Glycerophospholipid acquisition in Plasmodium - A puzzling assembly of biosynthetic pathways

International Journal for Parasitology

Volumn 40, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 1347-1365

  Déchamps, Sandrine ^a   Shastri, Shilpa ^a   Wengelnik, Kai ^a   Vial, Henri J ^a  

^a CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

Fatty acid; Lipid; Malaria; Phosphatidylcholine; Phosphatidylethanolamine; Phosphatidylserine; Phosphoinositide; Phospholipid

Indexed keywords

CHOLINE KINASE; CHOLINE PHOSPHATE CYTIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; CHOLINEPHOSPHOTRANSFERASE; CYTIDINE DIPHOSPHATE; CYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE; DIACYLGLYCEROL; ETHANOLAMINE KINASE; ETHANOLAMINE PHOSPHATE CYTIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; ETHANOLAMINE PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE; FATTY ACID; GLYCEROL 3 PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE; GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPID; LIPID; NUCLEOTIDYLTRANSFERASE; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITIDE; PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CHEMOSYNTHESIS; FATTY ACID; GROWTH RATE; LIPID; MALARIA; MEMBRANE; METABOLISM; PARASITOLOGY; PROTIST;

CELL DIVISION; CELL GROWTH; ERYTHROCYTE LEVEL; FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS; FATTY ACID TRANSPORT; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; HUMAN; LIVER LEVEL; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OOCYST; PARASITE DEVELOPMENT; PARASITE VIRULENCE; PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM; PHOSPHOLIPID METHYLATION; PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS; PLASMODIUM; PROTIST LIFE CYCLE STAGE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPOROZOITE;

ANIMALS; BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS; ERYTHROCYTES; GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS; HUMANS; MALARIA; PLASMODIUM; PROTOZOAN PROTEINS;

EUKARYOTA; PLASMODIUM (APICOMPLEXA); PROKARYOTA;

EID: 79960361078     PISSN: 00207519     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.05.008     Document Type: Review

References (220)

1. Alberge B., Gannoun-Zaki L., Bascunana C., Tran van Ba C., Vial H., Cerdan R. Comparison of the cellular and biochemical properties of Plasmodium falciparum choline and ethanolamine kinases. Biochem. J. 2010, 425:149-158.
2. Allary M., Lu J.Z., Zhu L., Prigge S.T. Scavenging of the cofactor lipoate is essential for the survival of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Microbiol. 2007, 63:1331-1344.
3. Ancelin M.L., Parant M., Thuet M.J., Philippot J.R., Vial H.J. Increased permeability to choline in simian erythrocytes after Plasmodium knowlesi infection. Biochem. J. 1991, 273(Pt 3):701-709.
4. Ancelin M.L., Vial H.J. Choline kinase activity in Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes: characterization and utilization as a parasite-specific marker in malarial fractionation studies. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1986, 875:52-58.
5. Ancelin M.L., Vial H.J. Several lines of evidence demonstrating that Plasmodium falciparum, a parasitic organism, has distinct enzymes for the phosphorylation of choline and ethanolamine. FEBS Lett. 1986, 202:217-223.
6. Ancelin M.L., Vial H.J. Regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1989, 1001:82-89.
7. Ansorge I., Jeckel D., Wieland F., Lingelbach K. Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes utilize a synthetic truncated ceramide precursor for synthesis and secretion of truncated sphingomyelin. Biochem. J. 1995, 308:335-341.
8. Asahi H. Plasmodium falciparum: chemically defined medium for continuous intraerythrocytic growth using lipids and recombinant albumin. Exp. Parasitol. 2009, 121:22-28.
9. Asahi H., Kanazawa T., Hirayama N., Kajihara Y. Investigating serum factors promoting erythrocytic growth of Plasmodium falciparum. Exp. Parasitol. 2005, 109:7-15.
10. Atella G.C., Bittencourt-Cunha P.R., Nunes R.D., Shahabuddin M., Silva-Neto M.A. The major insect lipoprotein is a lipid source to mosquito stages of malaria parasite. Acta Trop. 2009, 109:159-162.
11. Athenstaedt K., Daum G. Phosphatidic acid, a key intermediate in lipid metabolism. Eur. J. Biochem. 1999, 266:1-16.
12. Aurrecoechea C., Brestelli J., Brunk B.P., Dommer J., Fischer S., Gajria B., Gao X., Gingle A., Grant G., Harb O.S., Heiges M., Innamorato F., Iodice J., Kissinger J.C., Kraemer E., Li W., Miller J.A., Nayak V., Pennington C., Pinney D.F., Roos D.S., Ross C., Stoeckert C.J., Treatman C., Wang H. PlasmoDB: a functional genomic database for malaria parasites. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009, 37:D539-543.
13. Aurrecoechea C., Heiges M., Wang H., Wang Z., Fischer S., Rhodes P., Miller J., Kraemer E., Stoeckert C.J., Roos D.S., Kissinger J.C. ApiDB: integrated resources for the apicomplexan bioinformatics resource center. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007, 35:D427-430.
14. Bakovic M., Fullerton M.D., Michel V. Metabolic and molecular aspects of ethanolamine phospholipid biosynthesis: the role of CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (Pcyt2). Biochem. Cell Biol. 2007, 85:283-300.
15. Bano N., Romano J.D., Jayabalasingham B., Coppens I. Cellular interactions of Plasmodium liver stage with its host mammalian cell. Int. J. Parasitol. 2007, 37:1329-1341.
16. Baunaure F., Eldin P., Cathiard A.M., Vial H. Characterization of a non-mitochondrial type I phosphatidylserine decarboxylase in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Microbiol. 2004, 51:33-46.
17. Beaumelle B.D., Vial H.J. Modification of the fatty acid composition of individual phospholipids and neutral lipids after infection of the simian erythrocyte by Plasmodium knowlesi. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1986, 877:262-270.
18. Beaumelle B.D., Vial H.J. Acyl-CoA synthetase activity in Plasmodium knowlesi-infected erythrocytes displays peculiar substrate specificities. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1988, 958:1-9.
19. Beitz E., Pavlovic-Djuranovic S., Yasui M., Agre P., Schultz J.E. Molecular dissection of water and glycerol permeability of the aquaglyceroporin from Plasmodium falciparum by mutational analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:1153-1158.
