Electrophysiological correlates of speech perception mechanisms and individual differences in second language attainment

Psychophysiology

Volumn 48, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 1517-1531

  Jakoby, Hilla ^a   Goldstein, Abraham ^a   Faust, Miriam ^a  

^a BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Event related potentials (ERP); Foreign language aptitude; Individual differences; MMN P3a LDN complex; Speech perception

Indexed keywords

EID: 80053565571     PISSN: 00485772     EISSN: 14698986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01227.x     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Alho, K., Huotilainen, M., & Naatanen, R. (1995). Are memory traces for simple and complex sounds located in different regions of auditory cortex? Recent MEG studies. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 44 (Suppl), 197-203.
2. Alonso-Bua, B., Diaz, F., & Ferraces, M. J. (2006). The contribution of AERPs (MMN and LDN) to studying temporal vs. linguistic processing deficits in children with reading difficulties. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 59, 159-167.
3. Aoyama, K., Flege, J. E., Guion, S. G. S. G., Akahane-Yamada, R., & Yamada, T. (2004). Perceived phonetic dissimilarity and L2 speech learning: The case of Japanese /r/ and English /l/ and /r/. Journal of Phonetics, 32, 233-250.
4. Aulanko, R., Hari, R., Lounasmaa, O. V., Naatanen, R., & Sams, M. (1993). Phonetic invariance in the human auditory cortex. NeuroReport, 4, 1356-1358.
5. Baldeweg, T., Richardson, A., Watkins, S., Foale, C., & Gruzelier, J. (1999). Impaired auditory frequency discrimination in dyslexia detected with mismatch evoked potentials. Annals of Neurology, 45, 495-503.
6. Barry, J. G., Hardiman, M. J., & Bishop, D. V. (2009). Mismatch response to polysyllabic nonwords: A neurophysiological signature of language learning capacity. PLoS One, 4, e6270.
7. Berti, S., Roeber, U., & Schroger, E. (2004). Bottom-up influences on working memory: Behavioral and electrophysiological distraction varies with distractor strength. Experimental Psychology, 51, 249-257.
8. Berti, S., & Schroger, E. (2001). A comparison of auditory and visual distraction effects: Behavioral and event-related indices. Cognitive Brain Research, 10, 265-273.
9. Best, C. T., Faber, A., & Levitt, A. G. (1996). Perceptual assimilation of non-native vowel contrasts to the American English vowel system. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 99, 2602.
10. Best, C. T., McRoberts, G. W., & Goodell, E. (2001). Discrimination of non-native consonant contrasts varying in perceptual assimilation to the listener's native phonological system. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109, 775-794.
11. Best, C. T., McRoberts, G. W., & Sithole, N. M. (1988). Examination of perceptual reorganization for nonnative speech contrasts: Zulu click discrimination by English-speaking adults and infants. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14, 345-360.
12. Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (1999). Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer. Amsterdam: Institute of Phonetic Sciences of the University of Amsterdam.
13. Breznitz, Z., & Meyler, A. (2003). Speed of lower-level auditory and visual processing as a basic factor in dyslexia: Electrophysiological evidence. Brain and Language, 85, 166-184.
14. Breznitz, Z., & Misra, M. (2003). Speed of processing of the visual-orthographic and auditory-phonological systems in adult dyslexics: The contribution of "asynchrony" to word recognition deficits. Brain and Language, 85, 486-502.
15. Brown, C. A. (1998). The role of the L1 grammar in the L2 acquisition of segmental structure. Second Language Research, 14, 136-193.
16. Burnham, D. (2003). Language specific speech perception and the onset of reading. Reading and Writing, 16, 573-609.
17. Ceponiene, R., Cheour, M., & Naatanen, R. (1998). Interstimulus interval and auditory event-related potentials in children: Evidence for multiple generators. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 108, 345-354.
18. Ceponiene, R., Lepisto, T., Soininen, M., Aronen, E., Alku, P., & Naatanen, R. (2004). Event-related potentials associated with sound discrimination versus novelty detection in children. Psychophysiology, 41, 130-141.
19. Cheour, M., Korpilahti, P., Martynova, O., & Lang, A. H. (2001). Mismatch negativity and late discriminative negativity in investigating speech perception and learning in children and infants. Audiology and Neuro-Otology, 6, 2-11.
