The importance of milk and other animal-source foods for children in low-income countries

Food and Nutrition Bulletin

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 227-243

  Dror, Daphna K ^a   Allen, Lindsay H ^a  

^a U S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal source foods; Children; Developing country; Growth; Milk

Indexed keywords

BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHILD HEALTH; DATABASE; DEVELOPING WORLD; FOOD INTAKE; LOW INCOME POPULATION; MILK; MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; WOMENS HEALTH;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 80052756515     PISSN: 03795721     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/156482651103200307     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Allen LH. Causes of nutrition-related public health problems of preschool children: available diet. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006;43 Suppl 3:S8-12. (Pubitemid 46066852)
2. Neumann CG, Murphy SP, Gewa C, Grillenberger M, Bwibo NO. Meat supplementation improves growth, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes in Kenyan children. J Nutr 2007;137:1119-23. (Pubitemid 46596924)
3. Murphy SP, Allen LH. Nutritional importance of animal source foods. J Nutr 2003;133:3932S-35S. (Pubitemid 37392573)
4. USDA. National nutrient database for standard reference. Available at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/ search/ Accessed 1/20/2010.
5. Siekmann JH, Allen LH, Bwibo NO, Demment MW, Murphy SP, Neumann CG. Kenyan school children have multiple micronutrient deficiencies, but increased plasma vitamin B-12 is the only detectable micronutrient response to meat or milk supplementation. J Nutr 2003;133:3972S-80S. (Pubitemid 37392579)
6. Pennington JAT, Schoen SA, Salmon GD, Young B, Johnson RD, Marts RW. Composition of core foods of the U.S. food supply, 1982-1991. III. Copper, manganese, selenium, iodine. J Food Comp Anal 1995;8:171-217.
7. Food and Nutrition Board IOM. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes for Vitamins and Elements. National Academies Press; 2010.
8. Food and Nutrition Board IOM. Dietary Reference Intakes: Macronutrients. National Academies Press; 2005.
9. Stabler SP, Allen RH. Vitamin B12 deficiency as a worldwide problem. Annu Rev Nutr 2004;24:299-326. (Pubitemid 38938794)
10. de Benoist B, McLean E, Egli I, Cogswell M. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993-2005. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
11. Lynch SR. Why nutritional iron deficiency persists as a worldwide problem. J Nutr 2011;141:763S-8S.
12. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (1995-2005). Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.
13. Caulfield LE, Richard SA, Rivera JA, Musgrove P, Black RE. Stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiency disorders. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, et al., eds. Disease control priorities in developing countries (2nd ed.). Washington D.C.: World Bank; 2006: 551-68.
14. de Benoist B, McLean E, Andersson M, Rogers L. Iodine deficiency in 2007: global progress since 2003. Food Nutr Bull 2008;29:195-202.
15. Lamand M, Tressol JC. Contribution of milk to iodine intake in France. Biol Trace Elem Res 1992;32:245-51.
16. Dahl L, Opsahl JA, Meltzer HM, Julshamn K. Iodine concentration in Norwegian milk and dairy products. Br J Nutr 2003;90:679-85. (Pubitemid 37168368)
17. Cardenas Quintana H, Gomez Bravo C, Pretell EA. [Iodine content of cattle milk from mountain and coast from Peru]. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2003;53:408-12. (Pubitemid 38622759)
18. Borucki Castro SI, Berthiaume R, Laffey P, Fouquet A, Beraldin F, Robichaud A, Lacasse P. Iodine concentration in milk sampled from Canadian farms. J Food Prot 2010;73:1658-63.
19. Soriguer F, Gutierrez-Repiso C, Gonzalez-Romero S, Olveira G, Garriga MJ, Velasco I, Santiago P, de Escobar GM, Garcia-Fuentes E. Iodine concentration in cow's milk and its relation with urinary iodine concentrations in the population. Clin Nutr 2011;30:44-8.
20. Pennington JA. A review of iodine toxicity reports. J Am Diet Assoc 1990;90:1571-81. (Pubitemid 20376134)
21. Girelli ME, Coin P, Mian C, Nacamulli D, Zambonin L, Piccolo M, Vianello-Dri A, Gottardo F, Busnardo B. Milk represents an important source of iodine in schoolchildren of the Veneto region, Italy. J Endocrinol Invest 2004;27:709-13. (Pubitemid 39619055)
22. Hoppe C, Molgaard C, Michaelsen KF. Cow's milk and linear growth in industrialized and developing countries. Annu Rev Nutr 2006;26:131-73.
