Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Detection, Diagnosis, and Characterization with Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 306-318

  Jansen, Sanaz A ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRCA1 PROTEIN; BRCA2 PROTEIN; CONTRAST MEDIUM;

ARTICLE; BENIGN TUMOR; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER INVASION; CANCER MORPHOLOGY; COMPUTER ASSISTED DIAGNOSIS; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE MODEL; EARLY CANCER; EXPERIMENTAL MOUSE; FALSE NEGATIVE RESULT; GENE MUTATION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTRADUCTAL CARCINOMA; MAMMOGRAPHY; MASTECTOMY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; TREATMENT PLANNING;

ANIMALS; BREAST; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CARCINOMA, INTRADUCTAL, NONINFILTRATING; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MICE; MIDDLE AGED; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 79960523650     PISSN: 08872171     EISSN: 15585034     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2011.02.007     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Allred D.C. Ductal carcinoma in situ: Terminology, classification, and natural history. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2010, 2010:134-138.
2. D'Orsi C.J. Imaging for the diagnosis and management of ductal carcinoma in situ. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2010, 2010:214-217.
3. Schouten van der Velden A.P., Boetes C., Bult P., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in size assessment of invasive breast carcinoma with an extensive intraductal component. BMC Med Imaging 2009, 9:5.
4. Van Goethem M., Schelfout K., Kersschot E., et al. MR mammography is useful in the preoperative locoregional staging of breast carcinomas with extensive intraductal component. Eur J Radiol 2007, 62:273-282.
5. Carlson G.W., Page A., Johnson E., et al. Local recurrence of ductal carcinoma in situ after skin-sparing mastectomy. J Am Coll Surg 2007, 204:1074-1078. discussion: 1078-1080.
6. Ernster V.L., Ballard-Barbash R., Barlow W.E., et al. Detection of ductal carcinoma in situ in women undergoing screening mammography. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002, 94:1546-1554.
7. Allegra C.J., Aberle D.R., Ganschow P., et al. National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference statement: Diagnosis and management of ductal carcinoma in situ September 22-24, 2009. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010, 102:161-169.
8. Stomper P.C., Connolly J.L. Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: Correlation between mammographic calcification and tumor subtype. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992, 159:483-485.
9. Kuhl C.K. Why do purely intraductal cancers enhance on breast MR images?. Radiology 2009, 253:281-283.
10. Tabar L., Chen H.H., Duffy S.W., et al. A novel method for prediction of long-term outcome of women with T1a, T1b, and 10-14 mm invasive breast cancers: A prospective study. Lancet 2000, 355:429-433.
11. Leonard G.D., Swain S.M. Ductal carcinoma in situ, complexities and challenges. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004, 96:906-920.
12. Schnitt S.J. Local outcomes in ductal carcinoma in situ based on patient and tumor characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2010, 2010:158-161.
13. Allred D.C., Wu Y., Mao S., et al. Ductal carcinoma in situ and the emergence of diversity during breast cancer evolution. Clin Cancer Res 2008, 14:370-378.
14. Porter D., Lahti-Domenici J., Keshaviah A., et al. Molecular markers in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Mol Cancer Res 2003, 1:362-375.
15. Ma X.J., Salunga R., Tuggle J.T., et al. Gene expression profiles of human breast cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:5974-5979.
16. Polyak K. Molecular markers for the diagnosis and management of ductal carcinoma in situ. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2010, 2010:210-213.
17. Kerlikowske K., Molinaro A.M., Gauthier M.L., et al. Biomarker expression and risk of subsequent tumors after initial ductal carcinoma in situ diagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010, 102:627-637.
18. Hwang E.S., DeVries S., Chew K.L., et al. Patterns of chromosomal alterations in breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10:5160-5167.
19. Vincent-Salomon A., Lucchesi C., Gruel N., et al. Integrated genomic and transcriptomic analysis of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Clin Cancer Res 2008, 14:1956-1965.
20. Perou C.M., Sorlie T., Eisen M.B., et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2000, 406:747-752.
21. Hannemann J., Velds A., Halfwerk J.B., et al. Classification of ductal carcinoma in situ by gene expression profiling. Breast Cancer Res 2006, 8:R61.
22. Sanders M.E., Schuyler P.A., Dupont W.D., et al. The natural history of low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in women treated by biopsy only revealed over 30 years of long-term follow-up. Cancer 2005, 103:2481-2484.