20. Bethke L.L., Zilversmit M., Nielsen K., Daily J., Volkman S.K., Ndiaye D., Lozovsky E.R., Hartl D.L., Wirth D.F. Duplication, gene conversion, and genetic diversity in the species-specific acyl-CoA synthetase gene family of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2006, 150:10-24.
21. Biagini G.A., Pasini E.M., Hughes R., De Koning H.P., Vial H.J., O'Neill P.M., Ward S.A., Bray P.G. Characterization of the choline carrier of Plasmodium falciparum: a route for the selective delivery of novel antimalarial drugs. Blood 2004, 104:3372-3377.
22. Biagini G.A., Ward S.A., Bray P.G. Malaria parasite transporters as a drug-delivery strategy. Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21:299-301.
23. Bladergroen B.A., van Golde L.M. CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1997, 1348:91-99.
24. Bleijerveld O.B., Brouwers J.F., Vaandrager A.B., Helms J.B., Houweling M. The CDP-ethanolamine pathway and phosphatidylserine decarboxylation generate different phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:28362-28372.
25. Bogan M.J., Agnes G.R., Pio F., Cornell R.B. Interdomain and membrane interactions of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase revealed via limited proteolysis and mass spectrometry. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:19613-19624.
26. Bolognese C.P., McGraw P. The isolation and characterization in yeast of a gene for Arabidopsis S-adenosylmethionine:phospho-ethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Plant Physiol. 2000, 124:1800-1813.
27. Boutlis C.S., Riley E.M., Anstey N.M., de Souza J.B. Glycosylphosphatidylinositols in malaria pathogenesis and immunity: potential for therapeutic inhibition and vaccination. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2005, 297:145-185.
28. Bozdech Z., Llinas M., Pulliam B.L., Wong E.D., Zhu J., DeRisi J.L. The transcriptome of the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle of Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Biol. 2003, 1:E5.
29. Brayton K.A., Lau A.O., Herndon D.R., Hannick L., Kappmeyer L.S., Berens S.J., Bidwell S.L., Brown W.C., Crabtree J., Fadrosh D., Feldblum T., Forberger H.A., Haas B.J., Howell J.M., Khouri H., Koo H., Mann D.J., Norimine J., Paulsen I.T., Radune D., Ren Q., Smith R.K., Suarez C.E., White O., Wortman J.R., Knowles D.P., McElwain T.F., Nene V.M. Genome sequence of Babesia bovis and comparative analysis of apicomplexan hemoprotozoa. PLoS Pathog. 2007, 3:1401-1413.
30. Brendza K.M., Haakenson W., Cahoon R.E., Hicks L.M., Palavalli L.H., Chiapelli B.J., McLaird M., McCarter J.P., Williams D.J., Hresko M.C., Jez J.M. Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PMT-1) catalyses the first reaction of a new pathway for phosphocholine biosynthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochem. J. 2007, 404:439-448.
31. Capurro C., Ford P., Ibarra C., Ripoche P., Parisi M. Water permeability properties of the ovarian oocytes from Bufo arenarum and Xenopus laevis: a comparative study. J. Membr. Biol. 1994, 138:151-157.
32. Carballeira N.M. New advances in fatty acids as antimalarial, antimycobacterial and antifungal agents. Prog. Lipid Res. 2008, 47:50-61.
33. Carman G.M., Han G.S. Regulation of phospholipid synthesis in yeast. J. Lipid Res. 2009, 50(Suppl.):S69-S73.
34. Carman G.M., Henry S.A. Phospholipid biosynthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and interrelationship with other metabolic processes. Prog. Lipid Res. 1999, 38:361-399.
35. Chan C., Goh L.L., Sim T.S. Differences in biochemical properties of the plasmodial falcipain-2 and berghepain-2 orthologues: implications for in vivo screens of inhibitors. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2005, 249:315-321.
36. Channe Gowda D. Structure and activity of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors of Plasmodium falciparum. Microbes Infect. 2002, 4:983-990.
37. Charron J.B., Breton G., Danyluk J., Muzac I., Ibrahim R.K., Sarhan F. Molecular and biochemical characterization of a cold-regulated phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase from wheat. Plant Physiol. 2002, 129:363-373.
38. Cheon H.M., Shin S.W., Bian G., Park J.H., Raikhel A.S. Regulation of lipid metabolism genes, lipid carrier protein lipophorin, and its receptor during immune challenge in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:8426-8435.
39. Choubey V., Guha M., Maity P., Kumar S., Raghunandan R., Maulik P.R., Mitra K., Halder U.C., Bandyopadhyay U. Molecular characterization and localization of Plasmodium falciparum choline kinase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2006, 1760:1027-1038.
40. Choubey V., Maity P., Guha M., Kumar S., Srivastava K., Puri S.K., Bandyopadhyay U. Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum choline kinase by hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide: a possible antimalarial mechanism. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007, 51:696-706.
41. Clement J.M., Kent C. CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase: insights into regulatory mechanisms and novel functions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1999, 257:643-650.
42. Coppens I. Contribution of host lipids to Toxoplasma pathogenesis. Cell. Microbiol. 2006, 8:1-9.
43. Coppens I., Vielemeyer O. Insights into unique physiological features of neutral lipids in Apicomplexa: from storage to potential mediation in parasite metabolic activities. Int. J. Parasitol. 2005, 35:597-615.
44. Corvera S., D'Arrigo A., Stenmark H. Phosphoinositides in membrane traffic. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1999, 11:460-465.
45. Cruz-Ramirez A., Lopez-Bucio J., Ramirez-Pimentel G., Zurita-Silva A., Sanchez-Calderon L., Ramirez-Chavez E., Gonzalez-Ortega E., Herrera-Estrella L. The xipotl mutant of Arabidopsis reveals a critical role for phospholipid metabolism in root system development and epidermal cell integrity. Plant Cell 2004, 16:2020-2034.
46. Daily J.P., Scanfeld D., Pochet N., Le Roch K., Plouffe D., Kamal M., Sarr O., Mboup S., Ndir O., Wypij D., Levasseur K., Thomas E., Tamayo P., Dong C., Zhou Y., Lander E.S., Ndiaye D., Wirth D., Winzeler E.A., Mesirov J.P., Regev A. Distinct physiological states of Plasmodium falciparum in malaria-infected patients. Nature 2007, 450:1091-1095.
47. Dame J.B., Yowell C.A., Omara-Opyene L., Carlton J.M., Cooper R.A., Li T. Plasmepsin 4, the food vacuole aspartic proteinase found in all Plasmodium spp. infecting man. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2003, 130:1-12.
