Marx SJ 1996 Vitamin D dependent rickets. In: Favus MJ (ed) Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, ed 3. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, pp 311-316
59. 3. Mol Endocrinol 4:623-631
60. Ritchie HH, Hughes MR, Thompson ET, Hochberg Z, Feldman D, Pike JW, O'Malley BW 1989 An ochre mutation in the vitamin D receptor gene causes hereditary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 resistant rickets in three families. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:9783-9787
61. Hughes MR, Malloy PJ, Kieback DG, Kesterson RA, Pike JW, Feldman D, O'Malley BW 1988 Point mutations in the human vitamin D receptor gene associated with hypocalcemic rickets. Science 242:1702-1705
62. St-Arnaud R, Arabian A, Glorieux FH 1996 Abnormal bone development in mice deficient for the vitamin D 24-hydroxylase gene. J Bone Miner Res 11[Suppl 1]:S126 (Abstract 127)
63. Favus MJ (ed) 1996 Laboratory values of importance for calcium metabolism, metabolic bone disease. In: Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, ed 3. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, p 451
64. Ralston SH, Gallacher SJ, Patel U, Campbell J, Boyle IT 1990 Cancer-associated hypercalcemia: morbidity and mortality. Clinical experience in 126 treated patients. Ann Intern Med 112:499-504
65. Wimalawansa SJ 1994 Significance of plasma PTH-rp in patients with hypercalcemia of malignancy treated with bisphosphonate. Cancer 73:2223-2230
66. Nussbaum SR, Younger J, Vandepol CJ, Gagel RF, Zubler MA, Chapman R, Henderson IC, Mallette LE 1993 Single-dose intravenous therapy with pamidronate for the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy: comparison of 30-, 60-, and 90-mg dosages. Am J Med 95:297-304
67. Mundy GR, Martin TJ 1982 The hypercalcemia of malignancy: pathogenesis and management. Metabolism 31:1247-1277
68. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital (case 27461) 1941 N Engl J Med 22:789-791
69. Stewart AF, Horst R, Deftos LJ, Cadman EC, Lang R, Broadus AE 1980 Biochemical evaluation of patients with cancer-associated hypercalcemia: evidence for humoral and nonhumoral groups. N Engl J Med 303:1377-1383
70. Moseley JM, Kubota M, Diefenbach-Jagger H, Wettenhall REH, Kemp BE, Suva LJ, Rodda CP, Ebeling PR, Hudson PJ, Zajac JD, Martin TJ 1987 Parathyroid hormone-related protein purified from a human lung cancer cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:5048-5052
71. Burtis WJ, Wu T, Bunch C, Wysolmerski JJ, Insogna KL, Weir EC, Broadus AE, Stewart AF 1987 Identification of a novel 17,000-dalton parathyroid hormone-like adenylate cyclase-stimulating protein from a tumor associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. J Biol Chem 262:7151-7156
72. Strewler GJ, Stern PH, Jacobs JW, Eveloff J, Klein RF, Leung SC, Rosenblatt M, Nissenson R 1987 Parathyroid hormone-like protein from human renal carcinoma cells. Structural and functional homology with parathyroid hormone. J Clin Invest 80:1803-1807
73. Suva LJ, Winslow GA, Wettenhall REH, Hammonds RG, Moseley JM, Dieffenbach-Jagger H, Rodda C, Kemp BE, Rodriguez H, Chen EY, Hudson PJ, Martin TJ, Wood W 1987 A parathyroid hormone-related protein implicated in malignant hypercalcemia: cloning and expression. Science 237:893-896
74. Wysolmerski JJ, Broadus AE 1994 Hypercalcemia of malignancy: the central role of parathyroid hormone-related protein. Annu Rev Med 45:189-200
75. Strewler GJ, Nissenson RA 1990 Hypercalcemia in malignancy. West J Med 153:635-640
76. Strewler GJ, Budayr AA, Clark OH, Nissenson RA 1993 Production of parathyroid hormone by a malignant nonparathyroid tumor in a hypercalcemic patient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:1373-1375
77. Nussbaum SR, Gaz RD, Arnold A 1990 Hypercalcemia and ectopic secretion of parathyroid hormone by an ovarian carcinoma with rearrangement of the gene for parathyroid hormone. N Engl J Med 323:1324-1328
78. Yoshimoto K, Yamasaki R, Sakai H, Tezuka U, Takahashi M, Iizuka M, Sekiya T, Saito S 1989 Ectopic production of parathyroid hormone by small cell lung cancer in a patient with hypercalcemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68:976-981
79. Rizzoli R, Pache JC, Didierjean L, Burger A, Bonjour JP 1994 A thymoma as a cause of true ectopic hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:912-915
80. Abou-Samra AB, Jüppner H, Force T, Freeman MW, Kong XF, Schipani E, Urena P, Richards J, Bonventre JV, Potts Jr JT, Kronenberg HM, Segre GV 1992 Expression cloning of a common receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide from rat osteoblast-like cells: a single receptor stimulates intracellular accumulation of both cAMP and inositol triphosphates and increases intracellular free calcium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:2732-2736
81. Horiuchi N, Caulfield MP, Fisher JE, Goldman ME, McKee RL, Reagan JE, Levy JJ, Nutt RF, Rodan SB, Schoefield TL, Clemens T, Rosenblatt M 1987 Similarity of synthetic peptide from human tumor to parathyroid hormone in vivo and in vitro. Science 238: 1566-1568 [Published erratum appears in Science 1988; 239:128]
82. Kemp BE, Moseley JM, Rodda CP, Ebeling PR, Wettenhall REH, Stapleton D, Dieffenbach-Jagger H, Ure F, Michelangeli VP, Simmons HA, Raisz LG, Martin TJ 1987 Parathyroid hormone-related protein of malignancy: active synthetic fragments. Science 238: 1568-1570
83. Yates AJP, Gutierrez GE, Smolens P, Travis PS, Katz MS, Aufdemorte TB, Boyce BF, Hymer TK, Poser JW, Mundy GR 1988 Effects of a synthetic peptide of a parathyroid hormone-related protein on calcium homeostasis, renal tubular calcium reabsorption, and bone metabolism in vivo and in vitro in rodents. J Clin Invest 81:932-938
84. Sartori L, Weir EC, Stewart AF, Broadus AE, Mangin M, Barrett PQ, Insogna KL 1988 Synthetic and partially-purified adenylate cyclase-stimulating proteins from tumors associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy inhibit phosphate transport in a PTH-responsive renal cell line. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66:459-461
85. Asa SL, Henderson J, Goltzman D, Drucker DJ 1990 Parathyroid hormone-like peptide in normal and neoplastic human endocrine tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:1112-1118
86. Danks JA, Ebeling PR, Hayman J, Chou ST, Moseley JM, Dunlop J, Kemp BE, Martin TJ 1989 Parathyroid hormone-related protein: immunohistochemical localization in cancers and in normal skin. J Bone Miner Res 4:273-278
87. Dunne FP, Lee S, Ratcliffe WA, Hutchesson AC, Bundred NJ, Heath DA 1993 Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) gene expression in solid tumors associated with normocalcemia and hypercalcemia. J Pathol 171:215-221
88. Wysolmerski JJ, Vasavada R, Foley J, Weir EC, Burtis WJ, Kukreja SC, Guise TA, Broadus AE, Philbrick WM 1996 Transactivation of the PTHrP gene in squamous carcinomas predicts the occurrence of hypercalcemia in athymic mice. Cancer Res 56:1043-1049
89. Thiede MA 1989 The mRNA encoding a parathyroid hormone-like peptide is produced in mammary tissue in response to elevations in serum prolactin. Mol Endocrinol 3:1443-1447
90. 3 on gene expression and secretion. J Clin Invest 87:884-893
91. Sebag M, Henderson J, Goltzman D, Kremer R 1994 Regulation of parathyroid hormone-related peptide production in normal human mammary epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Physiol 267:C723-C730
92. Ferrari SL, Rizzoli R, Bonjour J-P 1994 Effects of epidermal growth factor on parathyroid hormone-related protein production by mammary epithelial cells. J Bone Miner Res 9:639-644
93. Southby J, Murphy LM, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT 1996 Cell-specific and regulator-induced promoter usage and messenger ribonucleic acid splicing for parathyroid hormone-related protein. Endocrinology 137:1349-1357
94. Rizzoli R, Feyen JHM, Grau G, Wohlwend A, Sappino AP, Bonjour J-P 1994 Regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein production in a human lung squamous cell carcinoma line. J Endocrinol 143:333-341
95. Burton PBJ, Knight DE 1992 Parathyroid hormone-related peptide can regulate growth of human lung cancer cells. FEBS Lett 305: 228-232
96. Zakalik D, Diep D, Hooks MA, Nissenson RA, Strewler GJ 1992 Transforming growth factor β increases stability of parathyroid hormone-related protein messenger RNA. J Bone Miner Res 7[Suppl 1]:S118 (Abstract 104A)
97. Merryman JI, DeWille JW, Werkmeister JR, Capen CC, Rosol TJ 1994 Effects of transforming growth factor-β on parathyroid hormone-related protein production and ribonucleic acid expression by a squamous carcinoma cell line in vitro. Endocrinology 134: 2424-2430
98. Kiriyama T, Gillespie MT, Glatz JA, Fukumoto S, Moseley JM, Martin TJ 1993 Transforming growth factor β stimulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP): a paracrine regulator? Mol Cell Endocrinol 92:55-62 [Published erratum appears in Mol Cell Endocrinol 1993; 94:145]
99. Pirola CJ, Wang H-M, Kamyar A, Wu S, Enomoto H, Sharifi B, Forrester JS, Clemens TL, Fagin JA 1993 Angiotensin II regulates parathyroid hormone-related protein expression in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. J Biol Chem 268:1987-1994
100. Daifotis AG, Weir EC, Dreyer BE, Broadus AE 1992 Stretch-induced parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in the rat uterus. J Biol Chem 267:23455-23458
101. Li X, Drucker DJ 1994 Parathyroid hormone-related peptide is a downstream target for ras and src activation. J Biol Chem 269: 6263-6266
102. Glatz JA, Heath JK, Southby J, O'Keeffe LM, Kiriyama T, Moseley JM, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT 1994 Dexamethasone regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) expression in a squamous cancer cell line. Mol Cell Endocrinol 101:295-306
103. Lu C, Ikeda K, Deftos LJ, Gazdar AF, Mangin M, Broadus AE 1989 Glucocorticoid regulation of parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene transcription in a human neuroendocrine cell line. Mol Endocrinol 3:2034-2040
104. Thiede MA, Harm SC, Hasson DM, Gardner RM 1991 In vivo regulation of parathyroid hormone-related peptide messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat uterus by 17 β-estradiol. Endocrinology 128:2317-2323
105. Paspaliaris V, Petersen DN, Thiede MA 1995 Steroid regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein expression and action in the rat uterus. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 53:259-265
106. Foley J, Wysolmerski JJ, Broadus AE, Philbrick WM 1996 Parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in human squamous carcinoma cells is repressed by mutant isoforms of p53. Cancer Res 56:4056-4062
