Signaling epigenetics: Novel insights on cell signaling and epigenetic regulation

IUBMB Life

Volumn 63, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 881-895

  Arzate Mejía, Rodrigo G ^a   Valle García, David ^a   Recillas Targa, Félix ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

Author keywords

chromatin.; histone modifications; Polycomb; signal transduction

Indexed keywords

BETA CATENIN; CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1; HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2; HISTONE DEMETHYLASE; HISTONE H3; HISTONE H4; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; JANUS KINASE; LYSINE; MICRORNA; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38; MIXED LINEAGE LEUKEMIA PROTEIN; NOTCH RECEPTOR; POLYCOMB GROUP PROTEIN; STAT PROTEIN; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; WNT PROTEIN; DROSOPHILA PROTEIN; HISTONE; NONHISTONE PROTEIN; TRITHORAX PROTEIN, DROSOPHILA;

CELL DEATH; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL DIVISION; CELL FATE; CELL INTERACTION; CELL MATURATION; CHROMATIN; CHROMATIN STRUCTURE; CONFERENCE PAPER; DNA METHYLATION; DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; EPIGENETICS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE SILENCING; GENETIC REGULATION; HISTONE ACETYLATION; HISTONE MODIFICATION; HISTONE PHOSPHORYLATION; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN PROCESSING; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CELL COMMUNICATION; CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY; GENETIC EPIGENESIS; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; CELL COMMUNICATION; CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY; CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE; DNA METHYLATION; DROSOPHILA PROTEINS; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; HISTONE DEMETHYLASES; HISTONES; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NF-KAPPA B; POLYCOMB-GROUP PROTEINS; RECEPTORS, NOTCH; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; WNT PROTEINS;

EID: 80053305896     PISSN: 15216543     EISSN: 15216551     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/iub.557     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (113)

1. De Santa, F., Totaro, M. G., Prosperini, E., Notarbartolo, S., Testa, G., and, Natoli, G., (2007) The histone H3 lysine-27 demethylase Jmjd3 links inflammation to inhibition of Polycomb-mediated gene silencing. Cell 130, 1083-1094. (Pubitemid 47410272)
2. Sawarkar, R., and, Paro, R., (2010) Interpretation of developmental signaling at chromatin: the Polycomb perspective. Develop. Cell 19, 651-661.
3. Rodríguez-Paredes, M., and, Esteller, M., (2011) Cancer epigenetics reaches mainstream oncology. Nat. Med. 17, 330-339.
4. Felsenfeld, G., and, Groudine, M., (2003) Controlling the double helix. Nature 421, 448-453. (Pubitemid 36157954)
5. Bird, A., (2002) DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. Genes Dev. 16, 6-21. (Pubitemid 34049633)
6. Waddington, C. H., (1942) The epigenotype. Endeavour 1, 18-20.
7. Berger, S. L., (2007) The complex language of chromatin regulation during transcription. Nature 447, 407-412. (Pubitemid 46816746)
8. Schuettengruber, B., Chourrout, D., Vervoort, M., Leblanc, B., and, Cavalli, G., (2007) Genome regulation by polycomb and trithorax proteins. Cell 128, 735-745. (Pubitemid 46273581)
9. Wilusz, J. E., Sunwoo, H., and, Spector, D. L., (2009) Long noncoding RNAs: functional surprise from the RNA world. Genes Dev. 23, 1494-1504.
10. Ho, L., and, Crabtree, G. R., (2010) Chromatin remodeling during development. Nature 463, 474-484.
11. Margueron, R., and, Reinberg, D., (2011) The polycomb complex PRC2 and its mark in life. Nature 469, 343-349.
12. Rajapakse, I., and, Groudine, M., (2011) On emerging nuclear order. J. Cell. Biol. 192, 711-721.
13. Khorasanizadeh, S., (2004) The nucleosomes: from genomic organization to genomic regulation. Cell 116, 259-272.
14. Kouzarides, T., (2007) Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell 128, 693-705. (Pubitemid 46273577)
15. Strahl, B. D., and, Allis, C. D., (2000) The language of covalent histone modifications. Nature 403, 41-45. (Pubitemid 30038513)
16. Mosammaparast, N., and, Shi, Y., (2010) Reversal of histone methylation: biochemical and molecular mechanisms of histone demethylases. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 79, 155-179.