48. Das I., De Belleroche J., Moore C.J., Rose F.C. Determination of free choline in plasma and erythrocyte samples and choline derived from membrane phosphatidylcholine by a chemiluminescent method. Anal. Biochem. 1986, 152:178-182.
49. Davalos L.M., Perkins S.L. Saturation and base composition bias explain phylogenomic conflict in Plasmodium. Genomics 2008, 91:433-442.
50. Debierre-Grockiego F., Schwarz R.T. Immunological reactions in response to apicomplexan glycosylphosphatidylinositols. Glycobiology 2010, 20:801-811.
51. Déchamps S., Maynadier M., Wein S., Gannoun-Zaki L., Maréchal E., Vial H.J. Rodent and nonrodent malaria parasites differ in their phospholipid metabolic pathways. J. Lipid Res. 2010, 51:81-96.
52. Déchamps S., Wengelnik K., Berry-Sterkers L., Cerdan R., Vial H.J., Gannoun-Zaki L. The Kennedy phospholipid biosynthesis pathways are refractory to genetic disruption in Plasmodium berghei and therefore appear essential in blood stages. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2010, 173:69-80.
53. Delorenzi M., Sexton A., Shams-Eldin H., Schwarz R.T., Speed T., Schofield L. Genes for glycosylphosphatidylinositol toxin biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum. Infect. Immun. 2002, 70:4510-4522.
54. Desai S.A., Krogstad D.J., McCleskey E.W. A nutrient-permeable channel on the intraerythrocytic malaria parasite. Nature 1993, 362:643-646.
55. Dittmer D.S. Blood and Other Body Fluids 1962, Federation of the American Society of Experimental Biology, Washington.
56. Divo A.A., Geary T.G., Davis N.L., Jensen J.B. Nutritional requirements of Plasmodium falciparum in culture. I. Exogenously supplied dialyzable components necessary for continuous growth. J. Protozool. 1985, 32:59-64.
57. Dluzewski A.R., Mitchell G.H., Fryer P.R., Griffiths S., Wilson R.J., Gratzer W.B. Origins of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, in human red blood cells. J. Cell Sci. 1992, 102:527-532.
58. Eda S., Sherman I.W. Cytoadherence of malaria-infected red blood cells involves exposure of phosphatidylserine. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2002, 12:373-384.
59. Egan T.J. Recent advances in understanding the mechanism of hemozoin (malaria pigment) formation. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2008, 102:1288-1299.
60. Egan T.J., Chen J.Y., de Villiers K.A., Mabotha T.E., Naidoo K.J., Ncokazi K.K., Langford S.J., McNaughton D., Pandiancherri S., Wood B.R. Haemozoin (beta-haematin) biomineralization occurs by self-assembly near the lipid/water interface. FEBS Lett. 2006, 580:5105-5110.
61. Elabbadi N., Ancelin M.L., Vial H.J. Characterization of phosphatidylinositol synthase and evidence of a polyphosphoinositide cycle in Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1994, 63:179-192.
62. Elabbadi N., Ancelin M.L., Vial H.J. Phospholipid metabolism of serine in Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes involves phosphatidylserine and direct serine decarboxylation. Biochem. J. 1997, 324(Pt 2):435-445.
63. Ferguson D.J., Campbell S.A., Henriquez F.L., Phan L., Mui E., Richards T.A., Muench S.P., Allary M., Lu J.Z., Prigge S.T., Tomley F., Shirley M.W., Rice D.W., McLeod R., Roberts C.W. Enzymes of type II fatty acid synthesis and apicoplast differentiation and division in Eimeria tenella. Int. J. Parasitol. 2007, 37:33-51.
64. Florens L., Washburn M.P., Raine J.D., Anthony R.M., Grainger M., Haynes J.D., Moch J.K., Muster N., Sacci J.B., Tabb D.L., Witney A.A., Wolters D., Wu Y., Gardner M.J., Holder A.A., Sinden R.E., Yates J.R., Carucci D.J. A proteomic view of the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle. Nature 2002, 419:520-526.
65. Ford P.S., Van Heusden M.C. Triglyceride-rich lipophorin in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 1994, 31:435-441.
66. Fossati T., Colombo M., Castiglioni C., Abbiati G. Determination of plasma choline by high-performance liquid chromatography with a postcolumn enzyme reactor and electrochemical detection. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl. 1994, 656:59-64.
67. Foth B.J., Stimmler L.M., Handman E., Crabb B.S., Hodder A.N., McFadden G.I. The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has only one pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which is located in the apicoplast. Mol. Microbiol. 2005, 55:39-53.
68. Friesen J.A., Park Y.S., Kent C. Purification and kinetic characterization of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein Expr. Purif. 2001, 21:141-148.
69. Fullerton M.D., Hakimuddin F., Bakovic M. Developmental and metabolic effects of disruption of the mouse CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase gene (Pcyt2). Mol. Cell. Biol. 2007, 27:3327-3336.
70. Gajria B., Bahl A., Brestelli J., Dommer J., Fischer S., Gao X., Heiges M., Iodice J., Kissinger J.C., Mackey A.J., Pinney D.F., Roos D.S., Stoeckert C.J., Wang H., Brunk B.P. ToxoDB: an integrated Toxoplasma gondii database resource. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008, 36:D553-556.
71. Gardner M.J., Bishop R., Shah T., de Villiers E.P., Carlton J.M., Hall N., Ren Q., Paulsen I.T., Pain A., Berriman M., Wilson R.J., Sato S., Ralph S.A., Mann D.J., Xiong Z., Shallom S.J., Weidman J., Jiang L., Lynn J., Weaver B., Shoaibi A., Domingo A.R., Wasawo D., Crabtree J., Wortman J.R., Haas B., Angiuoli S.V., Creasy T.H., Lu C., Suh B., Silva J.C., Utterback T.R., Feldblyum T.V., Pertea M., Allen J., Nierman W.C., Taracha E.L., Salzberg S.L., White O.R., Fitzhugh H.A., Morzaria S., Venter J.C., Fraser C.M., Nene V. Genome sequence of Theileria parva, a bovine pathogen that transforms lymphocytes. Science 2005, 309:134-137.