107. Amling M, Neff L, Tanaka S, Inoue D, Kuida K, Weir E, Philbrick WM, Broadus AE, Baron R 1997 Bcl-2 lies downstream of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in a signaling pathway that regulates chondrocyte maturation during skeletal development. J Cell Biol 136:205-213
108. Martin TJ, Moseley JM, Gillespie MT 1991 Parathyroid hormone-related protein: biochemistry and molecular biology. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 26:377-395
109. Soifer NE, Dee KE, Insogna KL, Burtis WJ, Matovcik LM, Wu TL, Milstone LM, Broadus AE, Philbrick WM, Stewart AF 1992 Parathyroid hormone-related protein. Evidence for secretion of a novel mid-region fragment by three different cell types. J Biol Chem 267:18236-18243
110. Burtis WJ, Fodero JP, Gaich G, Debeyssey M, Stewart AF 1992 Preliminary characterization of circulating amino- and carboxyl-terminal fragments of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75: 1110-1114
111. Burtis WJ, Brady TG, Orloff JJ, Ersbak JB, Warrell Jr RP, Olson BR, Wu TL, Mitnick ME, Broadus AE, Stewart AF 1990 Immunochemical characterization of circulating parathyroid hormone-related protein in patients with humoral hypercalcemia of cancer. N Engl J Med 322:1106-1112
112. Orloff JJ, Soifer NE, Fodero JP, Dann P, Burtis WJ 1993 Accumulation of carboxyl-terminal fragments of parathyroid hormone-related protein in renal failure. Kidney Int 43:1371-1376
113. Liu B, Amizuka N, Goltzman D, Rabbani SA 1995 Inhibition of processing of parathyroid hormone-related peptide by antisense furin: effect in vitro and in vivo on rat Leydig (H-500) tumor cells. Int J Cancer 63:276-281
114. Bruzzaniti A, Goodge K, Jay P, Taviaux SA, Lam MH, Berta P, Martin TJ, Moseley JM, Gillespie MT 1996 PC8, a new member of the convertase family Biochem J 314:727-731 [Published erratum appears in Biochem J 1996;316:1007]
115. Orloff JJ, Reddy D, de Papp AE, Yang KH, Soifer NE, Stewart AF 1994 Parathyroid hormone-related protein as a prohormone: post-translational processing and receptor interactions. Endocr Rev 15: 40-60
116. Plawner LL, Philbrick WM, Burtis WJ, Broadus AE, Stewart AF 1995 Cell type-specific secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein via the regulated vs. the constitutive secretory pathway. J Biol Chem 270:14078-14084
117. Wu TL, Soifer NE, Burtis WJ, Milstone LM, Stewart AF 1991 Glycosylation of parathyroid hormone-related peptide secreted by human epidermal keratinocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:1002-1007
118. Orloff JJ, Kats Y, Urena P, Schipani E, Vasavada RC, Philbrick WM, Behal A, Abou-Samra A-B, Segre GV, Jüppner H 1995 Further evidence for a novel receptor for amino-terminal parathyroid hormone-related protein on keratinocytes and squamous carcinoma cell lines. Endocrinology 136:3016-3023
119. Karaplis AC, Luz A, Glowacki J, Bronson RT, Tybulewicz VL, Kronenberg HM, Mulligan RC 1994 Lethal skeletal dysplasia from targeted disruption of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene. Genes Dev 8:277-289
120. Lanske B, Karaplis AC, Lee K, Luz A, Vortkamp A, Pirro A, Karperien M, Defize LHK, Ho C, Mulligan RC, Abou-Samra AB, Jüppner H, Segre GV, Kronenberg HM 1996 PTH/PTHrP receptor in early development and Indian hedgehog-regulated bone growth. Science 273:663-666
121. Weir EC, Philbrick WM, Amling M, Neff LA, Baron R, Broadus AE 1996 Targeted overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in chondrocytes causes chondrodysplasia and delayed endochondral bone formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:10240-10245
122. Wysolmerski JJ, Broadus AE, Zhou J, Fuchs E, Milstone LM, Philbrick WM 1994 Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the skin of transgenic mice interferes with hair follicle development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:1133-1137
123. Wysolmerski JJ, McCaughern-Carucci JF, Daifotis AG, Broadus AE, Philbrick WM 1995 Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein or parathyroid hormone in transgenic mice impairs branching morphogenesis during mammary gland development. Development 121:3539-3547
124. Wysolmerski JJ, Carucci JM, Broadus AE, Philbrick WM 1994 PTH and PTHrP antagonize mammary gland growth and development in transgenic mice. J Bone Miner Res 9[Suppl 1]:S121 (Abstract 4)
125. Vasavada RC, Cavaliere C, D'Ercole AJ, Dann P, Burtis WJ, Madlener AL, Zawalich K, Zawalich W, Philbrick W, Stewart AF 1996 Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the pancreatic islets of transgenic mice causes islet hyperplasia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypoglycemia. J Biol Chem 271:1200-1208
126. Massfelder T, Helwig JJ, Stewart AF 1996 Parathyroid hormone-related protein as a cardiovascular regulatory peptide. Endocrinology 137:3151-3153
127. Kovacs CS, Lanske B, Hunzelman JL, Guo J, Karaplis AC, Kronenberg HM 1996 Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) regulates fetal-placental calcium transport through a receptor distinct from the PTH/PTHrP receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 15233-15238
128. Nakayama T, Ohtsuru A, Enomoto H, Namba H, Ozeki S, Shibata Y, Yokota T, Nobutoshi M, Ito M, Sekine I, Yamashita S 1994 Coronary atherosclerotic smooth muscle cells overexpress human parathyroid hormone-related peptides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 200:1028-1035
129. Hongo T, Kupfer J, Enomoto H, Sharifi B, Giannella-Neto D, Forrester JS, Singer FR, Goltzman D, Hendy GN, Pirola C, Fagin JA, Clemens TL 1991 Abundant expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells accompanies serum-induced proliferation. J Clin Invest 88:1841-1847
130. Pirola CJ, Wang H-M, Strgacich MI, Kamyar A, Cercek B, Forrester JS, Clemens TL, Fagin JA 1994 Mechanical stimuli induce vascular parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology 134:2230-2236
131. Funk JL, Lausier J, Moser AH, Shigenaga JK, Huling S, Nissenson RA, Strewler GJ, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR 1995 Endotoxin induces parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in splenic stromal and smooth muscle cells, not in splenic lymphocytes. Endocrinology 136:3412-3421
132. Funk JL, Shigenaga JK, Moser AH, Krul EJT, Strewler GJ, Feingold K, Grunfeld C 1994 Cytokine regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein messenger ribonucleic acid levels in mouse spleen: paradoxical effects of interferon-γ and interleukin-4. Endocrinology 135:351-358
133. Funk JL, Krul EJ, Moser AH, Shigenaga JK, Strewler GJ, Grundeld C, Feingold KR 1992 Endotoxin increases PTHrP mRNA levels in mouse spleen: mediation by tumor necrosis factor. J Clin Invest 92:2546-2552
134. Vortkamp A, Lee K, Lanske B, Segre GV, Kronenberg HM, Tabin CJ 1996 Regulation of rate of cartilage differentiation by Indian hedgehog and PTH-related protein. Science 273:613-622
135. Philbrick WM, Wysolmerski JJ, Galbraith S, Holt E, Orloff JJ, Yang KH, Vasavada RC, Weir EC, Broadus AE, Stewart AF 1996 Defining the roles of parathyroid hormone-related protein in normal physiology. Physiol Rev 76:127-173
136. Guise TA, Mundy GR 1996 Physiological and pathological roles of parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertension 5:307-315
137. Strewler GJ, Nissenson RA1994 The parathyroid hormone-related protein as a regulator of normal tissue functions. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 1:286-292
138. Ratcliffe WA 1992 Role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in lactation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 37:402-404
139. Thiede MA, Rodan GA 1988 Expression of a calcium-mobilizing parathyroid hormone-like peptide in lactating mammary tissue. Science 242:278-280
140. Budayr AA, Halloran BP, King JC, Diep D, Nissenson RA, Strewler GJ 1989 High levels of parathyroid hormone-like protein in milk. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:7183-7185
141. Yamamoto M, Fisher JE, Thiede MA, Caulfield MP, Rosenblatt M, Duong LT 1992 Concentrations of parathyroid hormone-related protein in rat milk change with duration of lactation and interval from previous suckling, but not with milk calcium. Endocrinology 130:741-747
142. Khosla S, Johansen KL, Ory SJ, O'Brien PC, Kao PC 1990 Parathyroid hormone-related peptide in lactation and in umbilical cord blood. Mayo Clin Proc 65:1408-1414
143. Stewart AF, Wu TL, Insogna KL, Milstone LM, Burtis WJ 1991 Immunoaffinity purification of parathyroid hormone-related protein from bovine milk and human keratinocyte-conditioned medium. J Bone Miner Res 6:305-311
144. Ratcliffe WA, Thompson GE, Care AD, Peaker M 1992 Production of parathyroid hormone-related protein by the mammary gland of the goat. J Endocrinol 133:87-93
145. Lepre F, Grill V, Danks JA 1990 Hypercalcemia in pregnancy and lactation due to parathyroid hormone-related protein production. Bone Miner 10:S317
146. Khosla S, van Heerden JA, Garib H, Jackson IT, Danks J, Hayman JA, Martin TJ 1990 Parathyroid hormone-related protein and hypercalcemia secondary to massive mammary hyperplasia [letter]. N Engl J Med 322:1157
147. Lepre F, Grill V, Ho PWM, Martin TJ 1993 Hypercalcemia in pregnancy and lactation associated with parathyroid hormone-related protein. N Engl J Med 328:666-667
148. Grill V, Hillary J, Ho PM, Law FM, MacIsaac RJ, MacIsaac IA, Moseley JM, Martin TJ 1992 Parathyroid hormone-related protein: a possible endocrine function in lactation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 37:405-410
149. Luparello C, Burtis WJ, Raue F, Birch MA, Gallagher JA 1995 Parathyroid hormone-related peptide and 8701-BC breast cancer cell growth and invasion in vitro: evidence from growth-inhibiting and invasion-promoting effects. Mol Cell Endocrinol 111:225-232
150. Luparello C, Ginty AF, Gallagher JA, Pucci-Minafra I, Minafra S 1993 Transforming growth factor-β1, β2, β3, urokinase and parathyroid hormone-related peptide expression in 8701-BC breast cancer cells and clones. Differentiation 55:73-80
151. Li H, Seitz PK, Selvanayagam P, Rajaraman S, Cooper CW 1996 Effect of endogenously produced parathyroid hormone-related peptide on growth of a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2). Endocrinology 137:2367-2374
152. Pandian MR, Morgan CH, Carlton E, Segre GV 1992 Modified immunoradiometric assay of parathyroid hormone-related protein: clinical application in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia. Clin Chem 38:282-288
153. Schilling T, Pecherstorfer M, Blind E, Leidig G, Ziegler R, Raue F 1993 Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) does not regulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D serum levels in hypercalcemia of malignancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:801-803