23. Bogin B. Milk and human development: an essay on the "milk hypothesis." Antropologia Portuguesa 1998;15:23-36.
24. Berkey CS, Colditz GA, Rockett HR, Frazier AL, Willett WC. Dairy consumption and female height growth: prospective cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:1881-7.
25. Murphy SP, Beaton GH, Calloway DH. Estimated mineral intakes of toddlers: predicted prevalence of inadequacy in village populations in Egypt, Kenya, and Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:565-72.
26. Calloway DH, Murphy SP, Beaton GH, Lein D. Estimated vitamin intakes of toddlers: predicted prevalence of inadequacy in village populations in Egypt, Kenya, and Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;58:376-84. (Pubitemid 23261968)
27. Grillenberger M, Neumann CG, Murphy SP, Bwibo NO, Weiss RE, Jiang L, Hautvast JG, West CE. Intake of micronutrients high in animal-source foods is associated with better growth in rural Kenyan school children. Br J Nutr 2006;95:379-90.
28. Lau EM, Lynn H, Chan YH, Lau W, Woo J. Benefits of milk powder supplementation on bone accretion in Chinese children. Osteoporos Int 2004;15:654-8. (Pubitemid 39121115)
29. Bonjour JP, Carrie AL, Ferrari S, Clavien H, Slosman D, Theintz G, Rizzoli R. Calcium-enriched foods and bone mass growth in prepubertal girls: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Invest 1997;99:1287-94. (Pubitemid 27142766)
30. Cadogan J, Eastell R, Jones N, Barker ME. Milk intake and bone mineral acquisition in adolescent girls: randomised, controlled intervention trial. BMJ 1997;315:1255-60. (Pubitemid 27488731)
31. Dibba B, Prentice A, Ceesay M, Stirling DM, Cole TJ, Poskitt EM. Effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral accretion in Gambian children accustomed to a low-calcium diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:544-9. (Pubitemid 30061235)
32. Du X, Zhu K, Trube A, Zhang Q, Ma G, Hu X, Fraser DR, Greenfield H. School-milk intervention trial enhances growth and bone mineral accretion in Chinese girls aged 10-12 years in Beijing. Br J Nutr 2004;92:159-68. (Pubitemid 38961284)
33. Merrilees MJ, Smart EJ, Gilchrist NL, Frampton C, Turner JG, Hooke E, March RL, Maguire P. Effects of diary food supplements on bone mineral density in teenage girls. Eur J Nutr 2000;39:256-62. (Pubitemid 32098564)
34. Monsen ER, Cook JD. Food iron absorption in human subjects. IV. The effects of calcium and phosphate salts on the absorption of nonheme iron. Am J Clin Nutr 1976;29:1142-8.
35. Harris SS. The effect of calcium consumption on iron absorption and iron status. Nutr Clin Care 2002;5:231-5.
36. Lynch SR. The effect of calcium on iron absorption. Nutr Res Rev 2000;13:141-58. (Pubitemid 32125093)
37. Cameron N. Human Growth and Development. New York: Academic Press; 2002.
38. Hoppe C, Molgaard C, Juul A, Michaelsen KF. High intakes of skimmed milk, but not meat, increase serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in eight-year-old boys. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58:1211-6. (Pubitemid 39264017)
39. Rogers I, Emmett P, Gunnell D, Dunger D, Holly J. Milk as a food for growth? The insulin-like growth factors link. Public Health Nutr 2006;9:359-68. (Pubitemid 43845069)
40. Hoppe C, Udam TR, Lauritzen L, Molgaard C, Juul A, Michaelsen KF. Animal protein intake, serum insulinlike growth factor I, and growth in healthy 2.5-y-old Danish children. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:447-52.
41. Hoppe C, Molgaard C, Thomsen BL, Juul A, Michaelsen KF. Protein intake at 9 mo of age is associated with body size but not with body fat in 10-y-old Danish children. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:494-501. (Pubitemid 41115596)
42. Svahn JC, Feldl F, Raiha NC, Koletzko B, Axelsson IE. Different quantities and quality of fat in milk products given to young children: effects on long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids in plasma. Acta Paediatr 2002;91:20-9. (Pubitemid 34151214)
43. Michaelsen KF, Hoppe C, Lauritzen L, Molgaard C. Whole cow's milk: why, what and when? Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program 2007;60:201-16; discussion 16-9.