72. Gardner M.J., Hall N., Fung E., White O., Berriman M., Hyman R.W., Carlton J.M., Pain A., Nelson K.E., Bowman S., Paulsen I.T., James K., Eisen J.A., Rutherford K., Salzberg S.L., Craig A., Kyes S., Chan M.S., Nene V., Shallom S.J., Suh B., Peterson J., Angiuoli S., Pertea M., Allen J., Selengut J., Haft D., Mather M.W., Vaidya A.B., Martin D.M., Fairlamb A.H., Fraunholz M.J., Roos D.S., Ralph S.A., McFadden G.I., Cummings L.M., Subramanian G.M., Mungall C., Venter J.C., Carucci D.J., Hoffman S.L., Newbold C., Davis R.W., Fraser C.M., Barrell B. Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 2002, 419:498-511.
73. Gerold P., Dieckmann-Schuppert A., Schwarz R.T. Glycosylphosphatidylinositols synthesized by asexual erythrocytic stages of the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Candidates for plasmodial glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor precursors and pathogenicity factors. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:2597-2606.
74. Gibellini F., Hunter W.N., Smith T.K. The ethanolamine branch of the Kennedy pathway is essential in the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Microbiol. 2009, 73:826-843.
75. Ginsburg H. Progress in in silico functional genomics: the malaria Metabolic Pathways database. Trends Parasitol. 2006, 22:238-240.
76. Goldberg D.E. Hemoglobin degradation. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2005, 295:275-291.
77. Goodman C.D., McFadden G.I. Fatty acid biosynthesis as a drug target in apicomplexan parasites. Curr. Drug Targets 2007, 8:15-30.
78. Gratraud P., Huws E., Falkard B., Adjalley S., Fidock D.A., Berry L., Jacobs W.R., Baird M.S., Vial H., Kremer L. Oleic acid biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum: characterization of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase and investigation as a potential therapeutic target. PLoS One 2009, 4:e6889.
79. Gunther S., Storm J., Muller S. Plasmodium falciparum: organelle-specific acquisition of lipoic acid. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2009, 41:748-752.
80. Gunther S., Wallace L., Patzewitz E.M., McMillan P.J., Storm J., Wrenger C., Bissett R., Smith T.K., Muller S. Apicoplast lipoic acid protein ligase B is not essential for Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Pathog. 2007, 3:e189.
81. Gupta N., Zahn M.M., Coppens I., Joiner K.A., Voelker D.R. Selective disruption of phosphatidylcholine metabolism of the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii arrests its growth. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:16345-16353.
82. Haldar K. Sphingolipid synthesis and membrane formation by Plasmodium. Trends Cell Biol. 1996, 6:398-405.
83. Hall N., Karras M., Raine J.D., Carlton J.M., Kooij T.W., Berriman M., Florens L., Janssen C.S., Pain A., Christophides G.K., James K., Rutherford K., Harris B., Harris D., Churcher C., Quail M.A., Ormond D., Doggett J., Trueman H.E., Mendoza J., Bidwell S.L., Rajandream M.A., Carucci D.J., Yates J.R., Kafatos F.C., Janse C.J., Barrell B., Turner C.M., Waters A.P., Sinden R.E. A comprehensive survey of the Plasmodium life cycle by genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses. Science 2005, 307:82-86.
84. Hansen M., Kun J.F., Schultz J.E., Beitz E. A single, bi-functional aquaglyceroporin in blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:4874-4882.
85. Hendriks E.F., O'Sullivan W.J., Stewart T.S. Molecular cloning and characterization of the Plasmodium falciparum cytidine triphosphate synthetase gene. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998, 1399:213-218.
86. Hill D.A., Desai S.A. Malaria parasite mutants with altered erythrocyte permeability: a new drug resistance mechanism and important molecular tool. Future Microbiol. 2010, 5:81-97.
87. Hjelmstad R.H., Bell R.M. Sn-1,2-diacylglycerol choline- and ethanolaminephosphotransferases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mixed micellar analysis of the CPT1 and EPT1 gene products. J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266:4357-4365.
88. Hoang A.N., Ncokazi K.K., de Villiers K.A., Wright D.W., Egan T.J. Crystallization of synthetic haemozoin (beta-haematin) nucleated at the surface of lipid particles. Dalton Trans. 2010, 39:1235-1244.
89. Holz G.G. Lipids and the malaria parasite. Bull. World Health Organ. (WHO) 1977, 55:237-248.
90. Jackowski S., Fagone P. CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase: paving the way from gene to membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:853-856.
91. Jackson K.E., Klonis N., Ferguson D.J., Adisa A., Dogovski C., Tilley L. Food vacuole-associated lipid bodies and heterogeneous lipid environments in the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Microbiol. 2004, 54:109-122.
92. Joet T., Eckstein-Ludwig U., Morin C., Krishna S. Validation of the hexose transporter of Plasmodium falciparum as a novel drug target. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:7476-7479.
93. Joet T., Krishna S. The hexose transporter of Plasmodium falciparum is a worthy drug target. Acta Trop. 2004, 89:371-374.
94. Jost R., Berkowitz O., Shaw J., Masle J. Biochemical characterization of two wheat phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase isoforms with different sensitivities to inhibition by phosphatidic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:31962-31971.
95. Kanipes M.I., Henry S.A. The phospholipid methyltransferases in yeast. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1997, 1348:134-141.
96. Kent C. Eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1995, 64:315-343.
97. Kent C. Regulatory enzymes of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis: a personal perspective. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2005, 1733:53-66.
98. Keogh M.R., Courtney P.D., Kinney A.J., Dewey R.E. Functional characterization of phospholipid N-methyltransferases from Arabidopsis and soybean. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:15439-15447.
99. Kirk K., Saliba K.J. Targeting nutrient uptake mechanisms in Plasmodium. Curr. Drug Targets 2007, 8:75-88.
100. Kirk K., Staines H.M., Martin R.E., Saliba K.J. Transport properties of the host cell membrane. Novartis Found. Symp. 1999, 226:55-66.
101. Krishnegowda G., Gowda D.C. Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum incorporates extraneous fatty acids to its lipids without any structural modification. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2003, 132:55-58.
102. ts by a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase from Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2010, 172:149-151.
103. Krugliak M., Ginsburg H. The evolution of the new permeability pathways in Plasmodium falciparum - infected erythrocytes - a kinetic analysis. Exp. Parasitol. 2006, 114:253-258.
