Biomarkers for itch and disease severity in atopic dermatitis

Current Problems in Dermatology

Volumn 41, Issue , 2011, Pages 136-148

  Lee, Chih Hung ^a,b   Yu, Hsin Su ^b,c  

^a KAOHSIUNG MUNICIPAL HSIAO KANG HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^b KAOHSIUNG MEDICAL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^c KAOHSIUNG MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA ENDORPHIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CHEMOKINE; CUTANEOUS T CELL ATTRACTING CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; EOSINOPHIL CATIONIC PROTEIN; EOSINOPHIL PROTEIN X; EOTAXIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 31; L SELECTIN; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; MACROPHAGE DERIVED CHEMOKINE; MAJOR BASIC PROTEIN; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA ANTIGEN; THYMIC STROMAL LYMPHOPOIETIN; THYMUS AND ACTIVATION REGULATED CHEMOKINE;

ARTICLE; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; ATOPY; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; KERATINOCYTE; LANGERHANS CELL; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; WATER LOSS;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CYTOKINES; DERMATITIS, ATOPIC; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; MICE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PRURITUS; T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS;

EID: 79958070719     PISSN: 14215721     EISSN: 16622944     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1159/000323307     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Kapoor R, Menon C, Hoffstad O, Bilker W, Leclerc P, Margolis DJ: The prevalence of atopic triad in children with physician-confirmed atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58:68-73. (Pubitemid 350298135)
2. Lee CH, Chuang HY, Shih CC, Jee SH, Wang LF, Chiu HC, Chang CH, Wu CS, Yu HS: Correlation of serum total IgE, eosinophil granule cationic proteins, sensitized allergens and family aggregation in atopic dermatitis patients with or without rhinitis. J Dermatol 2004;31:784-793.
3. Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, Friedmann PS, Lanier BQ, Lockey RF, Motala C, Ortega Martell JA, Platts-Mills TA, Ring J, Thien F, Van Cauwenberge P, Williams HC: Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113: 832-836. (Pubitemid 38608590)
4. Terui T: Analysis of the mechanism for the development of allergic skin inflammation and the application for its treatment: overview of the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. J Pharmacol Sci 2009;110:232-236.
5. Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis: the SCORAD index. Consensus report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatology 1993;186:23-31.
6. Hanifin JM, Thurston M, Omoto M, Cherill R, Tofte SJ, Graeber M: The eczema area and severity index (EASI): assessment of reliability in atopic dermatitis. EASI Evaluator Group. Exp Dermatol 2001;10: 11-18. (Pubitemid 32098039)
7. Jungersted JM, Scheer H, Mempel M, Baurecht H, Cifuentes L, Hogh JK, Hellgren LI, Jemec GB, Agner T, Weidinger S: Stratum corneum lipids, skin barrier function and filaggrin mutations in patients with atopic eczema. Allergy 2010;65:911-918.
8. Lee CH, Chuang HY, Shih CC, Jong SB, Chang CH, Yu HS: Transepidermal water loss, serum IgE and beta-endorphin as important and independent biological markers for development of itch intensity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2006;154: 1100-1107.
9. Brown SJ, Irvine AD: Atopic eczema and the filaggrin story. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2008;27:128-137. (Pubitemid 351938748)
10. Nemoto-Hasebe I, Akiyama M, Nomura T, Sandilands A, McLean WH, Shimizu H: Clinical severity correlates with impaired barrier in filaggrinrelated eczema. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129: 682-689.
11. Boguniewicz M, Leung DY: Recent insights into atopic dermatitis and implications for management of infectious complications. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:4-13, quiz 4-5.
12. De Benedetto A, Agnihothri R, McGirt LY, Bankova LG, Beck LA: Atopic dermatitis: a disease caused by innate immune defects? J Invest Dermatol 2009;129: 14-30.