23. Erbas B., Provenzano E., Armes J., et al. The natural history of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: A review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006, 97:135-144.
24. Jones J.L. Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of breast cancer: Progression of ductal carcinoma in situ: The pathological perspective. Breast Cancer Res 2006, 8:204.
25. Duffy S.W., Agbaje O., Tabar L., et al. Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of breast cancer: Estimates of overdiagnosis from two trials of mammographic screening for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2005, 7:258-265.
26. Kerlikowske K. Epidemiology of ductal carcinoma in situ. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2010, 2010:139-141.
27. Fisher B., Costantino J., Redmond C., et al. Lumpectomy compared with lumpectomy and radiation therapy for the treatment of intraductal breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:1581-1586.
28. Fisher B., Dignam J., Wolmark N., et al. Tamoxifen in treatment of intraductal breast cancer: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-24 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999, 353:1993-2000.
29. Virnig B.A., Tuttle T.M., Shamliyan T., et al. Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: A systematic review of incidence, treatment, and outcomes. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010, 102:170-178.
30. Meijnen P., Gilhuijs K.G., Rutgers E.J. The effect of margins on the clinical management of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. J Surg Oncol 2008, 98:579-584.
31. Bijker N., Meijnen P., Peterse J.L., et al. Breast-conserving treatment with or without radiotherapy in ductal carcinoma-in-situ: Ten-year results of European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer randomized phase III trial 10853-A study by the EORTC Breast Cancer Cooperative Group and EORTC Radiotherapy Group. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:3381-3387.
32. Emdin S.O., Granstrand B., Ringberg A., et al. SweDCIS: Radiotherapy after sector resection for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Results of a randomised trial in a population offered mammography screening. Acta Oncol 2006, 45:536-543.
33. Fisher B., Land S., Mamounas E., et al. Prevention of invasive breast cancer in women with ductal carcinoma in situ: An update of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project experience. Semin Oncol 2001, 28:400-418.
34. Harris E.E., Schultz D.J., Jones H.A., et al. Factors associated with residual disease on re-excision in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Cancer J 2003, 9:42-48.
35. Holland R., Hendriks J.H., Vebeek A.L., et al. Extent, distribution, and mammographic/histological correlations of breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Lancet 1990, 335:519-522.
36. Lehman C.D. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of ductal carcinoma in situ. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2010, 2010:150-151.
37. Mossa-Basha M., Fundaro G.M., Shah B.A., et al. Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: MR imaging findings with histopathologic correlation. RadioGraphics 2010, 30:1673-1687.
38. Newstead G.M. MR imaging of ductal carcinoma in situ. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2010, 18:225-240. viii.
39. Yamada T., Mori N., Watanabe M., et al. Radiologic-pathologic correlation of ductal carcinoma in situ. RadioGraphics 2010, 30:1183-1198.
40. ACR Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System Atlas (BI-RADS) 2003, American College of Radiology, ACR, Reston, VA.
41. Jansen S.A., Newstead G.M., Abe H., et al. Pure ductal carcinoma in situ: Kinetic and morphologic MR characteristics compared with mammographic appearance and nuclear grade. Radiology 2007, 245:684-691.
42. Menell J.H., Morris E.A., Dershaw D.D., et al. Determination of the presence and extent of pure ductal carcinoma in situ by mammography and magnetic resonance imaging. Breast J 2005, 11:382-390.
43. Rosen E.L., Smith-Foley S.A., DeMartini W.B., et al. BI-RADS MRI enhancement characteristics of ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast J 2007, 13:545-550.
44. Bluemke D.A., Gatsonis C.A., Chen M.H., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the breast prior to biopsy. JAMA 2004, 292:2735-2742.
45. Lehman C.D., Gatsonis C., Kuhl C.K., et al. MRI evaluation of the contralateral breast in women with recently diagnosed breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:1295-1303.
46. Berg W.A., Gutierrez L., NessAiver M.S., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of mammography, clinical examination, US, and MR imaging in preoperative assessment of breast cancer. Radiology 2004, 233:830-849.
47. Kuhl C.K., Schrading S., Bieling H.B., et al. MRI for diagnosis of pure ductal carcinoma in situ: A prospective observational study. Lancet 2007, 370:485-492.
48. Warner E., Plewes D.B., Hill K.A., et al. Surveillance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, mammography, and clinical breast examination. JAMA 2004, 292:1317-1325.
