Vascular stem cells and ischaemic retinopathies

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 149-166

  Stitt, Alan W ^a   O'Neill, Christina L ^a   O'Doherty, Michelle T ^a   Archer, Desmond B ^a   Gardiner, Tom A ^a   Medina, Reinhold J ^a  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cell therapy; Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC); Ischaemia; Retina; Vascular stem cells

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; GROWTH FACTOR; VASCULOTROPIN ANTIBODY;

ARTICLE; BLINDNESS; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELL; LASER COAGULATION; NERVE CELL NETWORK; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA ISCHEMIA; RETINA MACULA EDEMA; RETINA NEOVASCULARIZATION; RETINA VEIN OCCLUSION; RETINOPATHY; STEM CELL; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

ANIMALS; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS; HUMANS; REPERFUSION INJURY; RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION; RETINAL VESSELS;

EID: 79954930791     PISSN: 13509462     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.02.001     Document Type: Article

References (206)

1. Adamis A.P., Berman A.J. Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Semin. Immunopathol. 2008, 30:65-84.
2. Aicher A., Brenner W., Zuhayra M., Badorff C., Massoudi S., Assmus B., Eckey T., Henze E., Zeiher A.M., Dimmeler S. Assessment of the tissue distribution of transplanted human endothelial progenitor cells by radioactive labeling. Circulation 2003, 107:2134-2139.
3. Aiello L.P., Avery R.L., Arrigg P.G., Keyt B.A., Jampel H.D., Shah S.T., Pasquale L.R., Thieme H., Iwamoto M.A., Park J.E., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 331:1480-1487.
4. Alder V.A., Su E.N., Yu D.Y., Cringle S.J., Yu P.K. Diabetic retinopathy: early functional changes. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1997, 24:785-788.
5. Anderson B., Saltzman H.A. Retinal oxygen utilization measured by hyperbaric blackout. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1964, 72:792-795.
6. Antonetti D.A., Lieth E., Barber A.J., Gardner T.W. Molecular mechanisms of vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy. Semin. Ophthalmol. 1999, 14:240-248.
7. Archer D.B., Gardiner T.A., Stitt A.W. Functional anatomy, fine structure and basic pathology of the retinal vasculature. Retinal Vascular Disease 2008, 3-22. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg. A. Joussen, T. Gardner, B. Kirchhof, S. Ryan (Eds.).
8. Armulik A., Abramsson A., Betsholtz C. Endothelial/pericyte interactions. Circ. Res. 2005, 97:512-523.
9. Asahara T., Murohara T., Sullivan A., Silver M., van der Zee R., Li T., Witzenbichler B., Schatteman G., Isner J.M. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 1997, 275:964-967.
10. Asahara T., Takahashi T., Masuda H., Kalka C., Chen D., Iwaguro H., Inai Y., Silver M., Isner J.M. VEGF contributes to postnatal neovascularization by mobilizing bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. EMBO J. 1999, 18:3964-3972.
11. Assmus B., Urbich C., Aicher A., Hofmann W.K., Haendeler J., Rossig L., Spyridopoulos I., Zeiher A.M., Dimmeler S. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce senescence and increase proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells via regulation of cell cycle regulatory genes. Circ. Res. 2003, 92:1049-1055.
12. Au P., Daheron L.M., Duda D.G., Cohen K.S., Tyrrell J.A., Lanning R.M., Fukumura D., Scadden D.T., Jain R.K. Differential in vivo potential of endothelial progenitor cells from human umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood to form functional long-lasting vessels. Blood 2008, 111:1302-1305.
13. Awad O., Jiao C., Ma N., Dunnwald M., Schatteman G.C. Obese diabetic mouse environment differentially affects primitive and monocytic endothelial cell progenitors. Stem Cells 2005, 23:575-583.
14. Bahlmann F.H., De Groot K., Spandau J.M., Landry A.L., Hertel B., Duckert T., Boehm S.M., Menne J., Haller H., Fliser D. Erythropoietin regulates endothelial progenitor cells. Blood 2004, 103:921-926.