154. Fraher LJ, Hodsman AB, Jonas K, Saunders D, Rose CI, Henderson JE, Hendy GN, Goltzman D 1992 A comparison of the in vivo biochemical responses to exogenous parathyroid hormone-(1-34)[PTH-(1-34)] and PTH-related peptide-(1-34) in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:417-423
155. Everhart-Caye M, Inzucchi SE, Guinness-Henry J, Mitnick MA, Stewart AF 1996 Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein(1-36) is equipotent to PTH(1-34) in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:199-208
156. Guise TA, Chirgwin JM, Taylor S, Boyce BF, Dunstan CR, Mundy GR 1993 Deletions of C-terminal end of parathyroid hormone-reJated protein (PTHrP) have equivalent effects on bone and calcium homeostasis in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 8[Suppl 1]:229A (Abstract)
157. Rosol TJ, Capen CC, Horst RL 1988 Effects of infusion of human parathyroid hormone-related protein-(1-40) in nude mice: histomorphometric and
158. Guise TA, Chirgwin JM, Boyce B, Favarato G, Mundy GR 1992 Comparison of similar models of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) excess in nude mice. J Bone Miner Res 7[Suppl 1]:S241 (Abstract 593)
159. Stewart AF, Vignery A, Silverglate A, Ravin ND, LiVolsi V, Broadus AE, Baron R 1982 Quantitative bone histomorphometry in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy: uncoupling of bone cell activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55:219-227
160. Nakayama K, Fukumoto S, Takeda S, Takeuchi Y, Ishikawa T, Miura M, Hata K, Hane M, Tamura Y, Tanaka Y, Kitaoka M, Obara T, Ogata E, Matsumoto T 1996 Differences in bone and vitamin D metabolism between primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 607-611
161. Delmas PD, Demiaux B, Malaval L, Chapuy MC, Edouard C, Meunier PJ 1986 Serum bone gamma carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein in primary hyperparathyroidism and in malignant hypercalcemia. Comparison with bone histomorphometry. J Clin Invest 77:985-991
162. Kukreja SC, Rosol TJ, Shevrin DH, York PA 1988 Quantitative bone histomorphometry in nude mice bearing a human squamous cell lung cancer. J Bone Miner Res 3:341-346
163. Hulter HN, Halloran BP, Toto RD, Peterson JC 1985 Long-term control of plasma calcitriol concentration in dogs and humans. Dominant role of plasma calcium concentration in experimental hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Invest 76:695-702
164. Uy HL, Guise TA, De La Mata J, Taylor SD, Story BM, Dallas MR, Boyce BF, Mundy GR, Roodman GD 1995 Effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein and PTH on osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors in vivo. Endocrinology 136:3207-3212
165. de la Mata J, Uy HL, Guise TA, Story B, Boyce BF, Mundy GR, Roodman GD 1995 IL-6 enhances hypercalcemia and bone resorption mediated by PTHrP in vivo. J Clin Invest 95:2846-2852
166. Guise TA, Yoneda T, Yates AJP, Mundy GR 1993 The combined effect of tumor-produced parathyroid hormone-related peptide and transforming growth factor-α enhance hypercalcemia in vivo and bone resorption in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:40-45
167. Pizurki L, Rizzoli R, Caverzasio J, Bonjour JP 1990 Effect of transforming growth factor a and parathyroid hormone-related protein on phosphate transport in renal cells. Am J Physiol 259:F929-F935
168. Pizurki L, Rizzoli R, Caverzasio J, Bonjour JP 1991 Stimulation by parathyroid hormone-related protein and transforming growth factor a of phosphate transport in osteoblast-like cells. J Bone Miner Res 6:1235-1241
169. Sato K, Fujii Y, Kasono K, Ozawa M, Imamura H, Kanaji Y, Kurosawa H, Tsushima T, Shizume 1989 Parathyroid hormone-related protein and interleukin-1 alpha synergistically stimulate bone resorption in vitro and increase the serum calcium concentration in mice in vivo. Endocrinology 124:2172-2178
170. Torring O, Turner RT, Carter WB, Firek AF, Jacobs CA, Heath H 1992 Inhibition by human interleukin-1 of parathyroid hormone-related peptide effects on renal calcium and phosphorous metabolism in the rat. Endocrinology 131:5-13
171. Uy HL, Mundy GR, Boyce BF, Story BM, Dunstan CR, Yin JJ, Roodman GD, Guise TA 1997 Tumor necrosis factor enhances parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)-induced hypercalcemia and bone resorption without inhibiting bone formation in vivo. Cancer Res 57:3194-3199
172. Allinson ET, Drucker DJ 1992 Parathyroid hormone-like peptide shares features with members of early response gene family: rapid induction by serum growth factors and cyclohexamide. Cancer Res 52:3103-3109
173. Burton PB, Moniz C, Knight DE 1990 Parathyroid hormone-related peptide can function as an autocrine growth factor in human renal cell carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 167:1134-1138
174. Dublin EA, Barnes DM, Wang DY, King RJ, Levison DA 1993 TGF alpha and TGF beta expression in mammary carcinoma. J Pathol 170:15-22
175. Herman ME, Katzenellenbogen BS 1994 Alterations in transforming growth factor-alpha and -beta production and cell responsiveness during the progression of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to estrogen-autonomous growth. Cancer Res 54:5867-5874
176. van Roozendaal CEP, Klijn JGM, van Ooijen B, Claassen C, Eggermont AMM, Henzen-Logmans SC, Foekens JA 1995 Transforming growth factor beta secretion from primary breast cancer fibroblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 111:1-6
177. Firek A, Jennings J, Tabuenca A, Caulfield M, Garberoglio C, Linkhart T, TGF-β stimulates PTHrP release from human mammary cancer. Program of the 76th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Anaheim, CA, 1994, p 395, (Abstract 769)
178. Guise TA, Taylor SD, Yoneda T, Sasaki A, Wright K, Boyce BF, Chirgwin JM, Mundy GR 1994 PTHrP expression by breast cancer cells enhance osteolytic bone metastases in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 9[Suppl 1]:S128 (Abstract 33)
179. Percival RC, Yates AJP, Gray RE, Galloway J, Rogers K, Neal FE, Kanis JA 1985 Mechanisms of malignant hypercalcemia in carcinoma of the breast. Br Med J 291:776-779
180. Grill V, Ho P, Body JJ, Johanson N, Lee SC, Kukreja SC, Mosely JM, Martin TJ 1991 Parathyroid hormone-related protein: elevated levels in both humoral hypercalcemia and hypercalcemia complicating metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:1309-1315
181. Isales C, Carcangiu ML, Stewart AF 1987 Hypercalcemia in breast cancer: reassessment of the mechanism. Am J Med 82:1143-1146
182. Coleman RE, Rubens RD 1987 The clinical course of bone metastases from breast cancer. Br J Cancer 55:61-66
183. Galasko CSB 1976 Mechanisms of bone destruction in the development of skeletal metastasis. Nature 263:517-518
184. Boyde A, Maconnachie E, Reid SA, Delling G, Mundy GR 1986 Scanning electron microscopy in bone pathology: review of methods. Potential and applications. Scanning Electron Microsc 4:1537-1554
185. Taube T, Elomaa I, Blomqvist C, Beneton MNC, Kanis JA 1994 Histomorphometric evidence for osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in metastatic breast cancer. Bone 15:161-166
186. Francini G, Petrioloi R, Maioli E, Gonnelli S, Marsili S, Aquino A, Bruni S 1993 Hypercalcemia in breast cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 11:359-367
187. Kimura S, Adachi I, Yamaguchi K, Suzuki M, Shimada A, Sato Y, Nagaoka K, Abe K 1985 Stimulation of calcium reabsorption observed in advanced breast cancer patients with hypercalcemia and multiple bone metastasis. Jpn J Cancer Res 76:308-314
188. Gallacher SJ, Fraser WD, Patel U, Logue FC, Soukop M, Boyle IT, Ralston SH 1990 Breast cancer-associated hypercalcemia: a reassessment of renal calcium and phosphate handling. Ann Clin Biochem 27:551-556
189. Coleman RE, Fogelman I, Rubens RD 1988 Hypercalcemia and breast cancer - an increased humoral component in patients with liver metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol 14:423-428
190. Budayr AA, Zysset E, Jenzer A, Thiebaud D, Ammann P, Rizzoli R, Jaquet-Muller F, Bonjour JP, Gertz B, Burckhardt P, Halloran BP, Nissenson RA, Strewler GJ 1994 Effects of treatment of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia on serum parathyroid hormone-related protein. J Bone Miner Res 9:521-526
191. Heath DA 1993 Parathyroid hormone related protein. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 38:135-136
192. Southby J, Kissin MW, Danks JA, Hayman JA, Moseley JM, Henderson MA, Bennett RC, Martin TJ 1990 Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in breast cancer. Cancer Res 51:7710-7716
193. Liapis H, Crouch EC, Grosso LE, Kitazawa S, Wick MR 1993 Expression of parathyroid like protein in normal, proliferative, and neoplastic human breast tissues. Am J Pathol 143:1169-1178
194. Bundred NJ, Walker RA, Ratcliffe WA, Warwick J, Morrison JM, Ratcliffe JG 1992 Parathyroid hormone related protein and skeletal morbidity in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 28:690-692
195. Bundred NJ, Ratcliffe WA, Walker RA, Coley S, Morrison JM, Ratcliffe JG 1991 Parathyroid hormone related protein and hypercalcaemia in breast cancer. Br Med J 303:1506-1509
196. Kohno N, Kitazawa S, Fukase M, Sakoda Y, Kanabara Y, Furuya Y, Ohashi O, Ishikawa Y, Saitoh Y 1994 The expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human breast cancer with skeletal metastases. Surg Today 24:215-220
197. Kremer R, Shustik C, Tabak T, Papavasiliou V, Goltzman D 1996 Parathyroid hormone-related peptide in hematologic malignancies. Am J Med 100:406-411
198. Ikeda K, Ohno H, Hane M, Yokoi H, Okada M, Honma T, Yamada A, Tatsumi Y, Tanaka T, Saitoh T, Hirose S, Mori S, Takeuchi Y, Fukumoto S, Terukina S, Iguchi H, Kiriyama T, Ogata E, Matsumoto T 1994 Development of a sensitive two-site immunoradiometric assay for parathyroid hormone-related peptide: evidence for elevated levels in plasma from patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:1322-1327
199. Firkin F, Seymour JF, Watson AM, Grill V, Martin TJ 1996 Parathyroid hormone-related protein in hypercalcaemia associated with haematological malignancy. Br J Haematol 94:486-492
200. Seymour JF, Grill V, Martin TJ, Lee N, Firkin F 1993 Hypercalcemia in the blastic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia associated with elevated parathyroid hormone-related protein. Leukemia 7:1672-1675
201. Seymour JF, Gagel RF, Hagemeister FB, Dimopoulos MA, Cabanillas F 1994 Calcitriol production in hypercalcemic and normocalcemic patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Intern Med 121:633-640