13. Elias PM, Steinhoff M: 'Outside-to-inside' (and now back to 'outside') pathogenic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128:1067-1070. (Pubitemid 351543225)
14. Leiferman KM: Eosinophils in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994;94:1310-1317.
15. Homey B, Steinhoff M, Ruzicka T, Leung DY: Cytokines and chemokines orchestrate atopic skin inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118: 178-189. (Pubitemid 43946487)
16. Snijders A, Van der Pouw Kraan TC, Engel M, Wormmeester J, Widjaja P, Zonneveld IM, Bos JD, Kapsenberg ML: Enhanced prostaglandin E2 production by monocytes in atopic dermatitis (AD) is not accompanied by enhanced production of IL-6, IL-10 or IL-12. Clin Exp Immunol 1998;111:472-476. (Pubitemid 28160887)
17. Puntmann VO: How-to guide on biomarkers: biomarker definitions, validation and applications with examples from cardiovascular disease. Postgrad Med J 2009;85:538-545.
18. Hanifin J, Rajka G: Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Dermatol Venereol (Stockh) 1980; 92:44-47.
19. Scirica CV, Gold DR, Ryan L, Abulkerim H, Celedon JC, Platts-Mills TA, Naccara LM, Weiss ST, Litonjua AA: Predictors of cord blood IgE levels in children at risk for asthma and atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:81-88. (Pubitemid 46037802)
20. Katoh N, Hirano S, Kishimoto S: Prognostic factor of adult patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol 2008;35:477-483.
21. Holloway JW, Yang IA, Holgate ST: Genetics of allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125: S81-S94.
22. Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Zhao Y, Liao H, Lee SP, Goudie DR, Sandilands A, Campbell LE, Smith FJ, O'Regan GM, Watson RM, Cecil JE, Bale SJ, Compton JG, Di Giovanna JJ, Fleckman P, Lewis-Jones S, Arseculeratne G, Sergeant A, Munro CS, El Houate B, McElreavey K, Halkjaer LB, Bisgaard H, Mukhopadhyay S, McLean WH: Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2006; 38:441-446.
23. Werner Y, Lindberg M: Transepidermal water loss in dry and clinically normal skin in patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1985;65: 102-105. (Pubitemid 15144831)
24. Weaver CT, Harrington LE, Mangan PR, Gavrieli M, Murphy KM: Th17: an effector CD4 T cell lineage with regulatory T cell ties. Immunity 2006;24: 677-688. (Pubitemid 43867371)
25. Howell MD, Kim BE, Gao P, Grant AV, Boguniewicz M, De Benedetto A, Schneider L, Beck LA, Barnes KC, Leung DY: Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124:R7-R12.
26. Coffman RL: Immunology: the origin of TH2 responses. Science 2010;328:1116-1117.
27. Aral M, Arican O, Gul M, Sasmaz S, Kocturk SA, Kastal U, Ekerbicer HC: The relationship between serum levels of total IgE, IL-18, IL-12, IFNgamma and disease severity in children with atopic dermatitis. Mediators Inflamm 2006;2006: 73098.
28. Hon KL, Leung TF, Ma KC, Wong CK, Wan H, Lam CW: Serum concentration of IL-18 correlates with disease extent in young children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol 2004;21:619-622. (Pubitemid 39657382)
29. Nograles KE, Suarez-Farinas M, Shemer A, Fuentes-Duculan J, Chiricozzi A, Cardinale I, Zaba LC, Kikuchi T, Ramon M, Bergman R, Krueger JG, Guttman-Yassky E: Atopic dermatitis keratinocytes exhibit normal Th17 cytokine responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:744-746.
30. Czech W, Krutmann J, Schopf E, Kapp A: Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a sensitive measure for disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:351-355.
31. Furue M, Sugiyama H, Tsukamoto K, Ohtake N, Tamaki K: Serum soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 1994;7:89-95. (Pubitemid 24153696)
32. Taniuchi S, Chihara J, Kojima T, Yamamoto A, Sasai M, Kobayashi Y: Serum eosinophil derived neurotoxin may reflect more strongly disease severity in childhood atopic dermatitis than eosinophil cationic protein. J Dermatol Sci 2001;26:79-82. (Pubitemid 32372658)
33. Gutgesell C, Heise S, Seubert A, Stichtenoth DO, Frolich JC, Neumann C: Comparison of different activity parameters in atopic dermatitis: correlation with clinical scores. Br J Dermatol 2002;147: 914-919. (Pubitemid 35365437)
34. Pucci N, Novembre E, Cammarata MG, Bernardini R, Monaco MG, Calogero C, Vierucci A: Scoring atopic dermatitis in infants and young children: distinctive features of the SCORAD index. Allergy 2005;60:113-116.