20. Cheour, M., Shestakova, A., Alku, P., Ceponiene, R., & Naatanen, R. (2002). Mismatch negativity shows that 3-6-year-old children can learn to discriminate non-native speech sounds within two months. Neuroscience Letters, 325, 187-190.
21. Chiappe, P., Chiappe, D. L., & Siegel, L. S. (2001). Speech perception, lexicality, and reading skill. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 80, 58-74.
22. Cohen, J., & Polich, J. (1997). On the number of trials needed for P300. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 25, 249-255.
23. Corbera, S., Escera, C., & Artigas, J. (2006). Impaired duration mismatch negativity in developmental dyslexia. NeuroReport, 17, 1051-1055.
24. Dehaene-Lambertz, G., & Dehaene, S. (1994). Speed and cerebral correlates of syllable discrimination in infants. Nature, 370, 292-295.
25. Dehaene-Lambertz, G., Dupoux, E., & Gout, A. (2000). Electrophysiological correlates of phonological processing: A cross-linguistic study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 635-647.
26. Dehaene-Lambertz, G., & Gliga, T. (2004). Common neural basis for phoneme processing in infants and adults. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 1375-1387.
27. Dehaene-Lambertz, G., Hertz-Pannier, L., & Dubois, J. (2006). Nature and nurture in language acquisition: Anatomical and functional brain-imaging studies in infants. Trends in Neurosciences, 29, 367-373.
28. Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134, 9-21.
29. Denckla, M. B., & Rudel, R. G. (1974). Rapid "automatized" naming of pictured objects, colors, letters and numbers by normal children. Cortex, 10, 186-202.
30. Denckla, M. B., & Rudel, R. G. (1976). Rapid "automatized" naming (R.A.N): Dyslexia differentiated from other learning disabilities. Neuropsychologia, 14, 471-479.
31. Deouell, L. Y., Bentin, S., & Soroker, N. (2000). Electrophysiological evidence for an early (pre-attentive) information processing deficit in patients with right hemisphere damage and unilateral neglect. Brain, 123, 353-365.
32. Dragovic, M. (2004). Towards an improved measure of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory: A one-factor congeneric measurement model using confirmatory factor analysis. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 9, 411-419.
33. Dufva, M., & Voeten, M. J. (1999). Native language literacy and phonological memory as prerequisites for learning English as a foreign language. Applied Psycholinguistics (Psychological Studies of Language Processes), 20, 329-348.
34. Escera, C., Alho, K., Schroger, E., & Winkler, I. (2000). Involuntary attention and distractibility as evaluated with event-related brain potentials. Audiology and Neuro-Otology, 5, 151-166.
35. Escera, C., Alho, K., Winkler, I., & Naatanen, R. (1998). Neural mechanisms of involuntary attention to acoustic novelty and change. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 590-604.
36. Fawcett, A. J., Chattopadhyay, A. K., Kandler, R. H., Jarratt, J. A., Nicolson, R. I., & Proctor, M. (1993). Event-related potentials and dyslexia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 682, 342-345.
37. Flege, J. E. (1993). Production and perception of a novel, second-language phonetic contrast. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 93, 1589-1608.
38. Flege, J. E. (1995). Second-language speech learning: Theory, findings and problems. In T. W. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research (pp. 233-273). Baltimore, MD: York Press.
39. Flege, J. E., & Hillenbrand, J. (1986). Differential use of temporal cues to the/s/-/z/contrast by native and non-native speakers of English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 79, 508-517.
40. Flege, J. E., MacKay, I. R., & Meador, D. (1999). Native Italian speakers' perception and production of English vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106, 2973-2987.
41. Flege, J. E., Munro, M. J., & Fox, R. A. (1994). Auditory and categorical effects on cross-language vowel perception. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 95, 3623-3641.
42. Flege, J. E., Munro, M. J., & Mackay, I. R. A. (1995). Effects of age of second-language learning on the production of English consonants. Speech Communication, 16, 1-26.
43. Flege, J. E., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., & Liu, S. (1999). Age constraints on second-language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 41, 78-104.
44. Frenck-Mestre, C., Meunier, C., Espesser, R., Daffner, K., & Holcomb, P. (2005). Perceiving nonnative vowels: The effect of context on perception as evidenced by event-related brain potentials. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 48, 1496-1510.