202. Mason RS, Frankel T, Chan YL, Lissner D, Posen S 1984 Vitamin D conversion by sarcoid lymph node homogenate. Ann Intern Med 100:59-61
203. Adams JS, Sharma OP, Gacad MA, Singer FR 1983 Metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by cultured pulmonary alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis. J Clin Invest 72:1856-1860
204. Rosenthal N, Insogna KL, Godsall JW, Smaldone L, Waldron JA, Stewart AF 1985 Elevations in circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in three patients with lymphoma-associated hypercalcemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:29-33
205. Breslau NA, McGuire JL, Zerwekh JE, Frenkel EP, Pak CYC 1984 Hypercalcemia associated with increased serum calcitriol levels in three patients with lymphoma. Ann Intern Med 100:1-7
206. 3 by human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-1 transformed lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 78:592-596
207. Mercier RJ, Thompson JM, Harman GS, Messerschmidt GL 1988 Recurrent hypercalcemia and elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in Hodgkin's disease. Am J Med 84:165-168
208. Munson PL, Tashjian Jr AH, Levine L 1965 Evidence for parathyroid hormone in nonparathyroid tumors associated with hypercalcemia. Cancer Res 25:1062-1067
209. Benson Jr RC, Riggs BL, Pickard BM, Arnaud CD 1974 Radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone in hypercalcemic patients with malignant disease. Am J Med 56:821-826
210. Benson Jr RC, Riggs BL, Pickard BM, Arnaud CD 1974 Immunoreactive forms of circulating parathyroid hormone in primary and ectopic hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Invest 54:175-181
211. Sherwood LM, O'Riordan JL, Aurbach GD, Potts Jr JT 1967 Production of parathyroid hormone by nonparathyroid tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27:140-146
212. Simpson EL, Mundy GR, D'Souza SM, Ibbotson KJ, Bockman R, Jacobs JW 1983 Absence of parathyroid hormone messenger RNA in nonparathyroid tumors associated with hypercalcemia. N Engl J Med 309:325-330
213. Mori H, Aoki K, Katayama I, Nishioka K, Umeda T 1996 Humoral hypercalcemia with elevated plasma PTHrP, TNF alpha and IL-6 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Dermatol 23:460-462
214. Sabatini M, Boyce B, Aufdemorte T, Bonewald L, Mundy GR 1988 Infusions of recombinant human interleukins 1α and 1β cause hypercalcemia in normal mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:5235-5239
215. Boyce BF, Aufdemorte TB, Garrett IR, Yates AJ, Mundy GR 1989 Effects of interleukin-1 on bone turnover in normal mice. Endocrinology 125:1142-1151
216. Guise TA, Garrett IR, Bonewald LF, Mundy GR 1993 The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits hypercalcemia mediated by interleukin-1. J Bone Miner Res 8:583-587
217. Black K, Garrett IR, Mundy GR 1991 Chinese hamster ovarian cells transfected with the murine interleukin-6 gene cause hypercalcemia as well as cachexia, leukocytosis and thrombocytosis in tumor-bearing mice. Endocrinology 128:2657-2659
218. Weissglas M, Schamhart D, Lowik C, Papapoulos S, Vos P, Kurth KH 1995 Hypercalcemia and cosecretion of interleukin-6 and parathyroid hormone related peptide by a human renal cell carcinoma implanted into nude mice. J Urol 153:854-857
219. Stern PH, Krieger NS, Nissenson RA, Williams RD, Winkler ME, Derynck R, Strewler GJ 1985 Human transforming growth factor-alpha stimulates bone resorption in vitro. J Clin Invest 76:2016-2019
220. Ibbotson KJ, Harrod J, Gowen M, D'Souza S, Smith D, Winkler ME, Derynk R, Mundy GR 1986 Human recombinant transforming growth factor a stimulates bone resorption and inhibits formation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:2228-2232
221. Ibbotson KJ, Twardzik DR, D'Souza SM, Hargreaves WR, Todaro GJ, Mundy GR 1985 Stimulation of bone resorption in vitro by synthetic transforming growth factor-alpha. Science 228:1007-1009
222. Tashjian Jr AH, Voelkel EF, Lloyd W, Derynck R, Winkler ME, Levine L 1986 Actions of growth factors on plasma calcium. Epidermal growth factor and human transforming growth factor-alpha cause elevation of plasma calcium in mice. J Clin Invest 78: 1405-1409
223. Yates AJ, Boyce BF, Favarato G, Aufdemorte TB, Marcelli C, Kester MB, Walker R, Langton BC, Bonewald LF, Mundy GR 1992 Expression of human transforming growth factor alpha by Chinese hamster ovarian tumors in nude mice causes hypercalcemia and increased osteoclastic bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 7:847-853
224. Bertolini DR, Nedwin GE, Bringman TS, Smith DD, Mundy GR 1986 Stimulation of bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation in vitro by human tumour necrosis factors. Nature 319:516-518
225. Johnson RA, Boyce B, Mundy GR, Roodman GD 1989 Tumors producing human tumor necrosis factor induce hypercalcemia and osteoclastic bone resorption in nude mice. Endocrinology 124:1424-1427
226. Uy HL, Dallas M, Calland JW, Boyce BF, Mundy GR, Roodman GD 1995 Use of an in vivo model to determine the effects of interleukin-1 on cells at different stages in the osteoclast lineage. J Bone Miner Res 10:295-301
227. Klein DC, Raisz LG 1970 Prostaglandins: stimulation of bone resorption in tissue culture. Endocrinology 86:1436-1440
228. Mundy GR 1995 Hypercalcemia. In: Mundy GR (ed) Bone Remodeling and Its Disorders. Murtin Dunitz, London, pp 88-103
229. Mundy GR, Wilkinson RB, Heath DA 1983 Comparative study of available medical therapy for hypercalcemia of malignancy. Am J Med 74:421-432
230. Tuttle KR, Kunau RT, Loveridge N, Mundy GR 1991 Altered renal calcium handling in hypercalcemia of malignancy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2:191-199
231. Hosking DJ, Cowley A, Bucknall CA 1981 Rehydration in the treatment of severe hypercalcemia. Q J Med 51:473-481
232. Nussbaum SR 1993 Pathophysiology and management of severe hypercalcemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 22:343-362
233. Rodan GA, Fleisch HA 1996 Bisphosphonates: mechanisms of action. J Clin Invest 97:2692-2696
234. Fleisch H 1991 Bisphosphonates: pharmacology and use in the treatment of tumor-induced hypercalcemia and metastatic bone disease. Drugs 42:919-944
235. Schmidt A, Rutledge SJ, Endo N, Opas EE, Tanaka H, Wesolowski G, Leu CT, Huang Z, Ramachandaran C, Rodan SB, Rodan GA 1996 Protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity regulates osteoclast formation and function: inhibition by alendronate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:3068-3073
236. Rogers MJ, Watts DJ, Russell RGG, Ji X, Xiong X, Blackburn GM, Bayless AV, Ebetino FH 1994 Inhibitory effects of bisphosphonates on growth of amoebae of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. J Bone Miner Res 9:1029-1039
237. Singer FR, Ritch PS, Lad TE, Ringenberg QS, Schiller JH, Recker RR, Ryzen E 1991 Treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy with intravenous etidronate-a controlled, multicenter study. Arch Intern Med 151:471-476
238. Gucalp R, Ritch P, Wiernik PH, Sarma PR, Keller A, Richman SP, Tauer K, Neidhart J, Mallette LE, Siegel R, VandePol CJ 1992 Comparative study of pamidronate disodium and etidronate disodium in the treatment of cancer-related hypercalcemia. J Clin Oncol 10:134-142
239. Kanis JA, Urwin GH, Gray RE, Beneton MN, McCloskey EV, Hamdy NA, Murray SA 1987 Effects of intravenous etidronate disodium on skeletal and calcium metabolism. Am J Med 82[Suppl 2A]:55-70
240. Walls J, Ratcliffe WA, Howell A, Hundred NJ 1994 Response to intravenous bisphosphonate therapy in hypercalcaemic patients with and without bone metastases: the role of parathyroid hormone-related protein. Br J Cancer 70:169-172
241. Pecherstorfer M, Schilling T, Blind E, Zimmer-Roth I, Baumgartner G, Ziegler R, Raue F 1994 Parathyroid hormone-related protein and life expectancy in hypercalcemic cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:1268-1270
242. (50-69) and response to pamidronate therapy for tumour-induced hypercalcaemia. Eur J Cancer 27:1629-1633
243. Kanis JA 1995 Bone and cancer: pathophysiology and treatment of metastases. Bone 17[Suppl 2]:101S-105S
244. Purohit OP, Radstone CR, Anthony C, Kanis JA, Coleman RE 1995 A randomised double-blind comparison of intravenous pamidronate and clodronate in the hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Br J Cancer 72:1289-1293
245. Wimalawansa SJ 1994 Optimal frequency of administration of pamidronate in patients with hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 41:591-595
246. Ralston SH, Alzaid AA, Gardner MD, Boyle IT 1986 Treatment of cancer associated hypercalcemia with combined aminohydroxypropylidene diphosphonate and calcitonin. Br Med J 292: 1549-1551
247. Adamson BB, Gallacher SJ, Byars J, Ralston SH, Boyle IT, Boyce BF 1993 Mineralisation defects with pamidronate therapy for Paget's disease. Lancet 342:1459-1460
248. Binstock MD, Mundy GR 1980 Effect of calcitonin and glucocorticoids in combination of the hypercalcemia of malignancy. Ann Intern Med 93:269-272
249. Thiebaud D, Jacquet AF, Burckhardt P 1990 Fast and effective treatment of malignant hypercalcemia. Arch Intern Med 151:2125-2128
250. Physicians Desk Reference, ed 51 1997 Medical Economics Data, Montvale NJ, pp 2176-2178
251. Brown JH, Kennedy BJ 1965 Mithramycin in the treatment of disseminated testicular neoplasms. N Engl J Med 272:111-118
252. Yarbro JW, Kennedy BJ, Barnum CP 1966 Mithramycin inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis. Cancer Res 26:36-39
253. Ray R, Snyder RC, Thomas S, Koller CA, Miller DM 1989 Mithramycin blocks protein binding and function of the SV40 early promoter. J Clin Invest 83:2003-2007
254. Warrell Jr RP, Bockman RS, Coonley CJ, Isaacs M, Staszewski H 1984 Gallium nitrate inhibits calcium resorption from bone and is effective treatment for cancer-related hypercalcemia. J Clin Invest 73:1487-1490
255. Warrell Jr RP, Israel R, Frisone M, Snyder T, Gaynor JJ, Bockman RS 1988 Gallium nitrate for acute treatment of cancer-related hypercalcemia. A randomized, double-blind comparison to calcitonin. Ann Intern Med 108:669-674
256. Physicians Desk Reference, ed 51 1997 Medical Economics Data, Montvale NJ, pp 2711-2712
257. Mundy GR, Rick ME, Turcotte R, Kowalski MA 1978 Pathogenesis of hypercalcemia in lymphosarcoma cell leukemia. Role of an osteoclast activating factor-like substance and a mechanism of action for glucocorticoid therapy. Am J Med 65:600-606
258. McCance RA 1947 Osteomalacia with Looser's nodes (Milkman's syndrome) due to raised resistance to vitamin D acquired about the age of fifteen years. Q J Med 16:33-47
259. Salassa RM, Jowsey J, Arnaud CD 1970 Hypophosphatemic osteomalacia associated with "nonendocrine" tumors. N Engl J Med 283:65-70