35. Morita H, Yamamoto K, Kitano Y: Elevation of serum major basic protein in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 1995;9:165-168.
36. Kawakami T, Ando T, Kimura M, Wilson BS, Kawakami Y: Mast cells in atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Immunol 2009;21:666-678.
37. Kanbe T, Soma Y, Kawa Y, Kashima M, Mizoguchi M: Serum levels of soluble stem cell factor and soluble KIT are elevated in patients with atopic dermatitis and correlate with the disease severity. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:1148-1153. (Pubitemid 34204204)
38. Halmerbauer G, Frischer T, Koller DY: Monitoring of disease activity by measurement of inflammatory markers in atopic dermatitis in childhood. Allergy 1997;52:765-769. (Pubitemid 27346782)
39. Laan MP, Koning H, Baert MR, Oranje AP, Buurman WA, Savelkoul HF, Neijens HJ: Levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble E-selectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p55 and p75 in atopic children. Allergy 1998;53:51-58. (Pubitemid 28057363)
40. Hirai S, Kageshita T, Kimura T, Tsujisaki M, Okajima K, Imai K, Ono T: Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble E-selectin levels in patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1996;134: 657-661. (Pubitemid 26120733)
41. Katoh N, Hirano S, Suehiro M, Ikenaga K, Yamashita T, Sugawara N, Yasuno H: Soluble CD30 is more relevant to disease activity of atopic dermatitis than soluble CD26. Clin Exp Immunol 2000;121: 187-192. (Pubitemid 30659754)
42. Heshmat NM, El-Hadidi ES: Soluble CD30 serum levels in atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma and its relationship with disease severity in pediatric age. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006;17:297-303. (Pubitemid 43873590)
43. Mitsuishi K, Nakamura T, Sakata Y, Yuyama N, Arima K, Sugita Y, Suto H, Izuhara K, Ogawa H: The squamous cell carcinoma antigens as relevant biomarkers of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2005;35:1327-1333.
44. Homey B, Alenius H, Muller A, Soto H, Bowman EP, Yuan W, McEvoy L, Lauerma AI, Assmann T, Bunemann E, Lehto M, Wolff H, Yen D, Marxhausen H, To W, Sedgwick J, Ruzicka T, Lehmann P, Zlotnik A: CCL27-CCR10 interactions regulate T cellmediated skin inflammation. Nat Med 2002;8: 157-165. (Pubitemid 34155127)
45. Hon KL, Lam MC, Leung TF, Wong KY, Chow CM, Fok TF, Ng PC: Are age-specific high serum IgE levels associated with worse symptomatology in children with atopic dermatitis? Int J Dermatol 2007;46: 1258-1262.
46. Hon KL, Leung TF, Ma KC, Li AM, Wong Y, Fok TF: Serum levels of cutaneous T-cell attracting chemokine (CTACK) as a laboratory marker of the severity of atopic dermatitis in children. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004;29:293-296. (Pubitemid 38658474)
47. Kakinuma T, Nakamura K, Wakugawa M, Mitsui H, Tada Y, Saeki H, Torii H, Asahina A, Onai N, Matsushima K, Tamaki K: Thymus and activationregulated chemokine in atopic dermatitis: serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine level is closely related with disease activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:535-541. (Pubitemid 32210037)
48. Jahnz-Rozyk K, Targowski T, Paluchowska E, Owczarek W, Kucharczyk A: Serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, macrophagederived chemokine and eotaxin as markers of severity of atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2005;60:685-688. (Pubitemid 40562477)
49. Furusyo N, Takeoka H, Toyoda K, Murata M, Maeda S, Ohnishi H, Fukiwake N, Uchi H, Furue M, Hayashi J: Thymus and activation regulated chemokines in children with atopic dermatitis: Kyushu University Ishigaki Atopic Dermatitis Study (KIDS). Eur J Dermatol 2007;17:397-404. (Pubitemid 47425906)
50. Zhang Z, Hener P, Frossard N, Kato S, Metzger D, Li M, Chambon P: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin overproduced by keratinocytes in mouse skin aggravates experimental asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:1536-1541.