49. Kuhl C.K., Schrading S., Leutner C.C., et al. Mammography, breast ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging for surveillance of women at high familial risk for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:8469-8476.
50. Kriege M., Brekelmans C.T., Boetes C., et al. Efficacy of MRI and mammography for breast-cancer screening in women with a familial or genetic predisposition. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:427-437.
51. Leach M.O., Boggis C.R., Dixon A.K., et al. Screening with magnetic resonance imaging and mammography of a UK population at high familial risk of breast cancer: A prospective multicentre cohort study (MARIBS). Lancet 2005, 365:1769-1778.
52. Rijnsburger A.J., Obdeijn I.M., Kaas R., et al. BRCA1-associated breast cancers present differently from BRCA2-associated and familial cases: Long-term follow-up of the Dutch MRISC Screening Study. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:5265-5273.
53. Warner E., Pa C. MRI surveillance for hereditary breast-cancer risk. Lancet 2005, 365:1747-1749.
54. Warner E. Improvement in DCIS detection rates by MRI over time in a high-risk breast screening study. Breast J 2011, 17:9-17.
55. Allen L.R., Lago-Toro C.E., Hughes J.H., et al. Is there a role for MRI in the preoperative assessment of patients with DCIS?. Ann Surg Oncol 2010, 17:2395-2400.
56. Kim do Y., Moon W.K., Cho N., et al. MRI of the breast for the detection and assessment of the size of ductal carcinoma in situ. Korean J Radiol 2007, 8:32-39.
57. Onesti J.K., Mangus B.E., Helmer S.D., et al. Breast cancer tumor size: Correlation between magnetic resonance imaging and pathology measurements. Am J Surg 2008, 196:844-848. discussion: 849-850.
58. Santamaria G., Velasco M., Farrus B., et al. Preoperative MRI of pure intraductal breast carcinoma--a valuable adjunct to mammography in assessing cancer extent. Breast 2008, 17:186-194.
59. Schouten van der Velden A.P., Boetes C., Bult P., et al. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis and size assessment of in situ and small invasive breast carcinoma. Am J Surg 2006, 192:172-178.
60. Hollingsworth A.B., Stough R.G., O'Dell C.A., et al. Breast magnetic resonance imaging for preoperative locoregional staging. Am J Surg 2008, 196:389-397.
61. Soderstrom C.E., Harms S.E., Copit D.S., et al. Three-dimensional RODEO breast MR imaging of lesions containing ductal carcinoma in situ. Radiology 1996, 201:427-432.
62. Uematsu T., Yuen S., Kasami M., et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging, multidetector row computed tomography, ultrasonography, and mammography for tumor extension of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008, 112:461-474.
63. Marcotte-Bloch C., Balu-Maestro C., Chamorey E., et al. MRI for the size assessment of pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): A prospective study of 33 patients. Eur J Radiol 2011, 77:462-467.
64. Teller P., Jefford V.J., Gabram S.G., et al. The utility of breast MRI in the management of breast cancer. Breast J 2010, 16:394-403.
65. Angarita F.A., Acuna S.A., Fonseca A., et al. Impact of preoperative breast MRIs on timing of surgery and type of intervention in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2010, 17:273-279.
66. Hoogerbrugge N., Kamm Y.J., Bult P., et al. The impact of a false-positive MRI on the choice for mastectomy in BRCA mutation carriers is limited. Ann Oncol 2008, 19:655-659.
67. Obdeijn I.M., Loo C.E., Rijnsburger A.J., et al. Assessment of false-negative cases of breast MR imaging in women with a familial or genetic predisposition. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010, 119:399-407.
68. Schnall M.D., Blume J., Bluemke D.A., et al. Diagnostic architectural and dynamic features at breast MR imaging: Multicenter study. Radiology 2006, 238:42-53.
69. Shimauchi A., Jansen S.A., Abe H., et al. Breast cancers not detected at MRI: Review of false-negative lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010, 194:1674-1679.
70. Teifke A., Hlawatsch A., Beier T., et al. Undetected malignancies of the breast: Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging at 1.0 T. Radiology 2002, 224:881-888.
71. Liu F., Peacock S., DeMartini W., et al. Background Parenchymal Enhancement on BREAST MRI: Characterization and Impact on Diagnostic Accuracy 2008, Radiological Society of North America, Chicago, IL.