15. Beeres S.L., Atsma D.E., van Ramshorst J., Schalij M.J., Bax J.J. Cell therapy for ischaemic heart disease. Heart 2008, 94:1214-1226.
16. Beltrami A.P., Barlucchi L., Torella D., Baker M., Limana F., Chimenti S., Kasahara H., Rota M., Musso E., Urbanek K., Leri A., Kajstura J., Nadal-Ginard B., Anversa P. Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell 2003, 114:763-776.
17. Benjamin L.E., Hemo I., Keshet E. A plasticity window for blood vessel remodelling is defined by pericyte coverage of the preformed endothelial network and is regulated by PDGF-B and VEGF. Development 1998, 125:1591-1598.
18. Besler C., Doerries C., Giannotti G., Luscher T.F., Landmesser U. Pharmacological approaches to improve endothelial repair mechanisms. Expert Rev.Cardiovasc. Ther. 2008, 6:1071-1082.
19. Bhatwadekar A.D., Glenn J.V., Curtis T.M., Grant M.B., Stitt A.W., Gardiner T.A. Retinal endothelial cell apoptosis stimulates recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2009, 50:4967-4973.
20. Bhatwadekar A.D., Glenn J.V., Li G., Curtis T.M., Gardiner T.A., Stitt A.W. Advanced glycation of fibronectin impairs vascular repair by endothelial progenitor cells: implications for vasodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2008, 49:1232-1241.
21. Bonne C., Muller A., Villain M. Free radicals in retinal ischemia. Gen. Pharmacol. 1998, 30:275-280.
22. Bresnick G.H., Davis M.D., Myers F.L., de Venecia G. Clinicopathologic correlations in diabetic retinopathy. II. Clinical and histologic appearances of retinal capillary microaneurysms. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1977, 95:1215-1220.
23. Busik J.V., Tikhonenko M., Bhatwadekar A., Opreanu M., Yakubova N., Caballero S., Player D., Nakagawa T., Afzal A., Kielczewski J., Sochacki A., Hasty S., Li Calzi S., Kim S., Duclas S.K., Segal M.S., Guberski D.L., Esselman W.J., Boulton M.E., Grant M.B. Diabetic retinopathy is associated with bone marrow neuropathy and a depressed peripheral clock. J. Exp. Med. 2009, 206:2897-2906.
24. Butler J.M., Guthrie S.M., Koc M., Afzal A., Caballero S., Brooks H.L., Mames R.N., Segal M.S., Grant M.B., Scott E.W. SDF-1 is both necessary and sufficient to promote proliferative retinopathy. J. Clin. Invest. 2005, 115:86-93.
25. Caballero S., Sengupta N., Afzal A., Chang K.H., Li Calzi S., Guberski D.L., Kern T.S., Grant M.B. Ischemic vascular damage can be repaired by healthy, but not diabetic, endothelial progenitor cells. Diabetes 2007, 56:960-967.
26. Campagnolo P., Cesselli D., Al Haj Zen A., Beltrami A.P., Krankel N., Katare R., Angelini G., Emanueli C., Madeddu P. Human adult vena saphena contains perivascular progenitor cells endowed with clonogenic and proangiogenic potential. Circulation 2010, 121:1735-1745.
27. Campochiaro P.A., Hafiz G., Channa R., Shah S.M., Nguyen Q.D., Ying H., Do D.V., Zimmer-Galler I., Solomon S.D., Sung J.U., Syed B. Antagonism of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor for Macular Edema Caused by Retinal Vein Occlusions: Two-Year Outcomes. Ophthalmology 2010, 117(12):2387-2394. e1-5.
28. Campochiaro P.A., Hafiz G., Shah S.M., Nguyen Q.D., Ying H., Do D.V., Quinlan E., Zimmer-Galler I., Haller J.A., Solomon S.D., Sung J.U., Hadi Y., Janjua K.A., Jawed N., Choy D.F., Arron J.R. Ranibizumab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusions: implication of VEGF as a critical stimulator. Mol. Ther. 2008, 16:791-799.