17. Bogdanovic, O., and, Veenstra, G. J., (2009) DNA methylation and methyl-CpG-binding proteins: developmental requirements and function. Chromosoma 118, 549-565.
18. Portela, A., and, Esteller, M., (2010) Epigenetic modifications and human disease. Nat. Biotechnol. 28, 1057-1068.
19. Wu, S. C., and, Zhang, Y., (2010) Active DNA demethylation: many roads lead to Rome. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 607-620.
20. Fritz, E. L., and, Papavasiliou, F. N., (2010) Cytidine deaminases: AIDing DNA demethylation? Genes Dev. 24, 2107-2114.
21. Reik, W., (2007) Stability and flexibility of epigenetic gene regulation in mammalian development. Nature 447, 425-432. (Pubitemid 46816749)
22. Mamta, T., Kian, K. P., Yinghua, S., William, P. A., et al. (2009). Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydrosymethylcytsine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner Tet1. Science 324, 930-935.
23. Fritz, E. L., and, Papavasiliou, F. N., (2010) Cytidine deaminase: AIDing DNA demethylation? Genes Dev. 24, 2107-2114.
24. Williams, K., Christensen, J., Pedersen, M. T., Johansen, J. V., Cloos, P. A., Rappsilber, J., and, Helin, K., (2011) TET1 and hydroxymethylcytosine in transcription and DNA methylation fidelity. Nature 473, 343-348.
25. Guo, J. U., Su, Y., Zhong, C., Ming, G. L., and, Song, H., (2011). Hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine by TET1 promotes active DNA demethylation in the adult brain. Cell 145, 423-434.
26. Münzel, M., Globish, D., Brückl, T., Wagner, M., et al. (2010). Quantification of the sixth DNA base hydroxymethylcytosine in the brain. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 5375-5377.
27. Kanhere, A., Viiri, K., Araújo, C. C., Rasaiyaah, J., Bouwman, R. D., Whyte, W. A., Pereira, C. F., Brookes, E., Walker, K., Bell, G. W., Pombo, A., Fisher, A. G., Young, R. A., and, Jenner, R. G., (2010) Short RNAs are transcribed from repressed polycomb target genes and interact with polycomb repressive complex-2. Mol. Cell 38, 675-688.
28. Yap, K. L., Li, S., Muñoz-Cabello, A. M., Raguz, S., Zeng, L., Mujtaba, S., Gil, J., Walsh, M. J., and, Zhou, M. M., (2010) Molecular interplay of the noncoding RNA ANRIL and methylated histone H3 lysine 27 by polycomb CBX7 in transcriptional silencing of INK4a. Mol. Cell 38, 662-674.
29. Rinn, J. L., Kertesz, M., Wang, J. K., Squazzo, S. L., Xu, X., Brugmann, S. A., Goodneough, L. H., Helms, J. A., Farnham, P. J., Segal, E., and, Chang, H. Y., (2007) Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs. Cell 129, 1311-1323. (Pubitemid 46962090)
30. Paudey, R. R., Mondal, T., Mohammad, F., Enroth, S., Redrup, L., Kimorowski, J., Nagano, T., Mancini-Dinardo, D., and, Kanduri, C., (2008) Kcnq1ot1 antisense noncoding RNA mediates lineage-specific transcriptional silencing through chromatin-level regulation. Mol. Cell 32, 232-246.
31. Mills, A. A., (2010) Trowing the cancer switch: reciprocal roles of polycomb and trithorax proteins. Nat. Rev. Cancer 10, 669-682.