44. Courage ML, McCloy UR, Herzberg GR, Andrews WL, Simmons BS, McDonald AC, Mercer CN, Friel JK. Visual acuity development and fatty acid composition of erythrocytes in full-term infants fed breast milk, commercial formula, or evaporated milk. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1998;19:9-17. (Pubitemid 128456228)
45. Dhiman TR, Nam SH, Ure AL. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid content in milk and meat. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005;45:463-82. (Pubitemid 43203789)
46. Prais Botelho A, Santos-Zago LF, Costa de Oliveira A. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation modified the body composition and serum leptin levels in weaning rats. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2008;58:156-63.
47. Racine NM, Watras AC, Carrel AL, Allen DB, McVean JJ, Clark RR, O'Brien AR, O'Shea M, Scott CE, Schoeller DA. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accretion in overweight or obese children. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:1157-64.
48. Ayele Z, Peacock C. Improving access to and consumption of animal source foods in rural households: the experiences of a women-focused goat development program in the highlands of Ethiopia. J Nutr 2003;133:3981S-86S. (Pubitemid 37392580)
49. Razafindrakoto O, Ravelomanana N, Rasolofo A, Rakotoarimanana RD, Gourgue P, Coquin P, Briend A, Desjeux JF. Goat's milk as a substitute for cow's milk in undernourished children: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Pediatrics 1994;94:65-9. (Pubitemid 24194099)
50. Davidson GP, Townley RR. Structural and functional abnormalities of the small intestine due to nutritional folic acid deficiency in infancy. J Pediatr 1977;90:590-4. (Pubitemid 8083177)
51. Naiman JL, Oski FA. The folic acid content of milk: revised figures based on an improved assay method. Pediatrics 1964;34:274-6.
52. Soltyski J, Krzemien G, Fracka B. [A case of megaloblastic anemia in an 11-month-old infant fed with goat milk]. Pediatr Pol 1996;71:709-11.
53. Hinrichs J. Mediterranean milk and milk products. Eur J Nutr 2004;43 Suppl 1:I/12-17.
54. Dagnelie PC, van Dusseldorp M, van Staveren WA, Hautvast JG. Effects of macrobiotic diets on linear growth in infants and children until 10 years of age. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48 Suppl 1:S103-11; discussion S11-2.
55. Dagnelie PC, van Staveren WA. Macrobiotic nutrition and child health: results of a population-based, mixedlongitudinal cohort study in The Netherlands. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:1187S-96S. (Pubitemid 24144899)
56. Louwman MW, van Dusseldorp M, van de Vijver FJ, Thomas CM, Schneede J, Ueland PM, Refsum H, van Staveren WA. Signs of impaired cognitive function in adolescents with marginal cobalamin status. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:762-9.
57. Ruel M. Milk intake is associated with better growth in Latin America: evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys. FASEB J 2003;17:A1199.
58. Allen LH. The nutrition CRSP: what is marginal malnutrition, and does it affect human function? Nutr Rev 1993;51:255-67. (Pubitemid 23323698)
59. Sigman M, McDonald MA, Neumann C, Bwibo N. Prediction of cognitive competence in Kenyan children from toddler nutrition, family characteristics and abilities. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991;32:307-20.
60. Wachs TD, Moussa W, Bishry Z, Yunis F, Sobhy A, McCabe G, Jerome N, Galal O, Harrison G, Kirksey A. Relations between nutrition and cognitive performance in Egyptian toddlers. Intelligence 1993;17:151-72.
61. Marquis GS, Habicht JP, Lanata CF, Black RE, Rasmussen KM. Breast milk or animal-product foods improve linear growth of Peruvian toddlers consuming marginal diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:1102-9. (Pubitemid 27473332)
62. Gittelsohn J, Shankar AV, West KP, Jr., Ram R, Dhungel C, Dahal B. Infant feeding practices reflect antecedent risk of xerophthalmia in Nepali children. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51:484-90. (Pubitemid 27332295)
63. Allen LH, Gillespie S. What works? A review of the efficacy and effectiveness of nutrition interventions. Nutrition policy paper 19. Geneva:United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination Sub-Comittee on Nutrition, 2001.