29. Carmeliet P. Manipulating angiogenesis in medicine. J. Intern. Med. 2004, 255:538-561.
30. Carmeliet P., Dor Y., Herbert J.M., Fukumura D., Brusselmans K., Dewerchin M., Neeman M., Bono F., Abramovitch R., Maxwell P., Koch C.J., Ratcliffe P., Moons L., Jain R.K., Collen D., Keshert E. Role of HIF-1alpha in hypoxia-mediated apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis. Nature 1998, 394:485-490.
31. Carr A.J., Vugler A.A., Hikita S.T., Lawrence J.M., Gias C., Chen L.L., Buchholz D.E., Ahmado A., Semo M., Smart M.J., Hasan S., da Cruz L., Johnson L.V., Clegg D.O., Coffey P.J. Protective effects of human iPS-derived retinal pigment epithelium cell transplantation in the retinal dystrophic rat. PloS One 2009, 4:e8152.
32. Case J., Mead L.E., Bessler W.K., Prater D., White H.A., Saadatzadeh M.R., Bhavsar J.R., Yoder M.C., Haneline L.S., Ingram D.A. Human CD34+AC133+VEGFR-2+ cells are not endothelial progenitor cells but distinct, primitive hematopoietic progenitors. Exp. Hematol. 2007, 35:1109-1118.
33. Caspi O., Huber I., Kehat I., Habib M., Arbel G., Gepstein A., Yankelson L., Aronson D., Beyar R., Gepstein L. Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes improves myocardial performance in infarcted rat hearts. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2007, 50:1884-1893.
34. Ceradini D.J., Gurtner G.C. Homing to hypoxia: HIF-1 as a mediator of progenitor cell recruitment to injured tissue. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2005, 15:57-63.
35. Ceradini D.J., Kulkarni A.R., Callaghan M.J., Tepper O.M., Bastidas N., Kleinman M.E., Capla J.M., Galiano R.D., Levine J.P., Gurtner G.C. Progenitor cell trafficking is regulated by hypoxic gradients through HIF-1 induction of SDF-1. Nat. Med. 2004, 10:858-864.
36. Chakravarthy U., Gardiner T.A. Endothelium-derived agents in pericyte function/dysfunction. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 1999, 18:511-527.
37. Chen J., Brodsky S.V., Goligorsky D.M., Hampel D.J., Li H., Gross S.S., Goligorsky M.S. Glycated collagen I induces premature senescence-like phenotypic changes in endothelial cells. Circ. Res. 2002, 90:1290-1298.
38. Chen J., Connor K.M., Aderman C.M., Smith L.E. Erythropoietin deficiency decreases vascular stability in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 2008, 118:526-533.
39. Cho H.J., Kim H.S., Lee M.M., Kim D.H., Yang H.J., Hur J., Hwang K.K., Oh S., Choi Y.J., Chae I.H., Oh B.H., Choi Y.S., Walsh K., Park Y.B. Mobilized endothelial progenitor cells by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor accelerate reendothelialization and reduce vascular inflammation after intravascular radiation. Circulation 2003, 108:2918-2925.
40. Chowdhury T.A., Hopkins D., Dodson P.M., Vafidis G.C. The role of serum lipids in exudative diabetic maculopathy: is there a place for lipid lowering therapy?. Eye 2002, 16:689-693.
41. Chung E.J., Freeman W.R., Koh H.J. Visual acuity and multifocal electroretinographic changes after arteriovenous crossing sheathotomy for macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion. Retina 2008, 28:220-225.
42. Chung E.J., Hong Y.T., Lee S.C., Kwon O.W., Koh H.J. Prognostic factors for visual outcome after intravitreal bevacizumab for macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2008, 246:1241-1247.
43. D'Amore P.A. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor-a: not just for endothelial cells anymore. Am. J. Pathol. 2007, 171:14-18.
44. Hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complications trial. The diabetes control and complications trial research group. Diabetes 1993, 46:271286. DCCT.