51. Demehri S, Morimoto M, Holtzman MJ, Kopan R: Skin-derived TSLP triggers progression from epidermal-barrier defects to asthma. PLoS Biol 2009;7:e1000067.
52. Kinoshita H, Takai T, Le TA, Kamijo S, Wang XL, Ushio H, Hara M, Kawasaki J, Vu AT, Ogawa T, Gunawan H, Ikeda S, Okumura K, Ogawa H: Cytokine milieu modulates release of thymic stromal lymphopoietin from human keratinocytes stimulated with double-stranded RNA. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;123:179-186.
53. Ziegler SF, Artis D: Sensing the outside world: TSLP regulates barrier immunity. Nat Immunol 2010;11: 289-293.
54. Lee EB, Kim KW, Hong JY, Jee HM, Sohn MH, Kim KE: Increased serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin in children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010;21:e457-e460.
55. Komine M: Analysis of the mechanism for the development of allergic skin inflammation and the application for its treatment: keratinocytes in atopic dermatitis -their pathogenic involvement. J Pharmacol Sci 2009;110:260-264.
56. Ezzat MH, Sallam MA, Shaheen KY: Serum mucosaassociated epithelial chemokine (MEC/CCL28) in atopic dermatitis: a specific marker for severity. Int J Dermatol 2009;48:822-829.
57. He R, Geha RS: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Ann NY Acad Sci 2010;1183:13-24.
58. O'Regan GM, Sandilands A, McLean WH, Irvine AD: Filaggrin in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124:R2-R6.
59. Ogawa M, Berger PA, McIntyre OR, Clendenning WE, Ishizaka K: IgE in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1971;103:575-580.
60. Seidenari S, Giusti G: Objective assessment of the skin of children affected by atopic dermatitis: a study of pH, capacitance and TEWL in eczematous and clinically uninvolved skin. Acta Derm Venereol 1995;75:429-433. (Pubitemid 26051887)
61. Seidenari S: Reactivity to nickel sulfate at sodium lauryl sulfate pretreated skin sites is higher in atopics: an echographic evaluation by means of image analysis performed on 20 MHz B-scan recordings. Acta Derm Venereol 1994;74: 245-249. (Pubitemid 24243835)
62. Hanifin JM: Pharmacophysiology of atopic dermatitis. Clin Rev Allergy 1986;4:43-65.
63. Kato F, Saga K, Morimoto Y, Kaneko R: Pilocarpineinduced cholinergic sweat secretion compared with emotional sweat secretion in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:1110-1113. (Pubitemid 29284585)
64. Yosipovitch G, Greaves MW, Schmelz M: Itch. Lancet 2003;361:690-694. (Pubitemid 36253608)
65. Stander S, Steinhoff M, Schmelz M, Weisshaar E, Metze D, Luger T: Neurophysiology of pruritus: cutaneous elicitation of itch. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139:1463-1470. (Pubitemid 37441284)
66. Davidson S, Zhang X, Yoon CH, Khasabov SG, Simone DA, Giesler GJ Jr: The itch-producing agents histamine and cowhage activate separate populations of primate spinothalamic tract neurons. J Neurosci 2007;27:10007-10014. (Pubitemid 47404005)
67. Handwerker HO: Microneurography of pruritus. Neurosci Lett 2010;470:193-196.
68. Grewe M, Vogelsang K, Ruzicka T, Stege H, Krutmann J: Neurotrophin-4 production by human epidermal keratinocytes: increased expression in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2000;114:1108-1112. (Pubitemid 30415225)
69. Stander S, Moormann C, Schumacher M, Buddenkotte J, Artuc M, Shpacovitch V, Brzoska T, Lippert U, Henz BM, Luger TA, Metze D, Steinhoff M: Expression of vanilloid receptor subtype 1 in cutaneous sensory nerve fibers, mast cells, and epithelial cells of appendage structures. Exp Dermatol 2004;13:129-139. (Pubitemid 38380276)
70. Imamachi N, Park GH, Lee H, Anderson DJ, Simon MI, Basbaum AI, Han SK: TRPV1-expressing primary afferents generate behavioral responses to pruritogens via multiple mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:11330-11335.