104. Kumar K.A., Baxter P., Tarun A.S., Kappe S.H., Nussenzweig V. Conserved protective mechanisms in radiation and genetically attenuated uis3(-) and uis4(-) Plasmodium sporozoites. PLoS One 2009, 4:e4480.
105. Lang F., Lang P.A., Lang K.S., Brand V., Tanneur V., Duranton C., Wieder T., Huber S.M. Channel-induced apoptosis of infected host cells-the case of malaria. Pflugers Arch. 2004, 448:319-324.
106. Larvor M.P., Cerdan R., Gumila C., Maurin L., Seta P., Roustan C., Vial H. Characterization of the lipid-binding domain of the Plasmodium falciparum CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase through synthetic-peptide studies. Biochem. J. 2003, 375:653-661.
107. Lawrence C.W., Cenedella R.J. Lipid content of Plasmodium berghei-infected rat red blood cells. Exp. Parasitol. 1969, 26:181-186.
108. Leber W., Skippen A., Fivelman Q.L., Bowyer P.W., Cockcroft S., Baker D.A. A unique phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase is activated by ADP-ribosylation factor in Plasmodium falciparum. Int. J. Parasitol. 2009, 39:645-653.
109. Lee S.H., Stephens J.L., Englund P.T. A fatty-acid synthesis mechanism specialized for parasitism. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2007, 5:287-297.
110. Lee S.H., Stephens J.L., Paul K.S., Englund P.T. Fatty acid synthesis by elongases in trypanosomes. Cell 2006, 126:691-699.
111. Lehane A.M., Saliba K.J., Allen R.J., Kirk K. Choline uptake into the malaria parasite is energized by the membrane potential. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 320:311-317.
112. Letunic I., Copley R.R., Schmidt S., Ciccarelli F.D., Doerks T., Schultz J., Ponting C.P., Bork P. SMART 4.0: towards genomic data integration. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004, 32:D142-144.
113. Lu J.Z., Muench S.P., Allary M., Campbell S., Roberts C.W., Mui E., McLeod R.L., Rice D.W., Prigge S.T. Type I and type II fatty acid biosynthesis in Eimeria tenella: enoyl reductase activity and structure. Parasitology 2007, 134:1949-1962.
114. Lund E.D., Chu F.L. Phospholipid biosynthesis in the oyster protozoan parasite, Perkinsus marinus. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2002, 121:245-253.
115. Lykidis A. Comparative genomics and evolution of eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis. Prog. Lipid Res. 2007, 46:171-199.
116. Marechal E., Azzouz N., de Macedo C.S., Block M.A., Feagin J.E., Schwarz R.T., Joyard J. Synthesis of chloroplast galactolipids in apicomplexan parasites. Eukaryot. Cell 2002, 1:653-656.
117. Martin D., Gannoun-Zaki L., Bonnefoy S., Eldin P., Wengelnik K., Vial H. Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum CDP-diacylglycerol synthase, a proteolytically cleaved enzyme. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2000, 110:93-105.
118. Martin R.E., Henry R.I., Abbey J.L., Clements J.D., Kirk K. The 'permeome' of the malaria parasite: an overview of the membrane transport proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. Genome Biol. 2005, 6:R26.
119. Martin S.K., Jett M., Schneider I. Correlation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis with exflagellation in the malaria microgametocyte. J. Parasitol. 1994, 80:371-378.
120. Martinsen E.S., Perkins S.L., Schall J.J. A three-genome phylogeny of malaria parasites (Plasmodium and closely related genera): evolution of life-history traits and host switches. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2008, 47:261-273.
121. Matesanz F., Duran-Chica I., Alcina A. The cloning and expression of Pfacs1, a Plasmodium falciparum fatty acyl coenzyme A synthetase-1 targeted to the host erythrocyte cytoplasm. J. Mol. Biol. 1999, 291:59-70.
122. Matesanz F., Tellez M.M., Alcina A. The Plasmodium falciparum fatty acyl-CoA synthetase family (PfACS) and differential stage-specific expression in infected erythrocytes. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2003, 126:109-112.
123. Matsumoto K. Phosphatidylserine synthase from bacteria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1997, 1348:214-227.
124. Mazumdar J., Wilson E.H., Masek K., Hunter C.A., Striepen B. Apicoplast fatty acid synthesis is essential for organelle biogenesis and parasite survival in Toxoplasma gondii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:13192-13197.
125. Mazumdar J., Striepen B. Make it or take it: fatty acid metabolism of apicomplexan parasites. Eukaryot. Cell 2007, 6:1727-1735.
126. McMillan P.J., Stimmler L.M., Foth B.J., McFadden G.I., Muller S. The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum possesses two distinct dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenases. Mol. Microbiol. 2005, 55:27-38.
127. McNeil S.D., Nuccio M.L., Ziemak M.J., Hanson A.D. Enhanced synthesis of choline and glycine betaine in transgenic tobacco plants that overexpress phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:10001-10005.
128. Mi-Ichi F., Kano S., Mitamura T. Oleic acid is indispensable for intraerythrocytic proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology 2007, 134:1671-1677.
129. Mi-Ichi F., Kita K., Mitamura T. Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum utilize a broad range of serum-derived fatty acids with limited modification for their growth. Parasitology 2006, 133:399-410.
130. Mikolajczak S.A., Jacobs-Lorena V., MacKellar D.C., Camargo N., Kappe S.H. l-FABP is a critical host factor for successful malaria liver stage development. Int. J. Parasitol. 2007, 37:483-489.
131. Min-Seok R., Kawamata Y., Nakamura H., Ohta A., Takagi M. Isolation and characterization of ECT1 gene encoding CTP: phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biochem. 1996, 120:1040-1047.
132. Mitamura T., Hanada K., Ko-Mitamura E.P., Nishijima M., Horii T. Serum factors governing intraerythrocytic development and cell cycle progression of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol. Int. 2000, 49:219-229.
133. Moll G.N., Vial H.J., Ancelin M.L., Op den Kamp J.A., Roelofsen B., van Deenen L.L. Phospholipid uptake by Plasmodium knowlesi infected erythrocytes. FEBS Lett. 1988, 232:341-346.
134. Mou Z., Wang X., Fu Z., Dai Y., Han C., Ouyang J., Bao F., Hu Y., Li J. Silencing of phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase results in temperature-sensitive male sterility and salt hypersensitivity in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2002, 14:2031-2043.
135. Mueller A.K., Labaied M., Kappe S.H., Matuschewski K. Genetically modified Plasmodium parasites as a protective experimental malaria vaccine. Nature 2005, 433:164-167.