45. de Gooyer T.E., Stevenson K.A., Humphries P., Simpson D.A., Gardiner T.A., Stitt A.W. Retinopathy is reduced during experimental diabetes in a mouse model of outer retinal degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2006, 47:5561-5568.
46. Dean F.M., Arden G.B., Dornhorst A. Partial reversal of protan and tritan colour defects with inhaled oxygen in insulin dependent diabetic subjects. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1997, 81:27-30.
47. Ding R., Darland D.C., Parmacek M.S., D'Amore P.A. Endothelial-mesenchymal interactions in vitro reveal molecular mechanisms of smooth muscle/pericyte differentiation. Stem Cells Dev. 2004, 13:509-520.
48. Donaldson E.A., McKenna D.J., McMullen C.B., Scott W.N., Stitt A.W., Nelson J. The expression of membrane-associated 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR) is modulated in vitro by cell-contact inhibition. Mol. Cell Biol. Res. Commun. 2000, 3:53-59.
49. Dorrell M.I., Otani A., Aguilar E., Moreno S.K., Friedlander M. Adult bone marrow-derived stem cells use R-cadherin to target sites of neovascularization in the developing retina. Blood 2004, 103:3420-3427.
50. Egan C.G., Lavery R., Caporali F., Fondelli C., Laghi-Pasini F., Dotta F., Sorrentino V. Generalised reduction of putative endothelial progenitors and CXCR4-positive peripheral blood cells in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008, 51:1296-1305.
51. Engerman R.L., Kern T.S. Retinopathy in animal models of diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Rev. 1995, 11:109-120.
52. Fadini G.P., Sartore S., Schiavon M., Albiero M., Baesso I., Cabrelle A., Agostini C., Avogaro A. Diabetes impairs progenitor cell mobilisation after hindlimb ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Diabetologia 2006, 49:3075-3084.
53. Fong D.S., Aiello L.P., Ferris F.L., Klein R. Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:2540-2553.
54. Friedman E., Smith T.R., Kuwabara T. Retinal microcirculation in vivo. Invest. Ophthalmol. 1964, 3:217-226.
55. Gallagher K.A., Liu Z.J., Xiao M., Chen H., Goldstein L.J., Buerk D.G., Nedeau A., Thom S.R., Velazquez O.C. Diabetic impairments in NO-mediated endothelial progenitor cell mobilization and homing are reversed by hyperoxia and SDF-1 alpha. J. Clin. Invest. 2007, 117:1249-1259.
56. Gardiner T.A., Archer D.B., Curtis T.M., Stitt A.W. Arteriolar involvement in the microvascular lesions of diabetic retinopathy: implications for pathogenesis. Microcirculation 2007, 14:25-38.
57. Gardiner T.A., Gibson D.S., de Gooyer T.E., de la Cruz V.F., McDonald D.M., Stitt A.W. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha improves physiological angiogenesis and reduces pathological neovascularization in ischemic retinopathy. Am. J. Pathol. 2005, 166:637-644.
58. Gardner T.W., Antonetti D.A., Barber A.J., LaNoue K.F., Nakamura M. New insights into the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy: potential cell-specific therapeutic targets. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2000, 2:601-608.
59. Garner A. Histopathology of diabetic retinopathy in man. Eye 1993, 7(Pt 2):250-253.
60. Gersh B.J., Simari R.D., Behfar A., Terzic C.M., Terzic A. Cardiac cell repair therapy: a clinical perspective. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2009, 84:876-892.
61. Gilbert C. Retinopathy of prematurity: a global perspective of the epidemics, population of babies at risk and implications for control. Early Hum. Dev. 2008, 84:77-82.
62. Grant M.B., May W.S., Caballero S., Brown G.A., Guthrie S.M., Mames R.N., Byrne B.J., Vaught T., Spoerri P.E., Peck A.B., Scott E.W. Adult hematopoietic stem cells provide functional hemangioblast activity during retinal neovascularization. Nat. Med. 2002, 8:607-612.