45. Friedman, D., Cycowicz, Y. M., & Gaeta, H. (2001). The novelty P3: An event-related brain potential (ERP) sign of the brain's evaluation of novelty. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 25, 355-373.
46. Ganschow, L., & Sparks, R. (1991). A screening instrument for the identification of foreign language learning problems: Evidence for a relationship between native and second language learning problems. Foreign Language Annals, 24, 383-397.
47. Ganschow, L., Sparks, R. L., Javorsky, J., Pohlman, J., & Bishop-Marbury, A. (1991). Identifying native language difficulties among foreign language learners in college: A "foreign" language learning disability? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 530-541.
48. Golestani, N., & Zatorre, R. J. (2009). Individual differences in the acquisition of second language phonology. Brain and Language, 109, 55-67.
49. Gonzalez, M. d. R. O., Garcia Espinel, A. I., & Guzman Rosquete, R. (2002). Remedial interventions for children with reading disabilities: Speech Perception-An Effective Component in Phonological Training? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35, 334-342.
50. Goodin, D. S., Squires, K. C., & Starr, A. (1983). Variations in early and late event-related components of the auditory evoked potential with task difficulty. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 55, 680-686.
51. Guion, S. G. (2003). The vowel systems of Quichua-Spanish bilinguals. Age of acquisition effects on the mutual influence of the first and second languages. Phonetica, 60, 98-128.
52. Guion, S. G., Flege, J. E., Akahane-Yamada, R., & Pruitt, J. C. (2000). An investigation of current models of second language speech perception: The case of Japanese adults' perception of English consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 107, 2711-2724.
53. Gumenyuk, V., Korzyukov, O., Alho, K., Escera, C., Schroger, E., Ilmoniemi, R. J., et al. (2001). Brain activity index of distractibility in normal school-age children. Neuroscience Letters, 314, 147-150.
54. Harmony, T., Bernal, J., Fernandez, T., Silva-Pereyra, J., Fernandez-Bouzas, A., Marosi, E., et al. (2000). Primary task demands modulate P3a amplitude. Cognitive Brain Research, 9, 53-60.
55. Hill, P. R., McArthur, G. M., & Bishop, D. V. (2004). Phonological categorization of vowels: A mismatch negativity study. NeuroReport, 15, 2195-2199.
56. Hojen, A., & Flege, J. E. (2006). Early learners' discrimination of second-language vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 119, 3072-3084.
57. Holcomb, P. J., Ackerman, P. T., & Dykman, R. A. (1985). Cognitive event-related brain potentials in children with attention and reading deficits. Psychophysiology, 22, 656-667.
58. Holcomb, P. J., Ackerman, P. T., & Dykman, R. A. (1986). Auditory event-related potentials in attention and reading disabled boys. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 3, 263-273.
59. Hommet, C., Vidal, J., Roux, S., Blanc, R., Barthez, M. A., De Becque, B., et al. (2009). Topography of syllable change-detection electrophysiological indices in children and adults with reading disabilities. Neuropsychologia, 47, 761-770.
60. Hornickel, J., Skoe, E., Nicol, T., Zecker, S., & Kraus, N. (2009). Subcortical differentiation of stop consonants relates to reading and speech-in-noise perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 106, 13022-13027.
61. Horowitz-Kraus, T., & Breznitz, Z. (2008). An error-detection mechanism in reading among dyslexic and regular readers-An ERP study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 119, 2238-2246.
62. Horowitz-Kraus, T., & Breznitz, Z. (2009). Can the error detection mechanism benefit from training the working memory? A comparison between dyslexics and controls-An ERP study. PLoS One, 4, e7141.
63. Huotilainen, M., Kujala, A., & Alku, P. (2001). Long-term memory traces facilitate short-term memory trace formation in audition in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 310, 133-136.
64. Ikeda, K., Hayashi, A., Hashimoto, S., Otomo, K., & Kanno, A. (2002). Asymmetrical mismatch negativity in humans as determined by phonetic but not physical difference. Neuroscience Letters, 321, 133-136.
65. Iverson, P., Kuhl, P. K., Akahane-Yamada, R., Diesch, E., Tohkura, Y., Kettermann, A., et al. (2003). A perceptual interference account of acquisition difficulties for non-native phonemes. Cognition, 87, B47-57.