260. Cai Q, Hodgson SF, Kao PC, Lennon V, Klee GG, Zinsmiester AR, Kumar R 1994 Brief report: inhibition of renal phosphate transport by a tumor product in a patient with oncogenic osteomalacia. N Engl J Med 330:1645-1649
261. Econs MJ, Drezner MK 1994 Tumor-induced osteomalacia - unveiling a new hormone. N Engl J Med 330:1679-1681
262. Wilkins GE, Granleese S, Hegele RG, Holden J, Anderson DW, Bondy GP 1995 Oncogenic osteomalacia: evidence for a humoral phosphaturic factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1628-1634
263. Lyles KW, Loubaugh B, Paulsen DF, Drezner MK 1982 Heterotransplantation of prostate cancer from an affected patient creates an animal model for tumor-induced osteomalacia in the athymic nude mouse. Calcif Tissue Int 34:S339
264. McMurtry CT, Godschalk M, Malluche HH, Geng Z, Adler RA 1993 Oncogenic osteomalacia associated with metastatic prostate carcinoma: case report and review of the literature. J Am Geriatr Soc 41:983-985
265. Taylor HC, Fallen MD, Velasco ME 1984 Oncogenic osteomalacia and inappropriate hormone secretion due to an oat cell carcinoma. Ann Intern Med 101:786-790
266. Drezner MK, Feinglos MN 1977 Osteomalacia due to a 1α25-dihydroxycholecalciferol deficiency: association with a giant cell tumor of bone. J Clin Invest 60:1046-1053
267. Park YK, Unni KK, Beabout JW, Hodgson SF 1994 Oncogenic osteomalacia: a clinicopathologic study of 17 bone lesions. J Korean Med Sci 9:289-298
268. Miyauchi A, Fukase M, Tsutsumi M, Fujita T 1988 Hemangiopericytoma-induced osteomalacia: tumor transplantation in nude mice causes hypophosphatemia and tumor extracts inhibit renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D1-hydroxylase activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:46-53
269. Zusman J, Brown DM, Nesbit ME 1973 Hyperphosphatemia, hyperphosphaturia and hypocalcemia in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 289:1335-1340
270. Hussein AM, Feun LG 1990 Tumor lysis syndrome after induction chemotherapy in small-cell lung carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 13: 10-13
271. Gold JE, Malamud SC, LaRosa F, Osband ME 1993 Adoptive chemoimmunotherapy using ex vivo activated memory T-cells and cyclophophamaide: tumor lysis syndrome of a metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Am J Hematol 44:42-47
272. Minasian LM, Szatrowski TP, Rosenblum M, Steffens T, Morrison ME, Chapman PB, Williams L, Nathan CF, Houghton AN 1994 Hemorrhagic tumor necrosis during a pilot trial of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and anti-GD3 ganglioside monoclonal antibody in patients with metastatic melanoma. Blood 83:56-63
273. Jasek AM, Day HJ 1994 Acute spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome. Am J Hematol 47:129-131
274. Aaron AD1994 The management of cancer metastatic to bone. J Am Med Assoc 272:1206-1209
275. Walther HE 1948 Krebsmetastasen. Bens Schwabe Verlag, Basel, Switzerland
276. Weiss L 1992 Comments on hematogenous metastastic patterns in humans as revealed by autopsy. Clin Exp Metastasis 10:191-199
277. Cifuentes N, Pickren JW 1979 Metastases from carcinoma of mammary gland: an autopsy study. J Surg Oncol 11:193-205
278. Eilon G, Mundy GR 1978 Direct resorption of bone by human breast cancer cells in vitro. Nature 276:726-728
279. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital (case 29-1972) 1972 N Engl J Med 287:138-143
280. Szentirmai M, Constantinou C, Rainey JM, Loewenstein JE 1995 Hypocalcemia due to avid calcium uptake by osteoblastic metastases of prostate cancer. West J Med 163:577-578
281. Weigand MC, Burshell A, Jaspan J, Odugbesan AO 1994 Case report: clinical hypocalcemia: the endocrine conference of the Alton Ochsner Medical Institutions and Tulane University Medical Center. Am J Med Sci 19:194-196
282. Guise TA, Yin JJ, Taylor SD, Kumagai Y, Dallas M, Boyce BF, Yoneda T, Mundy GR 1996 Evidence for a causal role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in breast cancer-mediated osteolysis. J Clin Invest 98:1544-1548
283. Batson OV 1940 The function of the vertebral veins and their role in the spread of metastases. Ann Surg 112:138-149
284. Dodds PR, Caride VJ, Lytton B 1981 The role of vertebral veins in the dissemination of prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 126:753-755
285. Liotta LA, Kohn E 1990 Cancer invasion and metastases. J Am Med Assoc 263:1123-1126
286. Galasko CS, Bennett A 1976 Relationship of bone destruction in skeletal metastases to osteoclast activation and prostaglandins. Nature 263:508-510
287. Powles TJ, Clark SA, Easty DM, Easty GC, Neville AM 1973 The inhibition by aspirin and indomethacin of osteolytic tumor deposits and hypercalcaemia in rats with Walker tumour, and its possible application to human breast cancer. Br J Cancer 28:316-321
288. Shevrin D, Kukreja SC, Ghosh L, Lad TE 1988 Development of skeletal metastasis by human prostate cancer in athymic nude mice. Clin Exp Metastasis 6:401-409
289. Kostenuik PJ, Singh G, Suyama KL, Orr FW 1992 A quantitative model for spontaneous bone metastasis: evidence for a mitogenic effect of bone on Walker 256 cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 10:403-410
290. Arguello F, Baggs RB, Frantz CN 1988 A murine model of experimental metastasis to bone and bone marrow. Cancer Res 48:6876-6881
291. Nakai M, Mundy GR, Williams PJ, Boyce B, Yoneda T 1992 A synthetic antagonist to laminin inhibits the formation of osteolytic metastases by human melanoma cells in nude mice. Cancer Res 52:5395-5399
292. Orr FW, Sanchez-Seatman OH, Kostenuik P, Singh G 1995 Tumor-bone interactions in skeletal metastasis. Clin Orthop 312:19-33
293. Powell GJ, Southby J, Danks JA, Stillwell RG, Hayman JA, Henderson MA, Bennett RC, Martin TJ 1991 Localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in breast cancer metastases: increased incidence in bone compared with other sites. Cancer Res 51:3059-3061
294. Vargas SJ, Gillespie MT, Powell GJ, Southby J, Danks JA, Moseley JM, Martin TJ 1992 Localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein mRNA expression and metastatic lesions by in situ hybridization. J Bone Miner Res 7:971-980
295. Bouizar Z, Spyratos F, Deytieux S, de Vernejoul CM, Jullienne A 1993 Polymerase chain reaction analysis of parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in breast cancer patients and occurrence of bone metastases. Cancer Res 53:5076-5078
296. Sasaki A, Boyce BF, Story B, Wright KR, Chapman M, Boyce R, Mundy GR, Yoneda T 1995 The bisphosphonate risedronate reduces metastatic human breast cancer burden in bone in nude mice. Cancer Res 55:3551-3557
297. Cailleau R, Yong R, Olive M, Reeves WJ 1974 Breast tumor cell lines from pleural effusions. J Natl Cancer Inst 53:661-674
298. Yin JJ, Taylor SD, Yoneda T, Dallas M, Boyce BF, Kumagai Y, Mundy GR, Guise TA 1995 Evidence that parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) causes osteolytic metastases without hypercalcemia. J Bone Miner Res 10[Suppl 1]:S169 (Abstract 122)
299. Iguchi H, Tanaka S, Ozawa Y, Kashiwakuma T, Kimura T, Hiraga T, Ozawa H, Kono A 1996 An experimental model of bone metastasis by human lung cancer cells: the role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in bone metastasis. Cancer Res 56:4040-4043
300. Mbalaviele G, Dunstan CR, Sasaki A, Williams PJ, Mundy GR, Yoneda T 1996 E-cadherin expression in human breast cancer cells suppresses the development of osteolytic bone metastases in an experimental metastasis model. Cancer Res 56:4063-4070
301. Williams P, Mbalaviele G, Sasaki A, Dunstan C, Adams R, Bauss F, Mundy GR, Yoneda T 1995 Multi-step inhibition of breast cancer metastasis to bone. J Bone Miner Res 10[Suppl 1]:S169 (Abstract 121)
302. Coffey DS 1996 Prostate cancer metastasis: talking the walk. Nature Med 2:1305-1306
303. Watanabe H, Carmi P, Hogan V, Raz T, Silletti S, Nabi IR, Raz A 1991 Purification of human tumor cell autocrine motility factor and molecular cloning of its receptor. J Biol Chem 266:13442-13448
304. Wantanabe H, Takehana K, Date M, Shinozaki T, Raz A 1996 Tumor cell autocrine motility factor is the neuroleukin/phosphohexose isomerase polypeptide. Cancer Res 56:2960-2963
305. Bao L, Loda M, Janmey PA, Stewart R, Anand-Apte B, Zetter BR 1996 Thymosin β15: a novel regulator of cell tumor motility up-regulated in metastatic prostate cancer. Nature Med 2:1322-1328
306. Lemieux PM, Oesterreich S, Guise TA, Fuqua SAW 1996 Transfection of Hsp27 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells decreases osteolytic metastases in vivo. Breast Cancer Res Treat 41:282 (Abstract 440)
307. 1 integrin/VCAM-1 inhibits osteoblastic differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 11[Suppl 1]:S117 (Abstract 90)
308. 1 into tumor cells. Am J Pathol 148:55-61
309. 3 integrin. J Bone Miner Res 11[Suppl 1]:S98 (Abstract 15)
310. van der Pluijm G, Vloedgraven HJM, Ivanov B, Robey FA, Grzesik WJ, Robey PG, Papapoulos SE, Löwik CWGM 1996 Bone sialoprotein peptides are potent inhibitors of breast cancer cell adhesion to bone. Cancer Res 56:1948-1955
311. Weber GF, Ashkar S, Glimcher MJ, Cantor H 1996 Receptor-ligand interaction between CD44 and osteopontin (Eta-1). Science 271:509-512
312. Thurlimann B, Morant R, Jungi WF, Radziwill A 1994 Pamidronate for pain control in patients with malignant osteolytic bone disease: a prospective dose-effect study. Support Care Cancer 2:61-65
313. Glover D, Lipton A, Keller A, Miller AA, Browning S, Fram RJ, George S, Zelenakas K, Macerata RS, Seaman JJ 1994 Intravenous pamidronate disodium treatment of bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. A dose-seeking study. Cancer 74:2949-2955
314. van Holten-Verzantvoort AT, Bijvoet OL, Cleton FJ, Hermans J, Kroon HM, Harinck HIJ, Vermes P, Elte JW, Neijt JP, Beex LV, Blijham G 1987 Reduced morbidity from skeletal metastases in breast cancer patients during long-term bisphosphonate (APD) treatment. Lancet 2:983-985
315. Cleton FJ, van Holten-Verzantvoort AT, Bijvoet OL 1989 Effect of long-term bisphosphonate treatment on morbidity due to bone metastases in breast cancer patients. Recent Results Cancer Res 116:73-78
316. Burckhardt P, Thiebaud D, Peres L, von Fliedner V 1989 Treatment of tumor-induced osteolysis by APD. Recent Results Cancer Res 116:54-66
317. Grutters JC, Hermus AR, de Mulder PH, Beex LV 1993 Long-term follow up of breast cancer patients treated for hypercalcaemia with aminohydroxypropylidene bisphosphonate (APD). Breast Cancer Res Treat 25:277-281
318. Paterson AHG, Ernst DS, Powles TJ, Ashley S, McMloskey EV, Kanis J 1991 Treatment of skeletal disease in breast cancer with clodronate. Bone 2[Suppl 1]:S25-S30