136. Murphy S.C., Fernandez-Pol S., Chung P.H., Prasanna Murthy S.N., Milne S.B., Salomao M., Brown H.A., Lomasney J.W., Mohandas N., Haldar K. Cytoplasmic remodeling of erythrocyte raft lipids during infection by the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Blood 2007, 110:2132-2139.
137. Murphy S.C., Hiller N.L., Harrison T., Lomasney J.W., Mohandas N., Haldar K. Lipid rafts and malaria parasite infection of erythrocytes. Mol. Membr. Biol. 2006, 23:81-88.
138. Murphy S.C., Samuel B.U., Harrison T., Speicher K.D., Speicher D.W., Reid M.E., Prohaska R., Low P.S., Tanner M.J., Mohandas N., Haldar K. Erythrocyte detergent-resistant membrane proteins: their characterization and selective uptake during malarial infection. Blood 2004, 103:1920-1928.
139. Nawabi P., Lykidis A., Ji D., Haldar K. Neutral-lipid analysis reveals elevation of acylglycerols and lack of cholesterol esters in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Eukaryot. Cell 2003, 2:1128-1131.
140. Newby Z.E., O'Connell J., Robles-Colmenares Y., Khademi S., Miercke L.J., Stroud R.M. Crystal structure of the aquaglyceroporin PfAQP from the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2008, 15:619-625.
141. Nuccio M.L., Ziemak M.J., Henry S.A., Weretilnyk E.A., Hanson A.D. CDNA cloning of phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase from spinach by complementation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:14095-14101.
142. Olafsson P., Matile H., Certa U. Molecular analysis of Plasmodium falciparum hexokinase. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1992, 56:89-101.
143. Pain A., Renauld H., Berriman M., Murphy L., Yeats C.A., Weir W., Kerhornou A., Aslett M., Bishop R., Bouchier C., Cochet M., Coulson R.M., Cronin A., de Villiers E.P., Fraser A., Fosker N., Gardner M., Goble A., Griffiths-Jones S., Harris D.E., Katzer F., Larke N., Lord A., Maser P., McKellar S., Mooney P., Morton F., Nene V., O'Neil S., Price C., Quail M.A., Rabbinowitsch E., Rawlings N.D., Rutter S., Saunders D., Seeger K., Shah T., Squares R., Squares S., Tivey A., Walker A.R., Woodward J., Dobbelaere D.A., Langsley G., Rajandream M.A., McKeever D., Shiels B., Tait A., Barrell B., Hall N. Genome of the host-cell transforming parasite Theileria annulata compared with T. parva. Science 2005, 309:131-133.
144. Palacpac N.M.Q., Hiramine Y., Mi-Ichi F., Torii M., Kita K., Hiramatsu R., Horii T., Mitamura T. Developmental-stage-specific triacylglycerol biosynthesis, degradation and trafficking as lipid bodies in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. J. Cell Sci. 2004, 117:1469-1480.
145. Palavalli L.H., Brendza K.M., Haakenson W., Cahoon R.E., McLaird M., Hicks L.M., McCarter J.P., Williams D.J., Hresko M.C., Jez J.M. Defining the role of phosphomethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase from Caenorhabditis elegans in phosphocholine biosynthesis by biochemical and kinetic analysis. Biochemistry 2006, 45:6056-6065.
146. Pankova-Kholmyansky I., Flescher E. Potential new antimalarial chemotherapeutics based on sphingolipid metabolism. Chemotherapy 2006, 52:205-209.
147. Patel A.P., Staines H.M., Krishna S. New antimalarial targets: the example of glucose transport. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 2008, 6:58-66.
148. Pei Y., Tarun A.S., Vaughan A.M., Herman R.W., Soliman J.M., Erickson-Wayman A., Kappe S.H. Plasmodium pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is only essential for the parasite's progression from liver infection to blood infection. Mol. Microbiol. 2010, 75:957-971.
149. Perkins S.L., Sarkar I.N., Carter R. The phylogeny of rodent malaria parasites: simultaneous analysis across three genomes. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2007, 7:74-83.
150. Pessi G., Choi J.Y., Reynolds J.M., Voelker D.R., Mamoun C.B. In vivo evidence for the specificity of Plasmodium falciparum phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase and its coupling to the Kennedy pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:12461-12466.
151. Pessi G., Kociubinski G., Mamoun C.B. A pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum involving phosphoethanolamine methylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:6206-6211.
152. Pisciotta J.M., Sullivan D. Hemozoin: oil versus water. Parasitol. Int. 2008, 57:89-96.
153. Promeneur D., Liu Y., Maciel J., Agre P., King L.S., Kumar N. Aquaglyceroporin PbAQP during intraerythrocytic development of the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:2211-2216.
154. Prudencio M., Rodriguez A., Mota M.M. The silent path to thousands of merozoites: the Plasmodium liver stage. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2006, 4:849-856.
155. Ralph S.A. Strange organelles - Plasmodium mitochondria lack a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Mol. Microbiol. 2005, 55:1-4.
156. Ralph S.A., van Dooren G.G., Waller R.F., Crawford M.J., Fraunholz M.J., Foth B.J., Tonkin C.J., Roos D.S., McFadden G.I. Tropical infectious diseases: metabolic maps and functions of the Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2004, 2:203-216.
157. Reynolds J.M., Takebe S., Choi J.Y., El Bissati K., Witola W.H., Bobenchik A.M., Hoch J.C., Voelker D.R., Mamoun C.B. Biochemical and genetic analysis of the phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:7894-7900.
158. Rontein D., Nishida I., Tashiro G., Yoshioka K., Wu W.I., Voelker D.R., Basset G., Hanson A.D. Plants synthesize ethanolamine by direct decarboxylation of serine using a pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:35523-35529.
159. Sahu B.B., Shaw B.P. Isolation, identification and expression analysis of salt-induced genes in Suaeda maritima, a natural halophyte, using PCR-based suppression subtractive hybridization. BMC Plant Biol. 2009, 9:69.
160. Saldarriaga J.F., McEwan M.L., Fast N.M., Taylor F.J., Keeling P.J. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyrrhis marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2003, 53:355-365.
161. Sanders P.R., Kats L.M., Drew D.R., O'Donnell R.A., O'Neill M., Maier A.G., Coppel R.L., Crabb B.S. A set of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored membrane proteins of Plasmodium falciparum is refractory to genetic deletion. Infect. Immun. 2006, 74:4330-4338.