64. Malcolm LA. Growth retardation in a New Guinea boarding school and its response to supplementary feeding. Br J Nutr 1970;24:297-305.
65. McLean ED, Allen LH, Neumann CG, Peerson JM, Siekmann JH, Murphy SP, Bwibo NO, Demment MW. Low plasma vitamin B-12 in Kenyan school children is highly prevalent and improved by supplemental animal source foods. J Nutr 2007;137:676-82. (Pubitemid 46397502)
66. Gibson RS, Yeudall F, Drost N, Mtitimuni BM, Cullinan TR. Experiences of a community-based dietary intervention to enhance micronutrient adequacy of diets low in animal source foods and high in phytate: a case study in rural Malawian children. J Nutr 2003;133:3992S-99S. (Pubitemid 37392582)
67. Creed-Kanashiro HM, Uribe TG, Bartolini RM, Fukumoto MN, Lopez TT, Zavaleta NM, Bentley ME. Improving dietary intake to prevent anemia in adolescent girls through community kitchens in a periurban population of Lima, Peru. J Nutr 2000;130:459S-61S. (Pubitemid 30073772)
68. Lartey A, Manu A, Brown KH, Peerson JM, Dewey KG. A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:391-404. (Pubitemid 29407160)
69. Dalton A, Wolmarans P, Witthuhn RC, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder SA, Smuts CM. A randomised control trial in schoolchildren showed improvement in cognitive function after consuming a bread spread, containing fish flour from a marine source. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009;80:143-9.
70. Maulen-Radovan I, Villagomez S, Soler E, Villicana R, Hernandez-Ronquillo L, Rosado JL. [Nutritional impact of whole milk supplemented with vitamins and minerals in children]]. Salud Publica Mex 1999;41:389-96. (Pubitemid 29500670)
71. Rivera JA, Shamah T, Villalpando S, Monterrubio E. Effectiveness of a large-scale iron-fortified milk distribution program on anemia and iron deficiency in low-income young children in Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:431-9.
72. Villalpando S, Shamah T, Rivera JA, Lara Y, Monterrubio E. Fortifying milk with ferrous gluconate and zinc oxide in a public nutrition program reduced the prevalence of anemia in toddlers. J Nutr 2006;136:2633-7. (Pubitemid 44521625)
73. Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Kumar J, Sarkar A, Menon VP, Black RE. Effects of fortified milk on morbidity in young children in north India: community based, randomised, double masked placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2007;334:140-44.
74. Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, Menon VP, Black RE. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One 2010;5:e12167.
75. Lien do TK, Nhung BT, Khan NC, Hop le T, Nga NT, Hung NT, Kiers J, Shigeru Y, te Biesebeke R. Impact of milk consumption on performance and health of primary school children in rural Vietnam. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2009;18:326-34.
76. Hall A, Hanh TT, Farley K, Quynh TP, Valdivia F. An evaluation of the impact of a school nutrition programme in Vietnam. Public Health Nutr 2007;10:819-26. (Pubitemid 47038204)
77. Graham D, Kira G, Conaglen J, McLennan S, Rush E. Vitamin D status of Year 3 children and supplementation through schools with fortified milk. Public Health Nutr 2009;12:2329-34.
78. Virtanen MA, Svahn CJ, Viinikka LU, Raiha NC, Siimes MA, Axelsson IE. Iron-fortified and unfortified cow's milk: effects on iron intakes and iron status in young children. Acta Paediatr 2001;90:724-31. (Pubitemid 32734139)
79. Silva MR, Dias G, Ferreira CL, Franceschini SC, Costa NM. Growth of preschool children was improved when fed an iron-fortified fermented milk beverage supplemented with Lactobacillus acidophilus. Nutr Res 2008;28:226-32. (Pubitemid 351470019)
80. Szymlek-Gay EA, Ferguson EL, Heath AL, Gray AR, Gibson RS. Food-based strategies improve iron status in toddlers: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:1541-51.