71. Steinhoff M, Bienenstock J, Schmelz M, Maurer M, Wei E, Biro T: Neurophysiological, neuroimmunological, and neuroendocrine basis of pruritus. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:1705-1718. (Pubitemid 44102116)
72. Ikoma A, Rukwied R, Stander S, Steinhoff M, Miyachi Y, Schmelz M: Neurophysiology of pruritus: interaction of itch and pain. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:1475-1478. (Pubitemid 37433136)
73. Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, Hino T, Kagoura M, Morohashi M: Nerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147:71-79. (Pubitemid 34779440)
74. Wang IJ, Hsieh WS, Guo YL, Jee SH, Hsieh CJ, Hwang YH, Chen PC: Neuro-mediators as predictors of paediatric atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2008;38:1302-1308. (Pubitemid 352019671)
75. Scholzen T, Armstrong CA, Bunnett NW, Luger TA, Olerud JE, Ansel JC: Neuropeptides in the skin: interactions between the neuroendocrine and the skin immune systems. Exp Dermatol 1998;7: 81-96. (Pubitemid 28210211)
76. Sun YG, Zhao ZQ, Meng XL, Yin J, Liu XY, Chen ZF: Cellular basis of itch sensation. Science 2009; 325:1531-1534.
77. Sun YG, Chen ZF: A gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mediates the itch sensation in the spinal cord. Nature 2007;448:700-703.
78. Tominaga M, Ogawa H, Takamori K: Histological characterization of cutaneous nerve fibers containing gastrin-releasing peptide in NC/Nga mice: an atopic dermatitis model. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129: 2901-2905.
79. Dillon SR, Sprecher C, Hammond A, Bilsborough J, Rosenfeld-Franklin M, Presnell SR, Haugen HS, Maurer M, Harder B, Johnston J, Bort S, Mudri S, Kuijper JL, Bukowski T, Shea P, Dong DL, Dasovich M, Grant FJ, Lockwood L, Levin SD, LeCiel C, Waggie K, Day H, Topouzis S, Kramer J, Kuestner R, Chen Z, Foster D, Parrish-Novak J, Gross JA: Interleukin 31, a cytokine produced by activated T cells, induces dermatitis in mice. Nat Immunol 2004;5:752-760. (Pubitemid 39023308)
80. Diveu C, Lak-Hal AH, Froger J, Ravon E, Grimaud L, Barbier F, Hermann J, Gascan H, Chevalier S: Predominant expression of the long isoform of GP130-like (GPL) receptor is required for interleukin-31 signaling. Eur Cytokine Netw 2004;15: 291-302. (Pubitemid 40127653)
81. Bilsborough J, Leung DY, Maurer M, Howell M, Boguniewicz M, Yao L, Storey H, Le Ciel C, Harder B, Gross JA: IL-31 is associated with cutaneous lymphocyte antigen-positive skin homing T cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;117:418-425. (Pubitemid 43190155)
82. Sonkoly E, Muller A, Lauerma AI, Pivarcsi A, Soto H, Kemeny L, Alenius H, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Meller S, Rieker J, Steinhoff M, Hoffmann TK, Ruzicka T, Zlotnik A, Homey B: IL-31: a new link between T cells and pruritus in atopic skin inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;117:411-417. (Pubitemid 43192023)
83. Takaoka A, Arai I, Sugimoto M, Honma Y, Futaki N, Nakamura A, Nakaike S: Involvement of IL-31 on scratching behavior in NC/Nga mice with atopiclike dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2006;15:161-167.
84. Raap U, Wichmann K, Bruder M, Stander S, Wedi B, Kapp A, Werfel T: Correlation of IL-31 serum levels with severity of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;122:421-423.