162. Santiago T.C., Zufferey R., Mehra R.S., Coleman R.A., Mamoun C.B. The Plasmodium falciparum PfGatp is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein important for the initial step of malarial glycerolipid synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:9222-9232.
163. Schnick C., Polley S.D., Fivelman Q.L., Ranford-Cartwright L.C., Wilkinson S.R., Brannigan J.A., Wilkinson A.J., Baker D.A. Structure and non-essential function of glycerol kinase in Plasmodium falciparum blood stages. Mol. Microbiol. 2009, 71:533-545.
164. Sharma A., Yogavel M., Akhouri R.R., Gill J., Sharma A. Crystal structure of soluble domain of malaria sporozoite protein UIS3 in complex with lipid. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:24077-24088.
165. Shastri S., Zeeman A.M., Berry L., Verburgh R.J., Braun-Breton C., Thomas A.W., Gannoun-Zaki L., Kocken C.H., Vial H.J. Plasmodium CDP-DAG synthase: an atypical gene with an essential N-terminal extension. Int. J. Parasitol. 2010, 40:1257-1268.
166. Shen H., Heacock P.N., Clancey C.J., Dowhan W. The CDS1 gene encoding CDP-diacylglycerol synthase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for cell growth. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:789-795.
167. Sherman I.W. Metabolism. Antimalarial Drugs 1984, 31-81. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. W. Peters, W.H.G. Richards (Eds.).
168. Shi Y., Cheng D. Beyond triglyceride synthesis: the dynamic functional roles of MGAT and DGAT enzymes in energy metabolism. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 297:E10-18.
169. Signorell A., Gluenz E., Rettig J., Schneider A., Shaw M.K., Gull K., Butikofer P. Perturbation of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis affects mitochondrial morphology and cell-cycle progression in procyclic-form Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Microbiol. 2009, 72:1068-1079.
170. Singh A., Shenai B.R., Choe Y., Gut J., Sijwali P.S., Craik C.S., Rosenthal P.J. Critical role of amino acid 23 in mediating activity and specificity of vinckepain-2, a papain-family cysteine protease of rodent malaria parasites. Biochem. J. 2002, 368:273-281.
171. Slavic K., Straschil U., Reininger L., Doerig C., Morin C., Tewari R., Krishna S. Life cycle studies of the hexose transporter of Plasmodium species and genetic validation of their essentiality. Mol. Microbiol. 2010, 75:1402-1413.
172. Slomianny C. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the feeding process of the malaria parasite. Blood Cells 1990, 16:369-378.
173. Sohlenkamp C., Lopez-Lara I.M., Geiger O. Biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine in bacteria. Prog. Lipid Res. 2003, 42:115-162.
174. Staines H.M., Ashmore S., Felgate H., Moore J., Powell T., Ellory J.C. Solute transport via the new permeability pathways in Plasmodium falciparum-infected human red blood cells is not consistent with a simple single-channel model. Blood 2006, 108:3187-3194.
175. Staines H.M., Derbyshire E.T., Slavic K., Tattersall A., Vial H., Krishna S. Exploiting the therapeutic potential of Plasmodium falciparum solute transporters. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26:284-296.
176. Stocker R., Cowden W.B., Tellam R.L., Weidemann M.J., Hunt N.H. Lipids from Plasmodium vinckei-infected erythrocytes and their susceptibility to oxidative damage. Lipids 1987, 22:51-57.
177. Surolia N., Surolia A. Triclosan offers protection against blood stages of malaria by inhibiting enoyl-ACP reductase of Plasmodium falciparum. Nat. Med. 2001, 7:167-173.
178. Tarun A.S., Vaughan A.M., Kappe S.H. Redefining the role of de novo fatty acid synthesis in Plasmodium parasites. Trends Parasitol. 2009, 25:545-550.
179. Tasseva G., Richard L., Zachowski A. Regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis under salt stress involves choline kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett. 2004, 566:115-120.
180. Tellez M., Matesanz F., Alcina A. The C-terminal domain of the Plasmodium falciparum acyl-CoA synthetases PfACS1 and PfACS3 functions as ligand for ankyrin. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2003, 129:191-198.
181. Trotter P.J., Voelker D.R. Identification of a non-mitochondrial phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity (PSD2) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:6062-6070.
182. Tsukagoshi Y., Nikawa J., Yamashita S. Molecular cloning and characterization of the gene encoding cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur. J. Biochem. 1987, 169:477-486.
183. Vaid A., Ranjan R., Smythe W.A., Hoppe H.C., Sharma P. PfPI3K, a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase from Plasmodium falciparum, is exported to the host erythrocyte and is involved in hemoglobin trafficking. Blood 2010, 115:2500-2507.
184. van Aalten D.M.F., Milne K.G., Zou J.Y., Kleywegt G.J., Bergfors T., Ferguson M.A.J., Knudsen J., Jones T.A. Binding site differences revealed by crystal structures of Plasmodium falciparum and bovine acyl-coa binding protein. J. Mol. Biol. 2001, 309:181-192.
185. Van Deenen L.L.M., De Gier J. Lipids of the red cell membrane. The Red Blood Cell 1975, 147-211. Academic Press, New York. G. Surgenor (Ed.).
186. Vance D.E., Ridgway D. The methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine. Prog. Lipid Res. 1988, 27:61-79.
187. Vance J.E. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine in mammalian cells: two metabolically related aminophospholipids. J. Lipid Res. 2008, 49:1377-1387.
188. Vance J.E., Steenbergen R. Metabolism and functions of phosphatidylserine. Prog. Lipid Res. 2005, 44:207-234.
189. Vance J.E., Vance D.E. Phospholipid biosynthesis in mammalian cells. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2004, 82:113-128.
190. Vaughan A.M., O'Neill M.T., Tarun A.S., Camargo N., Phuong T.M., Aly A.S., Cowman A.F., Kappe S.H. Type II fatty acid synthesis is essential only for malaria parasite late liver stage development. Cell. Microbiol. 2009, 11:506-520.
191. Vial H., Ancelin M. Malarial Lipids. Malaria: Parasite Biology, Biogenesis, Protection 1998, 159-175. ASM Press, Washington, DC. I. Sherman (Ed.).