63. Grines C.L., Watkins M.W., Helmer G., Penny W., Brinker J., Marmur J.D., West A., Rade J.J., Marrott P., Hammond H.K., Engler R.L. Angiogenic Gene Therapy (AGENT) trial in patients with stable angina pectoris. Circulation 2002, 105:1291-1297.
64. Grunwald J.E., Riva C.E., Brucker A.J., Sinclair S.H., Petrig B.L. Altered retinal vascular response to 100% oxygen breathing in diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology 1984, 91:1447-1452.
65. Gulati R., Simari R.D. Cell therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Med. Clin. North Am. 2007, 91:769-785. (xiii).
66. Hamano K., Nishida M., Hirata K., Mikamo A., Li T.S., Harada M., Miura T., Matsuzaki M., Esato K. Local implantation of autologous bone marrow cells for therapeutic angiogenesis in patients with ischemic heart disease: clinical trial and preliminary results. Jpn. Circ. J. 2001, 65:845-847.
67. Hamed S., Brenner B., Aharon A., Daoud D., Roguin A. Nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase modulate endothelial progenitor cell function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 2009, 8:56.
68. Hayflick L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Exp. Cell Res. 1965, 37:614-636.
69. Hayreh S.S., Rojas P., Podhajsky P., Montague P., Woolson R.F. Ocular neovascularization with retinal vascular occlusion-III. Incidence of ocular neovascularization with retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 1983, 90:488-506.
70. Hayreh S.S., Weingeist T.A. Experimental occlusion of the central artery of the retina. IV: retinal tolerance time to acute ischaemia. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1980, 64:818-825.
71. He T., Joyner M.J., Katusic Z.S. Aging decreases expression and activity of glutathione peroxidase-1 in human endothelial progenitor cells. Microvasc. Res. 2009, 78:447-452.
72. He T., Lu T., d'Uscio L.V., Lam C.F., Lee H.C., Katusic Z.S. Angiogenic function of prostacyclin biosynthesis in human endothelial progenitor cells. Circ. Res. 2008, 103:80-88.
73. He T., Peterson T.E., Holmuhamedov E.L., Terzic A., Caplice N.M., Oberley L.W., Katusic Z.S. Human endothelial progenitor cells tolerate oxidative stress due to intrinsically high expression of manganese superoxide dismutase. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2004, 24:2021-2027.
74. Heeschen C., Aicher A., Lehmann R., Fichtlscherer S., Vasa M., Urbich C., Mildner-Rihm C., Martin H., Zeiher A.M., Dimmeler S. Erythropoietin is a potent physiologic stimulus for endothelial progenitor cell mobilization. Blood 2003, 102:1340-1346.
75. Henry T.D., Annex B.H., McKendall G.R., Azrin M.A., Lopez J.J., Giordano F.J., Shah P.K., Willerson J.T., Benza R.L., Berman D.S., Gibson C.M., Bajamonde A., Rundle A.C., Fine J., McCluskey E.R. The VIVA trial: vascular endothelial growth factor in ischemia for vascular angiogenesis. Circulation 2003, 107:1359-1365.
76. Hill J.M., Zalos G., Halcox J.P., Schenke W.H., Waclawiw M.A., Quyyumi A.A., Finkel T. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348:593-600.
77. Hirschi K.K., Ingram D.A., Yoder M.C. Assessing identity, phenotype, and fate of endothelial progenitor cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2008, 28:1584-1595.
78. Hoetzer G.L., Van Guilder G.P., Irmiger H.M., Keith R.S., Stauffer B.L., DeSouza C.A. Aging, exercise, and endothelial progenitor cell clonogenic and migratory capacity in men. J. Appl. Physiol. 2007, 102:847-852.
79. Hughes S., Gardiner T., Baxter L., Chan-Ling T. Changes in pericytes and smooth muscle cells in the kitten model of retinopathy of prematurity: implications for plus disease. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2007, 48:1368-1379.