32. Dou, Y., Milne, T. A., Ruthenbuurg, A. J., Lee, S., Lee, J. W., Verdine, G. L., Allis, C. D., and, Roeder, R. G., (2006) Regulation of MLL1 H3K4 methylatransferase activity by its core components. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 13, 713-719. (Pubitemid 44175164)
33. Dou, Y., Milne, T. A., Tackett, A. J., Smith, E. R., Fukuda, A., Wysocka, J., Allis, C. D., Chait, B. T., Hess, J. L., and, Roeder, R. G., (2005) Physical association and coordinate function of the H3K4 methyltransferase MLL1 and H4K16 acetyltransferase MOF. Cell 121, 873-885. (Pubitemid 40806419)
34. Vermeulen, L., Berghe, W. V., Beck, I. M. E., De Bosscher, K., and, Haegeman, G., (2009) The versatile role of MSKs in transcriptional regulation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 34, 311-318.
35. Chang, L., and, Karin, M., (2001) Mammalian MAP kinase signaling cascades. Nature, 410, 37-40. (Pubitemid 32225829)
36. Dunn, K. L., and, Davir, J. R., (2005) Stimulation of the Ras-MAPK pathway leads to independent phosphorylation of histone H3 on serine 10 and 28. Oncogene 24, 3492-3502. (Pubitemid 40756250)
37. Dyson, M. H., Thomson, S., Inagaki, M., Goto, H., Arthur, S. J., Nightingale, K., Iborra, F. J., and, Mahadevan, L. C., (2005) MAP kinase-mediated phosphorylation of distinct pools of histone H3 at S10 or S28 via mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1/2. J. Cell. Sci. 118, 2247-2259. (Pubitemid 40872846)
38. Edmunds, J. W., and, Mahadevan, L. C., (2004) MAP kinases as structural adaptors and enzymatic activators in transcription complexes. J. Cell Sci. 117, 3715-3723. (Pubitemid 39207311)
39. Prigent, C., and, Dimitrov, S., (2003) Phosphorylation of serine 10 in histone 3, what for? J. Cell Sci. 116, 3677-3685
40. Lau, P. N., and, Cheung, P., (2011) Histone code pathway involving H3 S28 phosphorylation and K27 acetylation activates transcription and antagonizes polycomb silencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 2801-2806.
41. Cuadrado, A., and, Nebreda, A. R., (2010) Mechanisms and functions of p38 MAPK signaling. Biochem. J. 429, 403-417.
42. Aziz, A., Lius, Q. C., and, Dilworth, F, J., (2010) Regulating a master regulator: establishing tissue-specific gene expression in skeletal muscle. Epigenetics 5, 692-696.
43. Caretti, G., Di Padova, M., Micales, B., Lyons, G. E., and, Sartorelli, V., (2004) The Plycomb EZH2 methyltransferase regulates muscle gene expression and skeletal muscle differentiation. Genes Dev. 18, 2627-2638. (Pubitemid 39453102)
44. Seenundun, S., Rampalli, S., Liu, Q. C., Aziz, A., Palii, C., Hing, S., Blais, A., Brand, M., Ge, K., and, Dilworth, F. J., (2010) UTX mediates demethylation of H3K27me3 at muscle-specific genes during myogenesis. EMBO J. 29, 1401-1411.
45. Rampalli, S., Li, L., Mak, E., Gek, K., Brand, M., Tapscott, S. J., and, Dilworth, F. J., (2007) p38 MAPK signaling regulates recruitment of Ash2L-containing methyltransferase complexes to specific genes during differentiation. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 14, 1150-1156. (Pubitemid 350223328)
46. Giacinti, C., Bagella, L., Puri, P. L., Giordano, A., and, Simone, C., (2006) MyoD recruits the cdk9/cyclin T2 complex on myogenic-genes regulatory regions. J. Cell Physiol. 206, 807-813. (Pubitemid 43191056)
47. Wang, H., Garzon, R., Sun, H., Ladner, K. J., Singh, R., Dahlman, J., Cheng, A., Hall, B. M., Qualman, S. J., Chandler, D. S., et al. (2008) NF-kappaB YY1-miR-29 regulatory circuitry in skeletal myogenesis and rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Cell 14, 369-381.