72. Molleran V., Mahoney M.C. The BI-RADS breast magnetic resonance imaging lexicon. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2010, 18:171-185. vii.
73. Jansen S., Lin V., Giger M., et al. Normal parenchymal enhancement patterns in women undergoing MR screening of the breast. Eur Radiol 2011, in press.
74. Saslow D., Boetes C., Burke W., et al. American Cancer Society guidelines for breast screening with MRI as an adjunct to mammography. CA Cancer J Clin 2007, 57:75-89.
75. Hwang E.S., McLennan J.L., Moore D.H., et al. Ductal carcinoma in situ in BRCA mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:642-647.
76. Brekelmans C.T., Seynaeve C., Bartels C.C., et al. Effectiveness of breast cancer surveillance in BRCA1/2 gene mutation carriers and women with high familial risk. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:924-930.
77. Pisano E.D. Mode of detection and secular time for ductal carcinoma in situ. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2010, 2010:142-144.
78. Bleicher R.J., Ciocca R.M., Egleston B.L., et al. Association of routine pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging with time to surgery, mastectomy rate, and margin status. J Am Coll Surg 2009, 209:180-187. quiz:294185.
79. Turnbull L., Brown S., Harvey I., et al. Comparative effectiveness of MRI in breast cancer (COMICE) trial: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010, 375:563-571.
80. Turnbull L.W., Brown S.R., Olivier C., et al. Multicentre randomised controlled trial examining the cost-effectiveness of contrast-enhanced high field magnetic resonance imaging in women with primary breast cancer scheduled for wide local excision (COMICE). Health Technol Assess 2010, 14:1-182.
81. Solin L.J., Orel S.G., Hwang W.T., et al. Relationship of breast magnetic resonance imaging to outcome after breast-conservation treatment with radiation for women with early-stage invasive breast carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:386-391.
82. Sakakibara M., Nagashima T., Sangai T., et al. Breast-conserving surgery using projection and reproduction techniques of surgical-position breast MRI in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. J Am Coll Surg 2008, 207:62-68.
83. Harms S.E. The use of breast magnetic resonance imaging in ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast J 2005, 11:379-381.
84. Jansen S.A., Fan X., Karczmar G.S., et al. Differentiation between benign and malignant breast lesions detected by bilateral dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: A sensitivity and specificity study. Magn Reson Med 2008, 59:747-754.
85. Oshida K., Nagashima T., Ueda T., et al. Pharmacokinetic analysis of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast using dynamic MR mammography. Eur Radiol 2005, 15:1353-1360.
86. Esserman L., Hylton N., George T., et al. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to assess tumor histopathology and angiogenesis in breast carcinoma. Breast J 1999, 5:13-21.
87. Szabo B.K., Aspelin P., Wiberg M.K., et al. Dynamic MR imaging of the breast. Analysis of kinetic and morphologic diagnostic criteria. Acta Radiol 2003, 44:379-386.
88. Jansen SA, Shimauchi A, Zak L, et al: The diverse pathology and kinetics of mass, nonmass and focus enhancement on MR imaging of the breast. J Magn Reson Imaging, in press.
89. Bartella L., Thakur S.B., Morris E.A., et al. Enhancing nonmass lesions in the breast: Evaluation with proton (1H) MR spectroscopy. Radiology 2007, 245:80-87.
90. Sakamoto N., Tozaki M., Higa K., et al. Categorization of non-mass-like breast lesions detected by MRI. Breast Cancer 2008, 15:241-246.
91. Yabuuchi H., Matsuo Y., Kamitani T., et al. Non-mass-like enhancement on contrast-enhanced breast MR imaging: Lesion characterization using combination of dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MR images. Eur J Radiol 2010, 75:e126-e132.
92. Jansen S.A., Fan X., Karczmar G.S., et al. DCEMRI of breast lesions: Is kinetic analysis equally effective for both mass and nonmass-like enhancement?. Med Phys 2008, 35:3102-3109.
93. Tozaki M., Fukuda K. High-spatial-resolution MRI of non-masslike breast lesions: Interpretation model based on BI-RADS MRI descriptors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006, 187:330-337.
94. Tozaki M., Igarashi T., Fukuda K. Breast MRI using the VIBE sequence: Clustered ring enhancement in the differential diagnosis of lesions showing non-masslike enhancement. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006, 187:313-321.