81. Iost C, Name JJ, Jeppsen RB, Ashmead HD. Repleting hemoglobin in iron deficiency anemia in young children through liquid milk fortification with bioavailable iron amino acid chelate. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:187-94. (Pubitemid 28160521)
82. Rapetti MC, Donato H, de Galvagni A, Lubovitsky M, Lanzilotta M, Trepacka E, Burlando G, Weill R. Correction of iron deficiency with an iron-fortified fluid whole cow's milk in children: results of a pilot study. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1997;19:192-6. (Pubitemid 27276283)
83. Stekel A, Olivares M, Cayazzo M, Chadud P, Llaguno S, Pizarro F. Prevention of iron deficiency by milk fortification. II. A field trial with a full-fat acidified milk. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:265-9. (Pubitemid 18091575)
84. Neumann CG, Bwibo NO, Murphy SP, Sigman M, Whaley S, Allen LH, Guthrie D, Weiss RE, Demment MW. Animal source foods improve dietary quality, micronutrient status, growth and cognitive function in Kenyan school children: background, study design and baseline findings. J Nutr 2003;133:3941S-49S. (Pubitemid 37392575)
85. Grillenberger M, Neumann CG, Murphy SP, Bwibo NO, van't Veer P, Hautvast JG, West CE. Food supplements have a positive impact on weight gain and the addition of animal source foods increases lean body mass of Kenyan schoolchildren. J Nutr 2003;133:3957S-64S. (Pubitemid 37392577)
86. Cuevas-Nasu L, Hernandez-Prado B, Shamah-Levy T, Monterrubio EA, Morales-Ruan Mdel C, Moreno-Macias LB. Overweight and obesity in school children aged 5 to 11 years participating in food assistance programs in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 2009;51 Suppl 4:S630-7.
87. Torres MA, Lobo NF, Sato K, Queiroz Sde S. [Fortification of fluid milk for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children under 4 years of age]. Rev Saude Publica 1996;30:350-7. (Pubitemid 126450408)
88. Olivares M, Walter T, Hertrampf E, Pizarro F, Stekel A. Prevention of iron deficiency by milk fortification. The Chilean experience. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1989; 361:109-13. (Pubitemid 20091745)
89. Sabikhi L. Designer milk. Adv Food Nutr Res 2007; 53:161-98.
90. Svahn JC, Feldl F, Raiha NC, Koletzko B, Axelsson IE. Fatty acid content of plasma lipid fractions, blood lipids, and apolipoproteins in children fed milk products containing different quantity and quality of fat. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000;31:152-61. (Pubitemid 30618305)
91. Dewey KG. Guiding principles for complementary feeding of the breastfed child. Geneva: Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization, 2004.
92. Wijndaele K, Lakshman R, Landsbaugh JR, Ong KK, Ogilvie D. Determinants of early weaning and use of unmodified cow's milk in infants: a systematic review. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109:2017-28.
93. Hernell O. Human milk vs. cow's milk and the evolution of infant formulas. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program 2011;67:17-28.
94. Allen LH. Maternal micronutrient malnutrition: effects on breast milk and infant nutrition, and priorities for intervention. SCN News 1994;11:21-4.
95. Brunken GS, Silva SM, Franca GV, Escuder MM, Venancio SI. Risk factors for early interruption of exclusive breastfeeding and late introduction of complementary foods among infants in midwestern Brazil. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2006;82:445-51. (Pubitemid 44917415)
96. Bhandari N, Kabir AK, Salam MA. Mainstreaming nutrition into maternal and child health programmes: scaling up of exclusive breastfeeding. Matern Child Nutr 2008;4 Suppl 1:5-23. (Pubitemid 351266874)
97. German JB, Freeman SL, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. Human milk oligosaccharides: evolution, structures and bioselectivity as substrates for intestinal bacteria. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program 2008;62:205-18; discussion 18-22.
98. Sela DA, Chapman J, Adeuya A, Kim JH, Chen F, Whitehead TR, Lapidus A, Rokhsar DS, Lebrilla CB, German JB, Price NP, Richardson PM, Mills DA. The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis reveals adaptations for milk utilization within the infant microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18964-9.
99. Ziegler EE. Adverse effects of cow's milk in infants. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program 2007;60:185-96; discussion 96-9.
100. Fernandes SM, de Morais MB, Amancio OM. Intestinal blood loss as an aggravating factor of iron deficiency in infants aged 9 to 12 months fed whole cow's milk. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008;42:152-6.
101. Jiang T, Jeter JM, Nelson SE, Ziegler EE. Intestinal blood loss during cow milk feeding in older infants: quantitative measurements. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000;154:673-8. (Pubitemid 30437548)
102. Wilson JF, Lahey ME, Heiner DC. Studies on iron metabolism. V. Further observations on cow's milkinduced gastrointestinal bleeding in infants with irondeficiency anemia. J Pediatr 1974;84:335-44.