48. Wong, C. F., and, Tellan, R. L., (2008) MicroRNA-26a targets the histone methyltransferase Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 during myogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 9836-9843.
49. Gu, B., Sun, P., Yuan, Y., Moraes, R. C., Li, A., Teng, A., Agrawal, A., Rhéaume, C., Bilanchone, V., Veltmaat, J. M., Takemaru, K. I, Millar, S., Lee, E. Y., Lewis, M. T., Li, B., and, Dai, X., (2009) Pygo2 expands mammary progenitor cells by facilitating histone H3 K4 methylation. J. Cell Biol. 185, 811-826.
50. Bienz, M., (2006) The PHD finger, a nuclear protein-interaction domain. Trends Biochem. Sci. 31, 35-40. (Pubitemid 43117541)
51. Jessen, S., Gu, B., and, Dai, X., (2008) Pygopus and the Wnt signaling pathway: a diverse set of connections. BioEssays 30, 448-456. (Pubitemid 351588926)
52. Andrews, P. G., Lake, B. B., Popadiuk, C., and, Kao, K. R., (2007) Requirement of Pygopus 2 in breast cancer. Int. J. Oncol. 30, 357-363.
53. Hildmann, C., Riester, D., and, Schwienhorst, A., (2007) Histone deacetylases-an important class of cellular regulators with a variety of functions. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 75, 487-497. (Pubitemid 46776553)
54. Ye, F., Chen, Y., Hoang, T., Montgomery, R. L., Zhao, X. H., Bu, H., Hu, T., Taketo, M. M., van Es, J. H., Clevers, H., Hsieh, J., Bassel-Duby, R., Olson, E. N., and, Lu, Q. R., (2009) HDAC1 and HDAC2 regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation by disrupting the β-catenin-TCF interaction Nature Neurosci. 12, 829-838.
55. Clevers, H., (2006) Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in development and disease. Cell 127, 469-480.
56. Schwanbeck, R., Martini, S., Bernoth, K., and, Just, U., (2010). The Notch signaling pathway: molecular basis of cell context dependency. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 90, 572-581.
57. Gomperts, B. D., Kramer, I. M., Tatham, P. E., (2008) Signal transduction. Academic Press, New York
58. Moshkin, Y. M., Kan, T. W., Goodfellow, H., Bezstarosti, K., Maeda, R. K., Pilyugin, M., Karch, F., Bray, S. J., Demmers, J. A. A., and, Verrijzer, C. P., (2009). Histone chaperones ASF1 and NAP1 differentially modulate removal of active histone marks by LID-RPD3 complexes during Notch silencing. Mol. Cell 35, 782-793.
59. Fischer, A., Gessler, M., (2007). Delta-Notch-and then? Protein interactions and proposed modes of repression by Hes and Hey bHLH factors. Nucleic Acid Res. 35, 4583-4596. (Pubitemid 47250333)
60. Lecourtois, M., Schweisguth, F., (1995). The neurogenic suppressor of hairless DNA-binding protein mediates the transcriptional activation of the enhancer of split complex genes triggered by Notch signaling. Genes Dev. 9, 2598-2608. (Pubitemid 3001575)
61. Mulligan, P., Yang, F., Di Stefano, L., Ji, J. Y., Ouyang, J., Nishikawa, J. L., Toiber, D., Kulkarni, M., Wang, Q., Najafi-Shoushtari, S. H., Mostoslavsky, R., Gypgi, S. P., Gill, G., Dyson, N. J., and, Näär, A. M., (2011). A SIRT1-LSD1 corepressor complex regulates Notch target gene expression and development. Mol. Cell 42, 1-11.