85. Yoshizawa Y, Nomaguchi H, Izaki S, Kitamura K: Serum cytokine levels in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002;27:225-229. (Pubitemid 34639288)
86. Piancatelli D, Bellotta L, Del Beato T, Duse M, Della Penna MR: Total IL-12 levels are increased in paediatric atopic dermatitis: correlations with age and disease severity. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008;21:359-365. (Pubitemid 351988398)
87. Kagami S, Kakinuma T, Saeki H, Tsunemi Y, Fujita H, Sasaki K, Nakamura K, Takekoshi T, Kishimoto M, Mitsui H, Komine M, Asahina A, Tamaki K: Increased serum CCL28 levels in patients with atopic dermatitis, psoriasis vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol 2005;124:1088-1090. (Pubitemid 40629119)
88. Kakinuma T, Nakamura K, Wakugawa M, Mitsui H, Tada Y, Saeki H, Torii H, Komine M, Asahina A, Tamaki K: Serum macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) levels are closely related with the disease activity of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2002;127:270-273. (Pubitemid 34233932)
89. Kagami S, Kakinuma T, Saeki H, Tsunemi Y, Fujita H, Nakamura K, Takekoshi T, Kishimoto M, Mitsui H, Torii H, Komine M, Asahina A, Tamaki K: Significant elevation of serum levels of eotaxin-3/ CCL26, but not of eotaxin-2/CCL24, in patients with atopic dermatitis: serum eotaxin-3/CCL26 levels reflect the disease activity of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2003;134:309-313. (Pubitemid 37372284)
90. Nakazato J, Kishida M, Kuroiwa R, Fujiwara J, Shimoda M, Shinomiya N: Serum levels of Th2 chemokines, CCL17, CCL22, and CCL27, were the important markers of severity in infantile atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2008;19: 605-613.
91. Yamashita N, Kaneko S, Kouro O, Furue M, Yamamoto S, Sakane T: Soluble E-selectin as a marker of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;99:410-416. (Pubitemid 27123922)
92. Wolkerstorfer A, Laan MP, Savelkoul HF, Neijens HJ, Mulder PG, Oudesluys-Murphy AM, Sukhai RN, Oranje AP: Soluble E-selectin, other markers of inflammation and disease severity in children with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1998;138: 431-435. (Pubitemid 28145510)
93. Shimada Y, Sato S, Hasegawa M, Tedder TF, Takehara K: Elevated serum L-selectin levels and abnormal regulation of L-selectin expression on leukocytes in atopic dermatitis: soluble L-selectin levels indicate disease severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:163-168. (Pubitemid 29364497)
94. Katoh N, Hirano S, Suehiro M, Ikenaga K, Yasuno H: Increased levels of serum tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 but not metalloproteinase-3 in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2002;127: 283-288. (Pubitemid 34233934)
95. Mukai H, Noguchi T, Kamimura K, Nishioka K, Nishiyama S: Significance of elevated serum LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) activity in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol 1990;17:477-481. (Pubitemid 20327409)
96. Glinski W, Brodecka H, Glinska-Ferenz M, Kowalski D: Increased concentration of beta-endorphin in the sera of patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1995;75:9-11.
97. Raap U, Werfel T, Goltz C, Deneka N, Langer K, Bruder M, Kapp A, Schmid-Ott G, Wedi B: Circulating levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor correlate with disease severity in the intrinsic type of atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2006;61: 1416-1418. (Pubitemid 44665305)
98. Namura K, Hasegawa G, Egawa M, Matsumoto T, Kobayashi R, Yano T, Katoh N, Kishimoto S, Ohta M, Obayashi H, Ose H, Fukui M, Nakamura N, Yoshikawa T: Relationship of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor level with other markers of disease severity in patients with atopic dermatitis. Clin Immunol 2007;122:181-186. (Pubitemid 46073900)
99. Goto T, Morioka J, Inamura H, Yano M, Kodaira K, Igarashi Y, Abe S, Kurosawa M: Urinary eosinophilderived neurotoxin concentrations in patients with atopic dermatitis: a useful clinical marker for disease activity. Allergol Int 2007;56:433-438. (Pubitemid 350306396)
100. Ostlere LS, Taylor C, Baillod R, Wright S: Relationship between pruritus, transepidermal water loss, and biochemical markers of renal itch in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994;9:1302-1304. (Pubitemid 24283660)