103. Ziegler EE, Fomon SJ, Nelson SE, Rebouche CJ, Edwards BB, Rogers RR, Lehman LJ. Cow milk feeding in infancy: further observations on blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract. J Pediatr 1990;116:11-8. (Pubitemid 20038255)
104. Sullivan PB. Cows' milk induced intestinal bleeding in infancy. Arch Dis Child 1993;68:240-5. (Pubitemid 23067014)
105. Koletzko B, von Kries R, Monasterolo RC, Subias JE, Scaglioni S, Giovannini M, Beyer J, Demmelmair H, Anton B, Gruszfeld D, Dobrzanska A, Sengier A, Langhendries JP, Cachera MF, Grote V. Infant feeding and later obesity risk. Adv Exp Med Biol 2009;646:15-29.
106. Koletzko B, von Kries R, Closa R, Escribano J, Scaglioni S, Giovannini M, Beyer J, Demmelmair H, Gruszfeld D, Dobrzanska A, Sengier A, Langhendries JP, Rolland Cachera MF, Grote V. Lower protein in infant formula is associated with lower weight up to age 2 y: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1836-45.
107. Dorosty AR, Emmett PM, Cowin S, Reilly JJ. Factors associated with early adiposity rebound. ALSPAC Study Team. Pediatrics 2000;105:1115-8. (Pubitemid 30243793)
108. Benhamou AH, Schappi Tempia MG, Belli DC, Eigenmann PA. An overview of cow's milk allergy in children. Swiss Med Wkly 2009;139:300-7.
109. Poddar U, Yachha SK, Krishnani N, Srivastava A. Cow's milk protein allergy: an entity for recognition in developing countries. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;25:178-82.
110. Carvalho NF, Kenney RD, Carrington PH, Hall DE. Severe nutritional deficiencies in toddlers resulting from health food milk alternatives. Pediatrics 2001;107:E46.
111. Infant and young child nutrition. Geneva: Fifty-fourth World Health Assembly, 2001. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/WHA54.2-iycn- en.pdf
112. Heyman MB. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics 2006;118:1279-86. (Pubitemid 46090074)
113. Wang Y, Li S. Worldwide trends in dairy production and consumption and calcium intake: is promoting consumption of dairy products a sustainable solution for inadequate calcium intake? Food Nutr Bull 2008;29:172-85.
114. Sampson HA. Update on food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:805-19; quiz 20. (Pubitemid 38608586)
115. Motarjemi Y, Kaferstein F, Moy G, Quevedo F. Contaminated weaning food: a major risk factor for diarrhoea and associated malnutrition. Bull World Health Organ 1993;71:79-92. (Pubitemid 23075966)
116. Reference manual for U.S. milk powders. Arlington, Virginia: United States Dairy Export Council, 2005.
117. Hoppe C, Andersen GS, Jacobsen S, Molgaard C, Friis H, Sangild PT, Michaelsen KF. The use of whey or skimmed milk powder in fortified blended foods for vulnerable groups. J Nutr 2008;138:145S-61S.
118. Allen LH dBB, Dary O, Hurrell R. Guidelines for food fortification with micronutrients. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006.
119. Mills EW, Seetharaman K, Maretzki AN. A nutribusiness strategy for processing and marketing animal-source foods for children. J Nutr 2007;137:1115-8. (Pubitemid 46596923)
120. Global Health Risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.
121. Horton S. RJ. The economics of iron deficiency. Food Policy 2003;28:51-75.
122. Horton S. The economics of food fortification. J Nutr 2006;136:1068-71.
123. Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Mathers C, Rivera J. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 2008;371:243-60.
124. Repositioning nutrition as central to development. World Bank, 2006.
125. Alderman H, Hoddinott J, Kinsey B. Long term consequences of early childhood malnutrition. World Bank, 2003.
126. Stein AD, Wang M, Martorell R, Norris SA, Adair LS, Bas I, Sachdev HS, Bhargava SK, Fall CH, Gigante DP, Victora CG. Growth patterns in early childhood and final attained stature: data from five birth cohorts from lowand middle-income countries. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 22:353-9.
127. Bruinsma J. World agriculture: towards 2015/2030. An FAO perspective. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2003.
128. FAOSTAT. Available at: http://faostat.fao.org Accessed 6/22/2010.
129. Knips V. Developing countries and the global dairy sector. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005.