80. Hur J., Yoon C.H., Kim H.S., Choi J.H., Kang H.J., Hwang K.K., Oh B.H., Lee M.M., Park Y.B. Characterization of two types of endothelial progenitor cells and their different contributions to neovasculogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2004, 24:288-293.
81. Hwang J.H., Kim S.W., Park S.E., Yun H.J., Lee Y., Kim S., Jo D.Y. Overexpression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 enhances endothelium-supported transmigration, maintenance, and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Stem Cells Dev. 2006, 15:260-268.
82. Ii M., Takenaka H., Asai J., Ibusuki K., Mizukami Y., Maruyama K., Yoon Y.S., Wecker A., Luedemann C., Eaton E., Silver M., Thorne T., Losordo D.W. Endothelial progenitor thrombospondin-1 mediates diabetes-induced delay in reendothelialization following arterial injury. Circ. Res. 2006, 98:697-704.
83. Ingram D.A., Krier T.R., Mead L.E., McGuire C., Prater D.N., Bhavsar J., Saadatzadeh M.R., Bijangi-Vishehsaraei K., Li F., Yoder M.C., Haneline L.S. Clonogenic endothelial progenitor cells are sensitive to oxidative stress. Stem Cells 2007, 25:297-304.
84. Ingram D.A., Lien I.Z., Mead L.E., Estes M., Prater D.N., Derr-Yellin E., DiMeglio L.A., Haneline L.S. In vitro hyperglycemia or a diabetic intrauterine environment reduces neonatal endothelial colony-forming cell numbers and function. Diabetes 2008, 57:724-731.
85. Ingram D.A., Mead L.E., Moore D.B., Woodard W., Fenoglio A., Yoder M.C. Vessel wall-derived endothelial cells rapidly proliferate because they contain a complete hierarchy of endothelial progenitor cells. Blood 2005, 105:2783-2786.
86. Ingram D.A., Mead L.E., Tanaka H., Meade V., Fenoglio A., Mortell K., Pollok K., Ferkowicz M.J., Gilley D., Yoder M.C. Identification of a novel hierarchy of endothelial progenitor cells using human peripheral and umbilical cord blood. Blood 2004, 104:2752-2760.
87. Ito K., Hirao A., Arai F., Matsuoka S., Takubo K., Hamaguchi I., Nomiyama K., Hosokawa K., Sakurada K., Nakagata N., Ikeda Y., Mak T.W., Suda T. Regulation of oxidative stress by ATM is required for self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 2004, 431:997-1002.
88. Iyer N.V., Kotch L.E., Agani F., Leung S.W., Laughner E., Wenger R.H., Gassmann M., Gearhart J.D., Lawler A.M., Yu A.Y., Semenza G.L. Cellular and developmental control of O2 homeostasis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha. Genes Dev. 1998, 12:149-162.
89. Jiang B.H., Rue E., Wang G.L., Roe R., Semenza G.L. Dimerization, DNA binding, and transactivation properties of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:17771-17778.
90. Jie K.E., Goossens M.H., van Oostrom O., Lilien M.R., Verhaar M.C. Circulating endothelial progenitor cell levels are higher during childhood than in adult life. Atherosclerosis 2009, 202:345-347.
91. Joggerst S.J., Hatzopoulos A.K. Stem cell therapy for cardiac repair: benefits and barriers. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 2009, 11. e20.
92. Kalka C., Masuda H., Takahashi T., Kalka-Moll W.M., Silver M., Kearney M., Li T., Isner J.M., Asahara T. Transplantation of ex vivo expanded endothelial progenitor cells for therapeutic neovascularization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2000, 97:3422-3427.
93. Kern T.S., Engerman R.L. Vascular lesions in diabetes are distributed non-uniformly within the retina. Exp. Eye Res. 1995, 60:545-549.
94. Kern T.S., Engerman R.L. A mouse model of diabetic retinopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1996, 114:986-990.
95. Khan Z.A., Farhangkhoee H., Chakrabarti S. Towards newer molecular targets for chronic diabetic complications. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 2006, 4:45-57.