62. Nagel, A. C., Krejci, A., Tenin, G., Bravo-Patino, A., Bray, S., Maier, D., and, Preiss, A., (2005). Hairless-mediated repression of notch target genes requires the combined activity of Groucho and CtBPcorepressors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 10433-10441. (Pubitemid 41681966)
63. Perissi, V., Scafoglio, C., Zhang, J., Ohgi, K. A., Rose, D. W., Glass, C. K., and, Rosenfeld, M. G., (2008). TBL1 and TBLR1 phosphorylation on regulated gene promoters overcomes dual CtBP and NCoR/SMRT transcriptional repression checkpoints. Mol. Cell 29, 755-766. (Pubitemid 351400927)
64. Shi, Y., Sawada, J., Sui, G., Affar, el B., Whetstine, J. R., Lan, F., Ogawa, H., Luke, M. P., Nakatani, Y., and, Shi, Y., (2003). Coordinate histone modifications mediated by a CtBP co-repressor complex. Nature 422, 735-738. (Pubitemid 36514114)
65. Lai, E. C., (2002). Keeping a good pathway down: transcriptional repression of Notch pathway target genes by CSL proteins. EMBO Rep. 3, 840-845. (Pubitemid 35154108)
66. Liefke, R., Oswald, F., Alvarado, C., Ferres-Marco, D., Mittler, G., Rodriguez, P., Dominguez, M., and, Borggrefe, T., (2010). Histone demethylase KDM5A is an integral part of the core Notch-RBP-J repressor complex. Genes Dev. 24, 590-601.
67. De Koning, L., Corpet, A., Haber, J. E., and, Almouzni, G., (2007). Histone chaperones: an escort network regulating histone traffic. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 14, 997-1007. (Pubitemid 350060337)
68. Eitoku, M., Sato, L., Senda, T., and, Horikoshi, M., (2008). Histone chaperones: 30 years from isolation to elucidation of the mechanisms of nucleosome assembly and disassembly. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 65, 414-444. (Pubitemid 351214651)
69. Pile, L. A., Schlag, E. M., and, Wassarman, D. A., (2002). The SIN3/RPD3 deacetylase complex is essential for G(2) phase cell cycle progression and regulation of SMRTER corepressor levels. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 4965-4976. (Pubitemid 34700689)
70. Vaquero, A., Sternglanz, R., and, Reinberg, D., (2007). NAD+- dependent deacetylation of H4 lysine 16 by class III HDACs. Oncogene 26, 5505-5520. (Pubitemid 47255931)
71. Martinez, A. M., Schuettengruber, B., Sakr, S., Janie, A., Gonzalez, C., and, Cavalli, G., (2009) Polyhomeotic has a tumor suppressor activity mediated by repression of Notch signaling. Nat. Genet. 41, 1076-1082.
72. Martinez, A. M., and, Cavalli, G., (2010) Uncovering a tumor-suppressor function for Drosophila polycomb group of genes. Cell Cycle 9, 215-216.
73. Wang, Y. H., and, Huang, M. L., (2010). Organogenesis and tumorigenesis: insights from JAK/STAT pathway in the Drosophila eye. Dev. Dyn. 239, 2522-2533.
74. Li, W. X., (2008). Canonical and non-canonical JAK-STAT signaling. Trends in Cell Biol. 18, 545-551.
75. Cherry, C. M., and, Matunis, E. L., (2010). Epigenetic regulation of stem cell maintenance in the Drosophila testis via the nucleosome-remodeling factor NURF. Cell Stem Cell. 6, 557-567.
76. Classen, A. K., Bunker, B. D., Harvey, K. F., Vaccari, T., and, Bilder, D., (2009) A tumor suppressor activity of Drosophila Polycomb genes mediated by JAK-STAT signaling. Nat. Genet. 41, 1150-1155.