319. Morton AR, Cantrill JA, Pilliai GV, McMahon A, Anderson DC, Howell A 1988 Sclerosis of lytic bone metastases after disodium aminohydroxypropylidene bisphosphonate (APD) in patients with breast carcinoma. Br Med J 297:772-773
320. Paterson AH, Powles TJ, Kanis JA, McCloskey E, Hanson J, Ashley S 1993 Double-blind controlled trial of oral clodronate in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 11: 59-65
321. Hortobagyi GN, Theriault RL, Porter L, Blayney D, Lipton A, Sinoff C, Wheeler H, Simeone JF, Seaman J, Knight RD 1996 Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal complications in patients with breast cancer and lytic bone metastases. Protocol 19 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group. N Engl J Med 335:1785-1791
322. Delmas PD 1996 Bisphosphonates in the treatment of bone diseases. N Engl J Med 335:1836-1837
323. Delmas PD, Balena R, Confravreaux E, Hardouin C, Hardy P, Bremond A 1997 Bisphosphonate risedronate prevents bone loss in women with artificial menopause due to chemotherapy of breast cancer: a double blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 15: 955-962
324. Bassani D, Sabatini M, Scanziani E, De Francesco L, Coccioli G, Guaitani A, Bartosek I 1990 Bone invasion by Walker 256 carcinoma, line A in young and adult rats: effects of etidronate. Oncology 47:160-165
325. Hall DG, Stoica G 1994 Effect of the bisphosphonate risedronate on bone metastases in a rat mammary adenocarcinoma model system. J Bone Miner Res 9:221-230
326. Centrella M, Horowitz MC, Wozney JM, McCarthy TL 1994 Transforming growth factor β gene family members and bone. Endocr Rev 15:27-39
327. Derynck R 1994 TGF-β-receptor-mediated signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 19:548-553
328. Massagué J, Hata A, Liu F 1997 TGF-β signalling through the Smad pathway. Trends Cell Biol 7:187-192
329. Arteaga CL, Dugger TC, Hurd SD 1996 The multifunctional role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3 on mammary epithelial cell biology. Breast Cancer Res Treat 38:49-56
330. Nørgaard P, Hougaard S, Poulsen HS, Spang-Thomsen M 1995 Transforming growth factor-β and cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 21: 367-403
331. Wieser R, Attisano L, Wrana JL, Massagué J 1993 Signaling activity of transforming growth factor β type II receptors lacking specific domains in the cytoplasmic region. Mol Cell Biol 13:7239-7247
332. Wrana JL, Attisano L, Wieser R, Ventura F, Massagué J 1994 Mechanism of activation of the TGF-β receptor. Nature 370:341-347
333. Yin JJ, Taylor SD, Dallas M, Massagué J, Mundy GR, Guise TA 1996 Dominant negative blockade of the transforming growth factor β type II receptor decreases breast cancer-mediated osteolysis. J Bone Miner Res 11[Suppl 1]:S139 (Abstract 180)
334. Sasaki A, Williams P, Mundy GR, Yoneda T 1994 Osteolysis and tumor growth are enhanced in sites of increased bone turnover in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 9[Suppl 1]:S294 (Abstract B257)
335. Yoneda T, Williams P, Dunstan C, Chavez J, Niewolna M, Mundy GR 1995 Growth of metastatic cancer cells in bone is enhanced by bone-derived insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). J Bone Miner Res 10[Suppl 1]:P269 (Abstract)
336. Orr W, Varani J, Gondex MK, Ward PA, Mundy GR 1979 Chemotactic responses of tumor cells to products of resorbing bone. Science 203:176-179
337. Mundy GR, DeMartino S, Rowe DW 1981 Collagen and collagen fragments are chemotactic for tumor cells. J Clin Invest 68:1102-1105
338. Doerr ME, Jones JI 1996 The role of integrins and extracellular matrix proteins in the insulin-like growth factor I-stimulated chemotaxis of human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 271:2443-2447
339. Paling MR, Pope TL 1988 Computed tomography of isolated osteoblastic colon metastases in the bony pelvis. J Comput Tomogr 12:203-207
340. Kingston JE, Plowman PN, Smith BF, Garvan NJ 1986 Differentiated astrocytoma with osteoblastic skeletal metastases in a child. Child Nerv System 2:219-221
341. Gamis AS, Egelhoff J, Roloson G, Young J, Woods GM, Newman R, Freeman AI 1990 Diffuse bony metastases at presentation in a child with glioblastoma multiforme. A case report. Cancer 66:180-184
342. McLennan MK 1991 Case report 657: malignant epithelial thymoma with osteoblastic metastases. Skeletal Radiol 20:141-144
343. Giordano N, Nardi P, Vigni P, Palumbo F, Battisti E, Gennari C 1994 Osteoblastic metastases from carcinoid tumor [letter]. Clin Exp Rheumatol 12:228-229
344. Liaw CC, Ho YS, Koon-Kwan NG, Chen TL, Tzann WC 1994 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma with brain metastasis: a case report. J Neurooncol 22:227-230
345. Pingi A, Trasimeni G, Di Biasi C, Gualdi G, Piazza G, Corsi F, Chiappetta F 1995 Diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis with osteoblastic metastases and no evidence of intraaxial lesions. Am J Neuroradiol 16:1018-1020
346. Pederson RT, Haidak DJ, Ferris RA, Macdonald JS, Schein PS 1976 Osteoblastic bone metastasis in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Radiology 118:63-64
347. George J, Lai FM 1995 Metastatic cervical carcinoma presenting as psoas abscess and osteoblastic and lytic bony metastases. Singapore Med J 36:224-227
348. Koutsilieris M 1995 Skeletal metastases in advanced prostate cancer: cell biology and therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 18:51-64
349. Thalmann GN, Anezinis PE, Chang S, Zhau H, Kim EE, Hopwood VL, Pathak S, von Eschenbach AC, Chung LWK 1994 Androgen-independent cancer progression and bone metastasis in the LNCaP model of human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 54:2577-2581
350. Greenberg NM, DeMayo F, Finegold MJ, Medina D, Tilley WD, Aspinall JO, Cunha GR, Donjacour AA, Matusik RJ, Rosen JM 1995 Prostate cancer in a transgenic mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3439-3443
351. Gingrich JR, Barrios RJ, Morton RA, Boyce BF, DeMayo FJ, Finegold JJ, Angelopoulou R, Rosen JM, Greenberg NM 1996 Metastatic prostate cancer in a transgenic mouse. Cancer Res 56:4096-4102
352. Achbarou A, Kaiser S, Tremblay G, Ste-Marie L-G, Brodt P, Goltzman D, Rabbani SA 1994 Urokinase overproduction results in increased skeletal metastasis by prostate cancer cells in vivo. Cancer Res 54:2372-2377
353. Charhon SA, Chapuy MC, Delvin EE, Valentin-Opran A, Edouard CM, Meunier PJ 1983 Histomorphometric analysis of sclerotic bone metastases from prostatic carcinoma special reference to osteomalacia. Cancer 51:918-924
354. Simpson E, Harrod J, Eilon G, Jacobs JW, Mundy GR 1985 Identification of a messenger ribonucleic acid fraction in human prostatic cancer cells coding for a novel osteoblast-stimulating factor. Endocrinology 117:1615-1620
355. Martínez J, Silva S, Sántibañez JF 1996 Prostate-derived soluble factors block osteoblast differentiation in culture. J Cell Biochem 61:18-25
356. Koutsilieris M, Rabbani SA, Bennett HP, Goltzman D 1987 Characteristics of prostate-derived growth factors for cells of the osteoblast phenotype. J Clin Invest 80:941-946
357. Robey PG, Young MF, Flanders KC, Roche NS, Kondaiah P, Reddi AH, Termine JD, Sporn MB, Roberts AB 1987 Osteoblasts synthesize and respond to transforming growth factor-type-β in vitro. J Cell Biol 105:457-463
358. Lyons RM, Keski-Oja J, Moses HL 1988 Proteolytic activation of latent transforming growth factor-β from fibroblast-conditioned medium. J Cell Biol 106:1659-1665
359. Miyazano K, Hellman U, Wernstedt C 1988 Latent high molecular weight complex of transforming growth factor β1. Purification from human platelets and structural characterization. J Biol Chem 263:6407-6415
360. Noda M, Rodan GA 1987 Type beta transforming growth factor (TGF beta) regulation of alkaline phosphatase expression and other phenotype-related mRNAs in osteoblastic rat osteosarcoma cells. J Cell Physiol 133:426-437
361. Noda M, Yoon K, Prince CW, Butler WT, Rodan GA 1988 Transcriptional regulation of osteopontin production in rat osteosarcoma cells by type β transforming growth factor. J Biol Chem 263:13916-13921
362. Noda M 1989 Transcriptional regulation of osteocalcin production by transforming growth factor-β in rat osteoblast-like cells. Endocrinology 124:612-617
363. Ignotz RA, Massague J 1986 Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates the expression of fibronectin and collagen and their incorporation into the extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem 261:4337-4345
364. Sato K, Kasono K, Fuji Y, Kawakami M, Tsushima T, Shizume K 1987 Tumor necrosis factor type a stimulates mouse osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1) to produce macrophage-colony stimulating activity and prostaglandin E2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 145: 323-329
365. Ignotz R, Endo T, Massague J 1987 Regulation of fibronectin and type 1 collagen mRNA levels by transforming growth factor-beta. J Biol Chem 262:6443-6446
366. Sporn MB, Roberts AB, Wakefield LM, de Crombrugghe B 1987 Some recent advances in the chemistry and biology of transforming growth factor-β. J Cell Biol 105:1039-1045
367. Noda M, Camilliere JJ 1989 In vivo stimulation of bone formation by transforming growth factor-β. Endocrinology 124:2991-2994
368. Marcelli C, Yates AJP, Mundy GR 1990 In vivo effects of human recombinant transforming growth factor beta on bone turnover in normal mice. J Bone Miner Res 5:1087-1096
369. Mackie EJ, Trechsel U 1990 Stimulation of bone formation in vivo by transforming growth factor β: remodeling of woven bone and lack of inhibition by indomethacin. Bone 11:295-300
370. Erlebacher A, Derynck R 1996 Increased expression of TGF-β2 in osteoblasts results in an osteoporosis-like phenotype. J Cell Biol 132:195-210
371. Marquardt H, Lioubin MN, Ikeda T 1987 Complete amino acid sequence of human transforming growth factor type beta 2. J Biol Chem 262:12127-12130
372. Muir GH, Butta A, Shearer RJ, Fisher C, Dearnaley DP, Flanders KC, Sporn MB, Colletta AA 1994 Induction of transforming growth factor beta in hormonally treated human prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 69:130-134
373. Steiner MS, Zhou Z-Z, Tonb DC, Barrack ER 1994 Expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in prostate cancer. Endocrinology 135:2240-2247
374. Eklov S, Funa K, Nodgren H, Olofsson A, Kanzaki T, Miyazono K, Nilsson S 1993 Lack of the latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein in malignant, but not benign prostatic tissue. Cancer Res 53:3193-3197
375. Steiner MS, Barrack ER 1992 Transforming growth factor-beta 1 overproduction in prostate cancer: effects on growth in vivo and in vitro. Mol Endocrinol 6:15-25