96. Kim S.J., Kim J.S., Papadopoulos J., Wook Kim S., Maya M., Zhang F., He J., Fan D., Langley R., Fidler I.J. Circulating monocytes expressing CD31: implications for acute and chronic angiogenesis. Am. J. Pathol. 2009, 174:1972-1980.
97. Klassen H., Sakaguchi D.S., Young M.J. Stem cells and retinal repair. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2004, 23:149-181.
98. Klein B.E. Overview of epidemiologic studies of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2007, 14:179-183.
99. Kohner E.M., Henkind P. Correlation of fluorescein angiogram and retinal digest in diabetic retinopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1970, 69:403-414.
100. Kohner E.M., Patel V., Rassam S.M. Role of blood flow and impaired autoregulation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 1995, 44:603-607.
101. Kondoh H. Cellular life span and the Warburg effect. Exp. Cell Res. 2008, 314:1923-1928.
102. Krenning G., Dankers P.Y., Jovanovic D., van Luyn M.J., Harmsen M.C. Efficient differentiation of CD14+ monocytic cells into endothelial cells on degradable biomaterials. Biomaterials 2007, 28:1470-1479.
103. Kusuyama T., Omura T., Nishiya D., Enomoto S., Matsumoto R., Takeuchi K., Yoshikawa J., Yoshiyama M. Effects of treatment for diabetes mellitus on circulating vascular progenitor cells. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2006, 102:96-102.
104. Lee I.G., Chae S.L., Kim J.C. Involvement of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and vasculogenic factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Eye 2006, 20:546-552.
105. Lin Y., Weisdorf D.J., Solovey A., Hebbel R.P. Origins of circulating endothelial cells and endothelial outgrowth from blood. J. Clin. Invest. 2000, 105:71-77.
106. Linsenmeier R.A. Effects of light and darkness on oxygen distribution and consumption in the cat retina. J. Gen. Physiol. 1986, 88:521-542.
107. Linsenmeier R.A., Braun R.D., McRipley M.A., Padnick L.B., Ahmed J., Hatchell D.L., McLeod D.S., Lutty G.A. Retinal hypoxia in long-term diabetic cats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1998, 39:1647-1657.
108. Linskens M.H., Harley C.B., West M.D., Campisi J., Hayflick L. Replicative senescence and cell death. Science 1995, 267:17.
109. Llevadot J., Murasawa S., Kureishi Y., Uchida S., Masuda H., Kawamoto A., Walsh K., Isner J.M., Asahara T. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor mobilizes bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. J. Clin. Invest. 2001, 108:399-405.
110. Loffredo F., Lee R.T. Therapeutic vasculogenesis: it takes two. Circ. Res. 2008, 103:128-130.
111. Loomans C.J., de Koning E.J., Staal F.J., Rookmaaker M.B., Verseyden C., de Boer H.C., Verhaar M.C., Braam B., Rabelink T.J., van Zonneveld A.J. Endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction: a novel concept in the pathogenesis of vascular complications of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2004, 53:195-199.
112. Loomans C.J., van Haperen R., Duijs J.M., Verseyden C., de Crom R., Leenen P.J., Drexhage H.A., de Boer H.C., de Koning E.J., Rabelink T.J., Staal F.J., van Zonneveld A.J. Differentiation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells is shifted into a proinflammatory phenotype by hyperglycemia. Mol. Med. 2009, 15:152-159.
113. Loomans C.J., Wan H., de Crom R., van Haperen R., de Boer H.C., Leenen P.J., Drexhage H.A., Rabelink T.J., van Zonneveld A.J., Staal F.J. Angiogenic murine endothelial progenitor cells are derived from a myeloid bone marrow fraction and can be identified by endothelial NO synthase expression. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2006, 26:1760-1767.
114. Lunde K., Solheim S., Aakhus S., Arnesen H., Abdelnoor M., Egeland T., Endresen K., Ilebekk A., Mangschau A., Fjeld J.G., Smith H.J., Taraldsrud E., Grogaard H.K., Bjornerheim R., Brekke M., Muller C., Hopp E., Ragnarsson A., Brinchmann J.E., Forfang K. Intracoronary injection of mononuclear bone marrow cells in acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006, 355:1199-1209.