77. Shi, S., Calhoun, H. C., Xia, F., Li, J., Le, L., and, Li, W. X., (2006). JAK signaling globally counteracts heterochromatin gene silencing. Nat. Genet. 38, 1071-1076. (Pubitemid 44325935)
78. Bouazoune, K., and, Brehm, A., (2006). ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes in Drosophila. Chromosome Res. 14, 433-449.
79. Kiger, A. A., White-Cooper, H., and, Fuller, M. T., (2000). Somatic support cells restrict germline stem cell self-renewal and promote differentiation. Nature 407, 750-754.
80. Tulina, N., and, Matunis, E., (2001). Control of stem cell self-renewal in Drosophila spermatogenesis by JAK-STAT signaling. Science 294, 2546-2549. (Pubitemid 34027294)
81. Arbouzova, N. I., Bach, E. A., and, Zeidler, M. P., (2006). Ken & Barbie selectively regulates the expression of a subset of Jak/STAT pathway target genes. Curr. Biol. 16, 80-88. (Pubitemid 43049890)
82. Kwon, S. Y., Xiao, H., Glover, B. P., Tjian, R., Wu, C., and, Badenhorst, P., (2008). The nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) regulates genes involved in Drosophila innate immunity. Dev. Biol. 316, 538-547.
83. Lee, N., Maurange, C., Ringrose, L., and, Paro, R., (2005) Suppression of Polycomb group proteins by JNK signaling induces transdetermination in Drosophila imaginal discs. Nature 438, 234-237. (Pubitemid 41599876)
84. Smale, S. T., (2010) Selective transcription in response to an inflammatory stimulus. Cell 140, 833-844.
85. Tsukada, Y., Fang, J., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Warren, M. E., Borchers, C. H., Tempst, P., and, Zhang, Y., (2006) Histone demethylation by a family of JmjC domain-containing proteins. Nature 439, 811-816. (Pubitemid 43255695)
86. Sen, R., and, Baltimore, D., (1986) Inducibility of kappa immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein Nf-kappa B by a posttranslational mechanism. Cell 47, 921-928. (Pubitemid 17005065)
87. Ghosh, S., May, M. J., and, Kopp, E. B., (1998) NF-κB and Rel proteins: evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune response. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16, 225-260. (Pubitemid 28183365)
88. Savinova, O. V., Hoffman, A., and, Ghosh, G., (2009) The Nfkb1 and Nfkb2 proteins p105 and p100 function as the core of high-molecular-weight heterogenous complexes. Mol. Cell 34, 591-602.
89. Vallabhapurapu, S., and, Karin, M., (2009) Regulation and function of NF-κB transcription factors in the immune system. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 27, 693-733.
90. Calao, M., Burny, A., Quivy, V., Dekoninck, A., and, Van Lint, C., (2008) A pervasive role of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases in an NF-kB-signaling code. Trends Biochem. Sci. 33 (7), 339-349.
91. Baba, A., Ohtake, F., Okuno, Y., Yokota, K., Okada, M., Imai, Y., Ni, M., Mayer, C. A., Igarashi, K., Kanno, J., Brown, M., and, Kato, S., (2011). PKA-dependent regulation of the histone lysine demethylase complex PHF2-ARID5B. Nat. Cell Biol. 13, 668-675.
92. Jiang, G., and, Zhang, B. B., (2003). Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism. Am. J. Physiol. Endrocrinol. Metab. 283, E671-E678. (Pubitemid 36323859)
93. Bracken, A. P., Kleine-Kohlbrecher, D., Dietrich, N., Pasini, D., Gargiulo, G., Beekman, C., Theilgaard-Mönch, K., Minucci, S., Porse, B. T., Marine, J.-C., et al. (2007) The Polycomb group proteins bind throughout the INK4-ARF locus and are disassociated in senescent cells. Genes Dev. 21, 525-530. (Pubitemid 46409467)
94. Bartel, D. P., (2009) MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 136, 215-233.
95. Du, T., Zamore, P. D., (2005). MicroPrimer: the biogenesis and function of microRNA. Development 132, 4645-4652. (Pubitemid 41685275)
96. Ivey, K. N., Srivastava, D., (2010). MicroRNAs as regulators of differentiation and cell fate decisions. Cell Stem Cell 7, 36-41.