95. Jeh S.K., Kim S.H., Kim H.S., et al. Correlation of the apparent diffusion coefficient value and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging findings with prognostic factors in invasive ductal carcinoma. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011, 33:102-109.
96. Chan S, Chen JH, Agrawal G, et al: Characterization of pure ductal carcinoma in situ on dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging: Do nonhigh Grade and high grade show different imaging features? Oncology, in press.
97. Viehweg P., Lampe D., Buchmann J., et al. In situ and minimally invasive breast cancer: Morphologic and kinetic features on contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Magma 2000, 11:129-137.
98. Neubauer H., Li M., Kuehne-Heid R., et al. High grade and non-high grade ductal carcinoma in situ on dynamic MR mammography: Characteristic findings for signal increase and morphological pattern of enhancement. Br J Radiol 2003, 76:3-12.
99. Furman-Haran E., Schechtman E., Kelcz F., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging reveals functional diversity of the vasculature in benign and malignant breast lesions. Cancer 2005, 104:708-718.
100. Vag T., Baltzer P.A., Dietzel M., et al. Kinetic characteristics of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in dynamic breast MRI using computer-assisted analysis. Acta Radiol 2010, 51:955-961.
101. Facius M., Renz D.M., Neubauer H., et al. Characteristics of ductal carcinoma in situ in magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Imaging 2007, 31:394-400.
102. Jansen S.A., Fan X., Medved M., et al. Characterizing early contrast uptake of ductal carcinoma in situ with high temporal resolution dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the breast: A pilot study. Phys Med Biol 2010, 55:N473-N485.
103. Esserman L.J., Kumar A.S., Herrera A.F., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging captures the biology of ductal carcinoma in situ. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:4603-4610.
104. Guidi A.J., Fischer L., Harris J.R., et al. Microvessel density and distribution in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994, 86:614-619.
105. Allred D.C. Biomarkers predicting recurrence and progression of ductal carcinoma in situ treated by lumpectomy alone. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010, 102:585-587.
106. Gauthier M.L., Berman H.K., Miller C., et al. Abrogated response to cellular stress identifies DCIS associated with subsequent tumor events and defines basal-like breast tumors. Cancer Cell 2007, 12:479-491.
107. Kuhl C.K. Concepts for differential diagnosis in breast MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2006, 14:305-328. v.
108. Jansen S.A., Shimauchi A., Zak L., et al. Kinetic curves of malignant lesions are not consistent across MRI systems: Need for improved standardization of breast dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI acquisition. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009, 193:832-839.
109. Bhooshan N., Giger M.L., Jansen S.A., et al. Cancerous breast lesions on dynamic contrast-enhanced MR images: Computerized characterization for image-based prognostic markers. Radiology 2010, 254:680-690.
110. Chen W., Giger M.L., Bick U., et al. Automatic identification and classification of characteristic kinetic curves of breast lesions on DCE-MRI. Med Phys 2006, 33:2878-2887.
111. Partridge S.C., DeMartini W.B., Kurland B.F., et al. Quantitative diffusion-weighted imaging as an adjunct to conventional breast MRI for improved positive predictive value. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009, 193:1716-1722.
112. Jansen S.A., Fan X., Medved M., et al. Characterizing early contrast uptake of ductal carcinoma in situ with high temporal resolution dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the breast: A pilot study. Phys Med Biol 2010, 55:N473-N485.
113. Dougherty L., Isaac G., Rosen M.A., et al. High frame-rate simultaneous bilateral breast DCE-MRI. Magn Reson Med 2007, 57:220-225.
114. Cardiff R.D., Wellings S.R. The comparative pathology of human and mouse mammary glands. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1999, 4:105-122.
115. Behbod F., Kittrell F.S., LaMarca H., et al. An intraductal human-in-mouse transplantation model mimics the subtypes of ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res 2009, 11:R66.
116. Miller F.R., Santner S.J., Tait L., et al. MCF10DCIS.com xenograft model of human comedo ductal carcinoma in situ. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000, 92:1185-1186.
117. Tait L.R., Pauley R.J., Santner S.J., et al. Dynamic stromal-epithelial interactions during progression of MCF10DCIS.com xenografts. Int J Cancer 2007, 120:2127-2134.
118. Hu M., Yao J., Carroll D.K., et al. Regulation of in situ to invasive breast carcinoma transition. Cancer Cell 2008, 13:394-406.