66. Jacobsen, T., Schroger, E., & Alter, K. (2004). Pre-attentive perception of vowel phonemes from variable speech stimuli. Psychophysiology, 41, 654-659.
67. Jacobsen, T., Schroger, E., Winkler, I., & Horvath, J. (2005). Familiarity affects the processing of task-irrelevant auditory deviance. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 1704-1713.
68. Korpilahti, P., Krause, C. M., Holopainen, I., & Lang, A. H. (2001). Early and late mismatch negativity elicited by words and speech-like stimuli in children. Brain and Language, 76, 332-339.
69. Kuhl, P. K. (2004). Early language acquisition: Cracking the speech code. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 831-843.
70. Kuhl, P. K., Conboy, B. T., Coffey-Corina, S., Padden, D., Rivera-Gaxiola, M., & Nelson, T. (2008). Phonetic learning as a pathway to language: New data and native language magnet theory expanded (NLM-e). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences, 363, 979-1000.
71. Kuhl, P. K., Stevens, E., Hayashi, A., Deguchi, T., Kiritani, S., & Iverson, P. (2006). Infants show a facilitation effect for native language phonetic perception between 6 and 12 months. Developmental Science, 9, F13-F21.
72. Levy, E. S. (2009a). Language experience and consonantal context effects on perceptual assimilation of French vowels by American-English learners of French. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125, 1138-1152.
73. Levy, E. S. (2009b). On the assimilation-discrimination relationship in American English adults' French vowel learning. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 126, 2670-2682.
74. Levy, E. S., & Law, F. F. I. (2010). Production of French vowels by American-English learners of French: Language experience, consonantal context, and the perception-production relationship. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 128, 1290-1305.
75. Levy, E. S., & Strange, W. (2008). Perception of French vowels by American English adults with and without French language experience. Journal of Phonetics, 36, 141-157.
76. Light, G. A., Swerdlow, N. R., & Braff, D. L. (2007). Preattentive sensory processing as indexed by the MMN and P3a brain responses is associated with cognitive and psychosocial functioning in healthy adults. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 1624-1632.
77. Lovrich, D., & Stamm, J. S. (1983). Event-related potential and behavioral correlates of attention in reading retardation. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 13-37.
78. Makeig, S., Jung, T. P., Bell, A. J., Ghahremani, D., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1997). Blind separation of auditory event-related brain responses into independent components. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 94, 10979-10984.
79. Maye, J., Weiss, D. J., & Aslin, R. N. (2008). Statistical phonetic learning in infants: Facilitation and feature generalization. Developmental Science, 11, 122-134.
80. Naatanen, R. (1995). The mismatch negativity: A powerful tool for cognitive neuroscience. Ear & Hearing, 16, 6-18.
81. Naatanen, R. (2008). Mismatch negativity (MMN) as an index of central auditory system plasticity. International Journal of Audiology, 47 (Suppl 2), S16-20.
82. Naatanen, R., Lehtokoski, A., Lennes, M., Cheour, M., Huotilainen, M., Iivonen, A., et al. (1997). Language-specific phoneme representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses. Nature, 385, 432-434.
83. Naatanen, R., Schroger, E., Karakas, S., Tervaniemi, M., & Paavilainen, P. (1993). Development of a memory trace for a complex sound in the human brain. NeuroReport, 4, 503-506.
84. Naatanen, R., & Winkler, I. (1999). The concept of auditory stimulus representation in cognitive neuroscience. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 826-859.
85. Novak, G., Ritter, W., & Vaughan, H. G. J. (1992). Mismatch detection and the latency of temporal judgements. Psychophysiology, 29, 398-411.
86. Novitski, N., Tervaniemi, M., Huotilainen, M., & Naatanen, R. (2004). Frequency discrimination at different frequency levels as indexed by electrophysiological and behavioral measures. Cognitive Brain Research, 20, 26-36.
87. Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychololgia, 9, 97-113.
88. Ortiz, A. T., Navarro, M., & Vila, A. E. (1990). P300 component of the auditory event-related potentials and dyslexia. Functional Neurology, 5, 333-338.
89. Ortiz-Mantilla, S., Choudhury, N., Alvarez, B., & Benasich, A. A. (2010). Involuntary switching of attention mediates differences in event-related responses to complex tones between early and late Spanish-English bilinguals. Brain Research, 1362, 78-92.