192. Vial H., Mamoun C. Plasmodium lipids: metabolism and function. Molecular Approach to Malaria 2005, 327-352. ASM Press, Washington, DC. I. Sherman (Ed.).
193. Vial H.J., Ancelin M.L. Malarial lipids: an overview. Subcell. Biochem. 1992, 18:259-306.
194. Vial H.J., Ancelin M.L., Elabbadi N., Orcel H., Yeo H.J., Gumila C. Infected erythrocyte choline carrier inhibitors: exploring some potentialities inside Plasmodium phospholipid metabolism for eventual resistance acquisition. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1994, 89:91-97.
195. Vial H.J., Ancelin M.L., Philippot J.R., Thuet M.J. Biosynthesis and dynamics of lipids in Plasmodium-infected mature mammalian erythrocytes. Blood Cells 1990, 16:531-555.
196. Vial H.J., Ancelin M.L., Thuet M.J., Philippot J.R. Phospholipid metabolism in Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes: guidelines for further studies using radioactive precursor incorporation. Parasitology 1989, 98(Pt 3):351-357.
197. Vial H.J., Eldin P., Tielens A.G., van Hellemond J.J. Phospholipids in parasitic protozoa. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2003, 126:143-154.
198. Vial H.J., Philippot J.R., Wallach D.F. A reevaluation of the status of cholesterol in erythrocytes infected by Plasmodium knowlesi and P. falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1984, 13:53-65.
199. Vial H.J., Thuet M.J., Broussal J.L., Philippot J.R. Phospholipid biosynthesis by Plasmodium knowlesi-infected erythrocytes: the incorporation of phospohlipid precursors and the identification of previously undetected metabolic pathways. J. Parasitol. 1982, 68:379-391.
200. Vial H.J., Thuet M.J., Philippot J.R. Phospholipid biosynthesis in synchronous Plasmodium falciparum cultures. J. Protozool. 1982, 29:258-263.
201. Vial H.J., Thuet M.J., Philippot J.R. Cholinephosphotransferase and ethanolaminephosphotransferase activities in Plasmodium knowlesi-infected erythrocytes. Their use as parasite-specific markers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1984, 795:372-383.
202. Vielemeyer O., McIntosh M.T., Joiner K.A., Coppens I. Neutral lipid synthesis and storage in the intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2004, 135:197-209.
203. Vincent P., Maneta-Peyret L., Cassagne C., Moreau P. Phosphatidylserine delivery to endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles of plant cells depends on two biosynthetic pathways. FEBS Lett. 2001, 498:32-36.
204. Voelker D.R. Bridging gaps in phospholipid transport. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2005, 30:396-404.
205. Waller R.F., McFadden G.I. The apicoplast: a review of the derived plastid of apicomplexan parasites. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2005, 7:57-79.
206. Wengelnik K., Vial H.J. Characterisation of the phosphatidylinositol synthase gene of Plasmodium species. Res. Microbiol. 2007, 158:51-59.
207. Wheeler D.L., Chappey C., Lash A.E., Leipe D.D., Madden T.L., Schuler G.D., Tatusova T.A., Rapp B.A. Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000, 28:10-14.
208. Witola W.H., El Bissati K., Pessi G., Xie C., Roepe P.D., Mamoun C.B. Disruption of the Plasmodium falciparum PfPMT gene results in a complete loss of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis via the serine-decarboxylase-phosphoethanolamine-methyltransferase pathway and severe growth and survival defects. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:27636-27643.
209. Witola W.H., Mamoun C.B. Choline induces transcriptional repression and proteasomal degradation of the malarial phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase. Eukaryot. Cell 2007, 6:1618-1624.
210. Witola W.H., Pessi G., El Bissati K., Reynolds J.M., Mamoun C.B. Localization of the phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum to the Golgi apparatus. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:21305-21311.
211. Woodrow, C., Krishna, S., 2005. Molecular approaches to malaria: glycolysis in asexual-stage parasites. In: Sherman, I.W. (Ed.) ASM Press, Washington, DC.
212. Wrenger C., Muller S. The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has distinct organelle-specific lipoylation pathways. Mol. Microbiol. 2004, 53:103-113.
213. Wu S., Yu Z., Wang F., Li W., Ye C., Li J., Tang J., Ding J., Zhao J., Wang B. Cloning, characterization, and transformation of the phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene (ZmPEAMT1) in maize (Zea mays L.). Mol. Biotechnol. 2007, 36:102-112.
214. Wunderlich F., Helwig M., Schillinger G., Vial H., Philippot J., Speth V. Isolation and characterization of parasites and host cell ghosts from erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium chabaudi. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1987, 23:103-115.
215. Yayon A., Timberg R., Friedman S., Ginsburg H. Effects of chloroquine on the feeding mechanism of the intraerythrocytic human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. J. Protozool. 1984, 31:367-372.
216. Yeo H.J., Larvor M.P., Ancelin M.L., Vial H.J. Plasmodium falciparum CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase expressed in Escherichia coli: purification, characterization and lipid regulation. Biochem. J. 1997, 324:903-910.
217. Yeo H.J., Sri Widada J., Mercereau-Puijalon O., Vial H.J. Molecular cloning of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase from Plasmodium falciparum. Eur. J. Biochem. 1995, 233:62-72.
218. Yu M., Kumar T.R., Nkrumah L.J., Coppi A., Retzlaff S., Li C.D., Kelly B.J., Moura P.A., Lakshmanan V., Freundlich J.S., Valderramos J.C., Vilcheze C., Siedner M., Tsai J.H., Falkard B., Sidhu A.B., Purcell L.A., Gratraud P., Kremer L., Waters A.P., Schiehser G., Jacobus D.P., Janse C.J., Ager A., Jacobs W.R., Sacchettini J.C., Heussler V., Sinnis P., Fidock D.A. The fatty acid biosynthesis enzyme FabI plays a key role in the development of liver-stage malarial parasites. Cell Host Microbe 2008, 4:567-578.
219. Yuan P., Hendriks E.F., Fernandez H.R., O'Sullivan W.J., Stewart T.S. Functional expression of the gene encoding cytidine triphosphate synthetase from Plasmodium falciparum which contains two novel sequences that are potential antimalarial targets. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2005, 143:200-208.
220. Zidovetzki R., Sherman I.W., Prudhomme J., Crawford J. Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum lysophospholipase by anti-malarial drugs and sulphydryl reagents. Parasitology 1994, 108(Pt 3):249-255.