376. Jones JI, Clemmons DR 1995 Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions. Endocr Rev 16:3-34
377. Liu JP, Baker J, Perkins AS, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A 1993 Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor I and type 1 IGF receptor. Cell 75:59-72
378. Canalis E 1994 Editorial: skeletal growth factors and aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:1009-1010
379. Canalis E, Gabbitas B 1995 Skeletal growth factors regulate the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 in bone cell cultures. J Biol Chem 270:10771-10776
380. Gabbitas B, Canalis E 1995 Bone morphogenetic protein-2 inhibits the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 in bone cell cultures. Endocrinology 136:2397-2403
381. Dong Y, Canalis E 1995 Insulin-like growth factor I and retinoic acid induce the synthesis of IGF-binding protein 5 in rat osteoblastic cells. Endocrinology 136:2000-2006
382. Cohen P, Peehl DM, Lamson G, Rosenfeld RG 1991 Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF receptors and IGF binding proteins in primary cultures of prostate epithelial cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:401-407
383. Cohen P, Peehl DM, Rosenfeld RG 1994 The IGF axis in the prostate. Horm Metab Res 26:81-84
384. Cohen P, Graves HC, Peehl DM, Kamarei M, Giudice LC, Rosenfeld RG 1992 Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) protease found in seminal plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:1046-1053
385. Conover CA, Perry JE, Tindall DJ 1995 Endogenous cathepsin D-mediated hydrolysis of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in cultured human prostatic carcinoma cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:987-993
386. Koutsilieris M, Frenette G, Lazure C, Lehoux JG, Govindan MV, Polychronakos C 1993 Urokinase-type plasminogen activator: a paracrine factor regulating the bioavailability of IGFs in PA-III cell-induced osteoblastic metastases. Anticancer Res 13:481-486
387. Cohen P, Peehl DM, Stamey TA, Wilson KF, Clemmons DR, Rosenfeld RG 1993 Elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 in the serum of prostate cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:1031-1035
388. Kanety H, Madjar Y, Dagan Y, Levi J, Papa MZ, Pariente C, Goldwasser B, Karasik A 1993 Serum insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) is increased and IGFBP-3 is decreased in patients with prostate cancer: correlation with serum prostate-specific antigen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:229-233
389. Tennant MK, Thrasher JB, Twomey PA, Birnbaum RS, Plymate SR 1996 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 and -3 expression in benign human prostate epithelium, prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:411-420
390. Koutsilieris M, Polychronakos C 1992 Proteinolytic activity against IGF-binding proteins involved in the paracrine interactions between prostate adenocarcinoma cells and osteoblasts. Anticancer Res 12:905-910
391. Watt KW, Lee P-J, M'Timkulu T, Chan WP, Loor R 1986 Human prostate-specific antigen: structural and functional similarity with serine proteases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:3166-3170
392. Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, McNeal JE, Frieha FS, Redwine E 1987 Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. N Engl J Med 317:909-916
393. Murphy GP 1995 The second Stanford conference on international standardization of prostate specific antigen assays. Cancer 75:122-128
394. Zagars GK, von Eschenbach AC 1993 Prostate-specific antigen. An important marker for prostate cancer treated by external beam radiation therapy. Cancer 72:538-548
395. Henttu P, Liao S, Vihko P 1992 Androgens up-regulate the human prostate-specific antigen messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), but down-regulate the prostatic acid phosphatase mRNA in the LNCaP cell line. Endocrinology 130:766-772
396. Oesterling JE 1991 Prostate specific antigen: a critical assessment of the most useful tumor marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 145:907-923
397. Chybowski FM, Keller L, Bergstralh EJ, Oesterling JE 1991 Predicting radionuclide bone scan findings inpatients with newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer: prostate specific antigen is superior to all other clinical parameters. J Urol 145:313-318
398. Oesterling JE 1993 Using PSA to eliminate the staging radionuclide bone scan. Significant economic implications. Urol Clin North Am 20:705-711
399. Oesterling JE 1995 Using prostate-specific antigen to eliminate unnecessary diagnostic tests: significant worldwide economic implications. Urology 46[3 Suppl A]:26-33
400. Lorente JA, Morote J, Raventos C, Encabo G, Valenzuela H 1996 Clinical efficacy of bone alkaline phosphatase and prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis of bone metastasis in prostate cancer. J Urol 155:1348-1351
401. Yu H, Giai M, Diamandis EP, Katsaros D, Sutherland DJA, Levesque MA, Roagna R, Ponzone R, Sismondi P 1995 Prostate-specific antigen is a new favorable prognostic indicator for women with breast cancer. Cancer Res 55:2104-2110
402. Monne M, Croce CM, Yu H, Diamandis EP 1994 Molecular characterization of prostate-specific antigen messenger RNA expressed in breast tumors. Cancer Res 54:6344-6347
403. Yu H, Diamandis EP, Levesque M, Sismondi P, Zola P, Katsaros D 1994 Ectopic production of prostate specific antigen by a breast tumor metastatic to the ovary. J Clin Lab Anal 8:251-253
404. Yu H, Diamandis EP, Sutherland DJ 1994 Immunoreactive prostate-specific antigen levels in female and male breast tumors and its association with steroid hormone receptors and patient age. Clin Biochem 27:75-79
405. Fielder PJ, Rosenfeld RG, Graves HC, Grandbois K, Maack CA, Sawamura S, Ogawa Y, Sommer A, Cohen P 1994 Biochemical analysis of prostate specific antigen-proteolyzed insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. Growth Regul 4:164-172
406. Killian CS, Corral DA, Kawinski E, Constantine RI 1993 Mitogenic response of osteoblast cells to prostate-specific antigen suggests an activation of latent TGF-beta and a proteolytic modulation of cell adhesion receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 192: 940-947
407. Cramer SD, Chen Z, Peehl DM 1996 Prostate specific antigen cleaves parathyroid hormone-related protein in the PTH-like domain: inactivation of PTHrP-stimulated cAMP accumulation in mouse osteoblasts. J Urol 156:526-531
408. Rabbani SA, Desjardins J, Bell AW, Banville D, Mazar A, Henkin J, Goltzman D 1990 An amino-terminal fragment of urokinase isolated from a prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) is mitogenic for osteoblast-like cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 173:1058-1064
409. Liu DF, Rabbani SA 1995 Induction of urinary plasminogen activator by retinoic acid results in increased invasiveness of human prostate cancer cells PC-3. Prostate 27:269-276
410. Dunstan CR, Garrett IR, Adams R, Burgess W, Jaye M, Youngs T, Boyce R, Mundy GR 1995 Systemic fibroblast growth factor (GFG-1) prevents bone loss, increases new bone formation and restores trabecular microarchitecture in ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Res 10[Suppl 1]:S198 (Abstract P279)
411. Matuo Y, Nishi N, Matsui S, Sandberg AA, Isaacs JT, Wada F 1987 Heparin binding affinity of rat prostate growth factor in normal and cancerous prostate: partial purification and characterization of rat prostatic growth factor in the Dunning tumor. Cancer Res 47:188-192
412. Mansson PE, Adams P, Kan M, McKeehan WL 1989 HBGF-1 gene expression in normal rat prostate and two transplantable rat prostate tumors. Cancer Res 49:2485-2494
413. Nishikawa K, Yoshitake Y, Minemura M, Yamada K, Matuo Y 1992 Localization of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in a metastatic cell line (AT-3) established from the Dunning prostatic carcinoma of rat: application of a specific monoclonal antibody. Adv Exp Mod Biol 324:131-139
414. Nakamoto T, Chang CS, Li AK, Chodak GW 1992 Basic fibroblast growth factor in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 52:571-577
415. Shain SA, Ke LD, Wong G, Karaganis AG 1992 Rat prostate cancer cell line-specific production and apparent secretion of heparin-binding growth factors. Cell Growth Differ 3:249-258
416. Izbicka E, DunstanC, Esparza J, Jacobs C, Sabatini M, Mundy GR 1996 Human amniotic tumor that induces new bone formation in vivo produces growth-regulatory activity in vitro for osteoblasts identified as an extended form of fibroblast growth factor. Cancer Res 56:633-636
417. Jimi E, Shuto T, Ikebe T, Jingushi S, Hirata M, Koga T 1996 Basic fibroblast growth factor inhibits osteoclast-like cell formation. J Cell Physiol 168:395-402
418. Urist MR 1965 Bone: formation by autoinduction. Science 151:893-899
419. Harris SE, Bonewald LF, Harris MA, Sabatini M, Dallas S, Feng JQ, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Wozney J, Mundy GR 1994 Effects of transforming growth factor beta on bone nodule formation and expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2, osteocalcin, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase, and type I collagen mRNA in long-term cultures of fetal rat calvarial osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 9:855-863
420. Ghosh-Choudhury N, Harris MA, Feng JQ, Mundy GR, Harris SE 1994 Expression of the BMP 2 gene during bone cell differentiation. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 4:345-355
421. Harris SE, Feng JQ, Harris MA, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Dallas MR, Wozney J, Mundy GR 1995 Recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 accelerates bone cell differentiation and stimulates BMP-2 mRNA expression and BMP-2 promoter activity in primary fetal rat calvarial osteoblast cultures. Mol Cell Differ 3:137-155
422. Maliakal JC, Asahina I, Hauschka PV, Sampath TK 1994 Osteogenic protein-1 (BMP-7) inhibits cell proliferation and stimulates the expression of markers characteristic of osteoblast phenotype in rat osteosarcoma (17/2.8) cells. Growth Factors 11:227-234
423. Sampath TK, Maliakal JC, Hauschka PV, Jones WK, Sasak H, Tucker RF, White KH, Coughlin JE, Tucker MM, Pang RH, Corbett C, Özkaynak E, Oppermann H, Rueger DC 1992 Recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 (hOP-1) induces new bone formation in vivo with a specific activity comparable with natural bovine osteogenic protein and stimulates osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in vitro. J Biol Chem 267:20352-20362