90. Pallier, C., Bosch, L., & Sebastian-Galles, N. (1997). A limit on behavioral plasticity in speech perception. Cognition, 64, B9-17.
91. Peltola, M. S., Kujala, T., Tuomainen, J., Ek, M., Aaltonen, O., & Naatanen, R. (2003). Native and foreign vowel discrimination as indexed by the mismatch negativity (MMN) response. Neuroscience Letters, 352, 25-28.
92. Peltola, M. S., Kuntola, M., Tamminen, H., Hamalainen, H., & Aaltonen, O. (2005). Early exposure to non-native language alters pre-attentive vowel discrimination. Neuroscience Letters, 388, 121-125.
93. Peltola, M. S., Tuomainen, O., Koskinen, M., & Aaltonen, O. (2007). The effect of language immersion education on the preattentive perception of native and non-native vowel contrasts. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 36, 15-23.
94. Picton, T. W. (1992). The P300 wave of the human event-related potential. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 9, 456-479.
95. Picton, T. W., Alain, C., Otten, L., Ritter, W., & Achim, A. (2000). Mismatch negativity: Different water in the same river. Audiology and Neuro-Otology, 5, 111-139.
96. Ramus, F. (2004). Neurobiology of dyslexia: A reinterpretation of the data. Trends in Neurosciences, 27, 720-726.
97. Ramus, F., Rosen, S., Dakin, S. C., Day, B. L., Castellote, J. M., White, S., et al. (2003). Theories of developmental dyslexia: Insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults. Brain, 126, 841-865.
98. Raven, J. (1960). Guide to the standard progressive matrices. London: H.K. Lewis.
99. Rivera-Gaxiola, M., Silva-Pereyra, J., & Kuhl, P. K. (2005). Brain potentials to native- and non-native speech contrasts in 7- and 11-month-old American infants. Developmental Science, 8, 162-172.
100. Sabri, M., & Campbell, K. B. (2002). The effects of digital filtering on mismatch negativity in wakefulness and slow-wave sleep. Journal of Sleep Research, 11, 123-127.
101. Schroger, E. (1997). On the detection of auditory deviations: A pre-attentive activation model. Psychophysiology, 34, 245-257.
102. Schroger, E., & Wolff, C. (1998). Attentional orienting and reorienting is indicated by human event-related brain potentials. NeuroReport, 9, 3355-3358.
103. Schulte-Korne, G., Deimel, W., Bartling, J., & Remschmidt, H. (1998). Auditory processing and dyslexia: Evidence for a specific speech processing deficit. NeuroReport, 9, 337-340.
104. Schulte-Korne, G., Deimel, W., Bartling, J., & Remschmidt, H. (1999). Pre-attentive processing of auditory patterns in dyslexic human subjects. Neuroscience Letters, 276, 41-44.
105. Schulte-Korne, G., Deimel, W., Bartling, J., & Remschmidt, H. (2001). Speech perception deficit in dyslexic adults as measured by mismatch negativity (MMN). International Journal of Psychophysiology, 40, 77-87.
106. Sebastian-Galles, N., & Soto-Faraco, S. (1999). Online processing of native and non-native phonemic contrasts in early bilinguals. Cognition, 72, 111-123.
107. Shatil, A. (1995a). One-minute test for pseudowords. Unpublished test. University of Haifa.
108. Shatil, A. (1995b). One-minute test for words. Unpublished test. University of Haifa.
109. Shestakova, A., Brattico, E., Huotilainen, M., Galunov, V., Soloviev, A., Sams, M., et al. (2002). Abstract phoneme representations in the left temporal cortex: Magnetic mismatch negativity study. NeuroReport, 13, 1813-1816.
110. Shestakova, A., Brattico, E., Soloviev, A., Klucharev, V., & Huotilainen, M. (2004). Orderly cortical representation of vowel categories presented by multiple exemplars. Cognitive Brain Research, 21, 342-350.
111. Shestakova, A., Huotilainen, M., Ceponiene, R., & Cheour, M. (2003). Event-related potentials associated with second language learning in children. Clinical Neurophysiology, 114, 1507-1512.
112. Snowling, M. (1981). Phonemic deficits in developmental dyslexia. Psychological Research, 43, 219-234.
113. Snowling, M. (1998). Dyslexia as a phonological deficit: Evidence and implications. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 3, 4-11.