97. Inui, M., Martello, G., Piccolo, S., (2010) microRNA control of signal transduction. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 11, 252-263.
98. Ioro, M. V., Piovan, C., Croce, C. M., (2010) Interplay between microRNAs and the epigenetic machinery: an intricate network. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1799, 694-701.
99. Xu, N., Papagiannakopoulos, T., Pan, G., Thomson, J. A., Kosik, K. S., (2009) MicroRNA-145 regulates OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4 and represses pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 137, 647-658.
100. Yu, J., and, Thomson, J. A., (2008) Pluripotent stem cell lines. Genes Dev. 22, 1987-1997.
101. Xu, R. H., Chen, X., Li, D. S., Li, R., Addicks, G. C., Glennon, C., Zwaka, T. P., and, Thomson, J. A., (2002). BMP4 initiates human embryonic stem cell differentiation to trophoblast. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 1261-1264. (Pubitemid 35462493)
102. Suh, S. O., Chen, Y., Zaman, M. S., Hirata, H., Yamamura, S., Shahryari, V., Liu, J., Tabatabai, Z. L., Kakar, S., Deng, G., Tanaka, Y., Dahiya, R., (2011) MicroRNA-145 is regulated by DNA methylation and p53 gene mutation in prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 32, 772-778
103. Hattori, N., Nishino, K., Ko, Y. G., Hattori, N., Ohgane, J., Tanaka, S., Shiota, K, (2002) Epigenetic control of mouse Oct-4 gene expression in embryonic stem cells and trophoblast stem cells. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 17063-17069.
104. Stark, A., Brennecke, J., Russell, R. B., Cohen, S. M., (2003) Identification of Drosophila microRNA targets. PloS Biol. 1 (3), E60.
105. Li, X., Cassidy, J. J., Reinke, C. A., Fischboeck, S., Carthew, R. W., (2009) A microRNA imparts robustness against environmental fluctuation during development. Cell 137, 273-282.
106. Alon, U., (2007) Network motifs: theory and experimental approaches. Nat. Rev. Genet. 8, 450-461. (Pubitemid 46789247)
107. Lange, U. C., Schneider, R., (2010). What an epigenome remembers. Bioessays 32, 659-668.
108. Chong, S., Vickaryous, N., Ashe, A., et al. (2007). Modifiers of the epigenetic reprogramming show paternal effects in the mouse. Nat. Genet. 39, 614-622. (Pubitemid 46676114)
109. Carrel, D. T., Hammoud, S. S., (2010). The human sperm epigenome and its potential role in embryonic development. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 16, 37-47.
110. Hammoud, S. S., Nix, D. A., Zhang, H., et al. (2009). Distinctive chromatin in human sperm packages genes for embryo development. Nature 460, 473-478.
111. Morgan, H. D., Sutherland, H. G., Martin, D. I., et al. (1999). Epigenetic inheritance at the agouti locus in mouse. Nat. Genet. 23, 314-318. (Pubitemid 29526429)
112. Lane, N., Dean, W., Erhardt, S., et al. (2003). Resistance of IAPs to methylation reprogramming may provide a mechanism for epigenetic inheritance in the mouse. Genesis 35, 88-93. (Pubitemid 36330631)
113. Carone, B. R., Fauquier, L., Habib, et al. (2010). Paternally induced transgenerational environmental reprogramming of metabolic gene expression in mammals. Cell 143, 1084-1096.