119. Jones R.A., Campbell C.I., Gunther E.J., et al. Transgenic overexpression of IGF-IR disrupts mammary ductal morphogenesis and induces tumor formation. Oncogene 2007, 26:1636-1644.
120. Li Y., Zhang Y., Hill J., et al. The rexinoid, bexarotene, prevents the development of premalignant lesions in MMTV-erbB2 mice. Br J Cancer 2008, 98:1380-1388.
121. Maglione J.E., Moghanaki D., Young L.J., et al. Transgenic polyoma middle-T mice model premalignant mammary disease. Cancer Res 2001, 61:8298-8305.
122. Medina D., Kittrell F.S., Shepard A., et al. Biological and genetic properties of the p53 null preneoplastic mammary epithelium. FASEB J 2002, 16:881-883.
123. Schulze-Garg C., Lohler J., Gocht A., et al. A transgenic mouse model for the ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the mammary gland. Oncogene 2000, 19:1028-1037.
124. Frech M.S., Halama E.D., Tilli M.T., et al. Deregulated estrogen receptor alpha expression in mammary epithelial cells of transgenic mice results in the development of ductal carcinoma in situ. Cancer Res 2005, 65:681-685.
125. Molyneux G., Geyer F.C., Magnay F.A., et al. BRCA1 basal-like breast cancers originate from luminal epithelial progenitors and not from basal stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2010, 7:403-417.
126. Jansen S.A., Conzen S.D., Fan X., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the natural history of in situ mammary neoplasia in transgenic mice: A pilot study. Breast Cancer Res 2009, 11:R65.
127. Van Dyke T., Jacks T. Cancer modeling in the modern era: Progress and challenges. Cell 2002, 108:135-144.
128. Jansen S.A., Conzen S.D., Fan X., et al. Detection of in situ mammary cancer in a transgenic mouse model: In vitro and in vivo MRI studies demonstrate histopathologic correlation. Phys Med Biol 2008, 53:5481-5493.
129. Jansen S.A., Paunesku T., Fan X., et al. Ductal carcinoma in situ: X-ray fluorescence microscopy and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging reveals gadolinium uptake within neoplastic mammary ducts in a murine model. Radiology 2009, 253:399-406.
130. Bleicher R.J., Morrow M. MRI and breast cancer: Role in detection, diagnosis, and staging. Oncol Williston Park 2007, 21:1521-1528. 1530; discussion: 1530:15321523.
131. Mariano M.N., van den Bosch M.A., Daniel B.L., et al. Contrast-enhanced MRI of ductal carcinoma in situ: Characteristics of a new intensity-modulated parametric mapping technique correlated with histopathologic findings. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005, 22:520-526.
132. Groves A.M., Warren R.M., Godward S., et al. Characterization of pure high-grade DCIS on magnetic resonance imaging using the evolving breast MR lexicon terminology: Can it be differentiated from pure invasive disease?. Magn Reson Imaging 2005, 23:733-738.
133. Sardanelli F., Podo F., Santoro F., et al. Multicenter surveillance of women at high genetic breast cancer risk using mammography, ultrasonography, and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (the high breast cancer risk Italian 1 study): Final results. Invest Radiol 2011, 46:94-105.
134. Gilbert F.J., Warren R.M., Kwan-Lim G., et al. Cancers in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers and in women at high risk for breast cancer: MR imaging and mammographic features. Radiology 2009, 252:358-368.
135. Shah P., Rosen M., Stopfer J., et al. Prospective study of breast MRI in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: Effect of mutation status on cancer incidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009, 118:539-546.
136. Kaas R., Muller S.H., Hart A.A., et al. Stage of breast cancers found during the surveillance of women with a familial or hereditary risk. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008, 34:501-507.
137. Bigenwald R.Z., Warner E., Gunasekara A., et al. Is mammography adequate for screening women with inherited BRCA mutations and low breast density?. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008, 17:706-711.
138. Schrading S., Kuhl C.K. Mammographic, US, and MR imaging phenotypes of familial breast cancer. Radiology 2008, 246:58-70.
139. Hagen A.I., Kvistad K.A., Maehle L., et al. Sensitivity of MRI versus conventional screening in the diagnosis of BRCA-associated breast cancer in a national prospective series. Breast 2007, 16:367-374.