114. Snowling, M. (2001). From language to reading and dyslexia. Dyslexia, 7, 37-46.
115. Sparks, R., Artzer, M., Ganschow, L., Siebenhar, D., Plageman, M., & Patton, J. (1998). Differences in native-language skills, foreign-language aptitude, and foreign-language grades among high-, average-, and low-proficiency foreign-language learners: Two studies. Language Testing, 15, 181-216.
116. Sparks, R., Patton, J., Ganschow, L., & Humbach, N. (2009a). Long-term crosslinguistic transfer of skills from L1 to L2. Language Learning, 59, 203-243.
117. Sparks, R., Patton, J., Ganschow, L., & Humbach, N. (2009b). Long-term relationships among early first language skills, second language aptitude, second language affect, and later second language proficiency. Applied Psycholinguistics, 31, 725-755.
118. Sparks, R., Patton, J., Ganschow, L., Humbach, N., & Javorsky, J. (2006). Native language predictors of foreign language proficiency and foreign language aptitude. Annals of Dyslexia, 56, 129-160.
119. Squires, N. K., Squires, K. C., & Hillyard, S. A. (1975). Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 38, 387-401.
120. Strange, W., Levy, E. S., & Law, F. F. I. (2009). Cross-language categorization of French and German vowels by naive American listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 126, 1461-1476.
121. Tervaniemi, M., Lehtokoski, A., Sinkkonen, J., Virtanen, J., Ilmoniemi, R. J., & Naatanen, R. (1999). Test-retest reliability of mismatch negativity for duration, frequency and intensity changes. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110, 1388-1393.
122. Weber, C., Hahne, A., Friedrich, M., & Friederici, A. D. (2004). Discrimination of word stress in early infant perception: Electrophysiological evidence. Cognitive Brain Research, 18, 149-161.
123. Werker, J. F., Gilbert, J. H., Humphrey, K., & Tees, R. C. (1981). Developmental aspects of cross-language speech perception. Child Development, 52, 349-355.
124. Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C. (1983). Developmental changes across childhood in the perception of non-native speech sounds. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 37, 278-286.
125. Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C. (1984a). Cross-language speech perception: Evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life. Infant Behavior and Development, 7, 49-63.
126. Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C. (1984b). Phonemic and phonetic factors in adult cross-language speech perception. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 75, 1866-1878.
127. Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C. (2005). Speech perception as a window for understanding plasticity and commitment in language systems of the brain. Developmental Psychobiology, 46, 233-251.
128. Williams, S. M. (1986). Factor analysis of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Cortex, 22, 325-326.
129. Winkler, I., Kujala, T., Alku, P., & Naatanen, R. (2003). Language context and phonetic change detection. Cognitive Brain Research, 17, 833-844.
130. Winkler, I., Kujala, T., Tiitinen, H., Sivonen, P., Alku, P., Lehtokoski, A., et al. (1999). Brain responses reveal the learning of foreign language phonemes. Psychophysiology, 36, 638-642.
131. Winkler, I., Sussman, E., Tervaniemi, M., Horvath, J., Ritter, W., & Naatanen, R. (2003). Preattentive auditory context effects. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 57-77.
132. Wolf, M. (1986). Rapid alternating stimulus naming in the developmental dyslexia. Brain and Language, 27, 360-379.
133. Ylinen, S., Uther, M., Latvala, A., Vepsalainen, S., Iverson, P., Akahane-Yamada, R., et al. (2010). Training the brain to weight speech cues differently: A study of Finnish second-language users of English. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 1319-1332.
134. Zachau, S., Rinker, T., Korner, B., Kohls, G., Maas, V., Hennighausen, K., et al. (2005). Extracting rules: Early and late mismatch negativity to tone patterns. NeuroReport, 16, 2015-2019.
135. Zhang, Y., Kuhl, P. K., Imada, T., Iverson, P., Pruitt, J., Stevens, E. B., et al. (2009). Neural signatures of phonetic learning in adulthood: A magnetoencephalography study. NeuroImage, 46, 226-240.
136. Zhang, Y., Kuhl, P. K., Imada, T., Kotani, M., & Tohkura, Y. (2005). Effects of language experience: Neural commitment to language-specific auditory patterns. NeuroImage, 26, 703-720.