424. Shafritz AB, Shore EM, Gannon FH, Zasloff MA, Taub R, Muenke M, Kaplan FS 1996 Overexpression of an osteogenic morphogen in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. N Engl J Med 335:555-561
425. Harris SE, Harris MA, Mahy P, Wozney J, Feng JQ, Mundy GR 1994 Expression of bone morphogenetic protein messenger RNAs by normal rat and human prostate and prostate cancer cells. Prostate 24:204-211
426. Pollard M, Luckert MS, Scheu J 1988 Effects of diphosphonate and x-rays on bone lesions induced in rats by prostate cancer cells. Cancer 61:2027-2032
427. Chen D, Feng JQ, Feng M, Harris MA, Mahy P, Mundy GR, Harris SE 1995 Sequence and expression of bone morphogenetic protein 3 mRNA in prolonged cultures of fetal rat calvarial osteoblasts and in rat prostate adenocarcinoma PA III cells. DNA Cell Biol 14:235-239
428. Harris SE, Boyce B, Feng JQ, Mahy P, Harris M, Mundy GR 1992 Antisense bone morphogenetic protein 3 (BMP 3) constructions decrease new bone formation in a prostate cancer model. J Bone Miner Res 7[Suppl 1]:S115 (Abstract 92)
429. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Tomobe Y, Kobayashi M, Mitsui Y, Yazaki Y, Goto K, Masaki T 1988 A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 332:411-415
430. Langenstroer P, Tang R, Shapiro E, Divish B, Opgenorth T, Lepor H 1993 Endothelin-1 in the human prostate: tissue levels, source of production and isometric tension studies. J Urol 151:495-499
431. Takuwa Y, Ohue Y, Takuwa N, Yamashita K 1989 Endothelin-1 activates phopholipase C and mobilizes Ca2+ from extra- and intracellular pools in osteoblastic cells. Am J Physiol 257:E797-E803
432. Takuwa Y, Masaki T, Yamashita K 1990 The effects of the endothelin family peptides on cultured osteoblastic cells from rat calvariae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 170:998-1005
433. Alam AS, Gallagher A, Shankar V, Ghatei MA, Datta HK, Huang CL, Moonga BS, Chambers TJ, Bloom SR, Zaidi M 1992 Endothelin inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption by a direct effect on cell motility: implications for the vascular control of bone resorption. Endocrinology 130:3617-3624
434. Nelson JB, Hedican SP, George DJ, Reddi AH, Piantadosi S, Eisenberger MA, Simons JW 1995 Identification of endothelin-1 in the pathophysiology of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Nature Med 1:944-949
435. Yamashita J, Ogawa M, Nomura K, Matsuo S, Inada K, Yamashita S, Nakashima Y, Saishoji T, Takano S, Fujita S 1993 Interleukin 6 stimulates the production of immunoreactive endothelin 1 in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 53:464-467
436. Chackal-Roy M, Niemeyer C, Moore M, Zetter BR 1989 Stimulation of human prostatic carcinoma cell growth by factors present in human bone marrow. J Clin Invest 84:43-50
437. Lang SH, Miller WR, Habib FK 1995 Stimulation of human prostate cancer cell lines by factors present in human osteoblast-like cells but not in bone marrow. Prostate 27:287-293
438. Kostenuik PJ, Sanchez-Sweatman O, Orr FW, Singh G 1996 Bone cell matrix promotes the adhesion of human prostatic carcinoma cells via the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin. Clin Exp Metastasis 14:19-26
439. Morton DM, Barrack ER 1995 Modulation of transforming growth factor beta 1 effects on prostate cancer cell proliferation by growth factors and extracellular matrix. Cancer Res 55:2596-2602
440. Rajan R, Vanderslice R, Kapur S, Lynch J, Thompson R, Djakiew D 1996 Epidermal growth factor (EGF) promotes chemomigration of a human prostate tumor cell line, and EGF immunoreactive proteins are present at sites of metastasis in the stroma of lymph nodes and medullary bone. Prostate 28:1-9
441. Mundy GR, Bertolini DR 1986 Bone destruction and hypercalcemia in plasma cell myeloma. Semin Oncol 13:291-299 [Published erratum appears in Semin Oncol 1986; 13:Ixiii]
442. Mundy GR, Raisz LG, Cooper RA, Schechter GP, Salmon SE 1974 Evidence for the secretion of an osteoclast stimulating factor in myeloma. N Engl J Med 291:1041-1046
443. Bardwick PA, Zvaifler NJ, Gill GN, Newman D, Greenway GD, Resnick DL 1980 Plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein, and skin changes: the POEMS syndrome. Report on two cases and a review of the literature. Medicine 59:311-322
444. Farhangi M, Merlini G 1986 The clinical implications of monoclonal immunoglobulins. Semin Oncol 13:366-379
445. Cozzolino F, Torcia M, Aldinucci D, Rubartelli A, Miliani A, Shaw AR, Lansdorp PM, DiGuglielmo R 1989 Production of interleukin-1 by bone marrow myeloma cells. Blood 74:380-387
446. Kawano M, Tanaka H, Ishikawa H, Nobuyoshi M, Iwato K, Asaoku H, Tanabe O, Kuramoto A 1989 Interleukin-1 accelerates autocrine growth of myeloma cells through interleukin-6 in human myeloma. Blood 73:2145-2148
447. Garrett IR, Durie BG, Nedwin GE, Gillespie A, Bringman T, Sabatini M, Bertolini DR, Mundy GR 1987 Production of lymphotoxin, a bone-resorbing cytokine, by cultured human myeloma cells. N Engl J Med 317:526-532
448. Bataille R, Chappard D, Klein B 1992 The critical role of interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the pathogenesis of bone lesions in multiple myeloma. Int J Clin Lab Res 21:283-287
449. Bataille R, Jourdan M, Zhang XG 1989 Serum levels of interleukin-6, a potent myeloma cell growth factor, as a reflect of dyscrasias. J Clin Invest 84:2008-2011
450. van Zaanen HCT, Koopmans RP, Aarden LA, Rensink HJAM, Stouthard JML, Warnaar SO, Lokhorst HM, van Oers MHJ 1996 Endogenous interleukin 6 production in multiple myeloma patients treated with chimeric monoclonal anti-IL6 antibodies indicates the existence of a positive feed-back loop. J Clin Invest 98: 1441-1448
451. Lokhorst HM, Lamme Tanja de Smet M, Klein S, de Weger R, van Oers R, Bloem AC 1994 Primary tumor cells of myeloma patients induce interleukin-6 secretion in long-term bone marrow cultures. Blood 84:2269-2277
452. Feyen JH, Elford P, Di Padova FE, Trechsel U 1989 Interleukin-6 is produced by bone and modulated by parathyroid hormone. J Bone Miner Res 4:633-638
453. Harada H, Kawano MM, Huang N, Harada Y, Iwato K, Tanabe O, Tanaka H, Sakai A, Asaoku H, Kuramoto A 1993 Phenotypic difference of normal plasma cells from mature myeloma cells. Blood 81:2658-2663
454. Uchiyama H, Barut BA, Chuhan D, Cannistra SA, Anderson KC 1992 Characterization of adhesion molecules on human myeloma cell lines. Blood 80:2306-2314
455. Hamilton MS, Ball J, Bromidge E, Franklin IM 1991 Surface antigen expression of human neoplastic plasma cells includes molecules associated with lymphocyte recirculation and adhesion. Br J Haematol 78:60-65
456. Barker HF, Hamilton MS, Ball J, Drew M, Franklin IM 1992 Expression of adhesion molecules LFA-3 and N-CAM on normal and malignant human plasma cells. Br J Haematol 81:331-335
457. Van Reit I, De Waele M, Remels L, Lacor P, Schots R, Van Camp B 1991 Expression of cytoadhesion molecules (CD56, CD54, CD18 and CD29) by myeloma plasma cells. Br J Haematol 79: 421-427
458. Kawano MM, Huang N, Tanaka H, Ishikawa H, Sakai A, Tanabe O, Nobuyoshi M, Kuramoto A 1991 Homotypic cell aggregations of human myeloma cells with ICAM-1 and LFA-1 molecules. Br J Haematol 79:583-588
459. Huang N, Kawano MM, Harada H, Harada Y, Sakai A, Kuramoto A, Niwa O 1993 Heterogeneous expression of a novel MPC-1 antigen on myeloma cells: possible involvement of the MPC-1 antigen in the adhesion of mature myeloma cells to bone marrow stromal cells. Blood 82:3721-3729
460. Huang N, Kawano MM, Mahmoud MS, Mihara K, Tsujimoto T, Niwa O, Kuramoto A 1995 Expression of CD21 antigen on myeloma cells and its involvement in their adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells. Blood 85:3704-3712
461. Vacca A, Di Loreto M, Ribatti D, Di Stefano R, Gadaleta-Caldarola G, Iodice G, Caloro D, Dammacco F 1995 Bone marrow of patients with active multiple myeloma: angiogenesis and plasma cell adhesion molecules LFA-1, VLA-4, LAM-1 and CD44. Am J Hematol 50:9-14
462. Alsina M, Boyce B, Devlin RD, Anderson JL, Craig F, Mundy GR, Roodman GD 1995 Development of an in vivo model of human multiple myeloma bone disease. Blood 87:1495-1501
463. Garrett IR, Dallas S, Radl J, Mundy GR 1997 A murine model of myeloma bone disease. Bone 20:515-520
464. Berenson JR, Lichtenstein A, Porter L, Dimopoulos MA, Bordoni R, George S, Lipton A, Keller A, Ballester O, Kovacs MJ, Blacklock HA, Bell R, Simeone J, Reitsma DJ, Heffernan M, Seaman J, Knight RD 1996 Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal events in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 334:488-493
465. Garrett IR, Dallas SL, Bonewald LF, Boyce BF, Radl J, Mundy GR 1995 Evidence for bidirectional interactions between osteoclasts and myeloma cells. J Bone Miner Res 10[Suppl 1]:S195 (Abstract P267)
466. Belch AR, Bergsagel DE, Wilson K, O'Reilly S, Wilson J, Sutton D, Pater J, Johnston D, Zee B 1991 Effect of daily etidronate on the osteolysis of multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 9:1397-1402
467. Lahtinen R, Laakso M, Palva I, Virkkuned P, Elomaa I 1992 Randomised, placebo-controlled multicentre trial of clodronate in multiple myeloma. Finnish Leukaemia Group. Lancet 340:1049-1052 [Published erratum appears in Lancet 1992; 340:1420]
468. Warrell Jr RP, Lovett D, Dilmanian FA, Schneider R, Heelan RT 1993 Low-dose gallium nitrate for prevention of osteolysis in myeloma: results of a pilot randomized study. J Clin Oncol 11:2443-2451
469. Mundy GR, Luben RA, Raisz LG, Oppenheim JJ, Buell DN 1974 Bone-resorbing activity in supernatants from lymphoid cell lines. N Engl J Med 290:867-871
470. Valentin-Opran A, Charhon SA, Meunier PJ, Edouard CM, Arlot ME 1982 Quantitative histology of myeloma-induced bone changes. Br J Haematol 52:601-610
471. Ackery D, Yardley J 1993 Radionuclide-targeted therapy for the management of metastatic bone pain. Semin Oncol 20:2:27-31 [Published erratum appears in Semin Oncol 1993; 20:551]
472. Robinson RG, Preston DF, Schiefelbein M, Baxter KG 1995 Strontium 89 therapy for the palliation of pain due to osseous metastases. J Am Med Assoc 274:420-424
473. van der Pluijm G, Vloedgraven H, van Beek E, van der Wee-Pals L, Löwik C, Papapoulos S 1996 Bisphosphonates inhibit the adhesion of breast cancer cells to bone matrices in vitro. J Clin Invest 98:698-705
474. Taube T, Kylmala T, Lamberg-Allardt C, Tammela TL, Elomaa I 1994 The effect of clodronate on bone in metastatic prostate cancer. Histomorphometric report of a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. Eur J Cancer 30A:751-758
475. Vinholes J, Guo C-Y, Purohit OP, Eastell R, Coleman RE 1996 Metabolic effects of pamidronate in patients with metastatic bone disease. Br J Cancer 73:1089-1095