115. MacLaren R.E., Pearson R.A., MacNeil A., Douglas R.H., Salt T.E., Akimoto M., Swaroop A., Sowden J.C., Ali R.R. Retinal repair by transplantation of photoreceptor precursors. Nature 2006, 444:203-207.
116. Madeddu P. Therapeutic angiogenesis and vasculogenesis for tissue regeneration. Exp. Physiol. 2005, 90:315-326.
117. Makinen K., Manninen H., Hedman M., Matsi P., Mussalo H., Alhava E., Yla-Herttuala S. Increased vascularity detected by digital subtraction angiography after VEGF gene transfer to human lower limb artery: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded phase II study. Mol. Ther. 2002, 6:127-133.
118. Mantovani A., Sica A. Macrophages, innate immunity and cancer: balance, tolerance, and diversity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2010, 22:231-237.
119. Masuda H., Kalka C., Takahashi T., Yoshida M., Wada M., Kobori M., Itoh R., Iwaguro H., Eguchi M., Iwami Y., Tanaka R., Nakagawa Y., Sugimoto A., Ninomiya S., Hayashi S., Kato S., Asahara T. Estrogen-mediated endothelial progenitor cell biology and kinetics for physiological postnatal vasculogenesis. Circ. Res. 2007, 101:598-606.
120. McKenna D.J., Simpson D.A., Feeney S., Gardiner T.A., Boyle C., Nelson J., Stitt A.W. Expression of the 67 kDa laminin receptor (67LR) during retinal development: correlations with angiogenesis. Exp. Eye Res. 2001, 73:81-92.
121. McVicar C.M., Colhoun L.M., Abrahams J.L., Kitson C.L., Hamilton R., Medina R.J., Durga D., Gardiner T.A., Rudd P.M., Stitt A.W. Differential modulation of angiogenesis by erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in a mouse model of ischaemic retinopathy. PloS One 2010, 5:e11870.
122. Medina R.J., O'Neill C.L., Devine A.B., Gardiner T.A., Stitt A.W. The pleiotropic effects of simvastatin on retinal microvascular endothelium has important implications for ischaemic retinopathies. PloS One 2008, 3:e2584.
123. Medina R., O'Neill C.L., Humphreys M.W., Gardiner T.A., Stitt A.W. Outgrowth endothelial cells: characterisation and their potential for reversing ischaemic retinopathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2010.
124. Medina R.J., O'Neill C.L., Sweeney M., Guduric-Fuchs J., Gardiner T.A., Simpson D.A., Stitt A.W. Molecular analysis of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) subtypes reveals two distinct cell populations with different identities. BMC Med. Genom. 2010, 3:18.
125. Melero-Martin J.M., De Obaldia M.E., Kang S.Y., Khan Z.A., Yuan L., Oettgen P., Bischoff J. Engineering robust and functional vascular networks in vivo with human adult and cord blood-derived progenitor cells. Circ. Res. 2008, 103:194-202.
126. Mizutani M., Kern T.S., Lorenzi M. Accelerated death of retinal microvascular cells in human and experimental diabetic retinopathy. J. Clin. Invest. 1996, 97:2883-2890.
127. Mohler E.R., Shi Y., Moore J., Bantly A., Hamamdzic D., Yoder M., Rader D.J., Putt M., Zhang L., Parmacek M., Wilensky R.L. Diabetes reduces bone marrow and circulating porcine endothelial progenitor cells, an effect ameliorated by atorvastatin and independent of cholesterol. Cytometry A 2009, 75:75-82.
128. Mortensen L.S., Buus S., Nordsmark M., Bentzen L., Munk O.L., Keiding S., Overgaard J. Identifying hypoxia in human tumors: a correlation study between 18F-FMISO PET and the Eppendorf oxygen-sensitive electrode. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) 2010, 49:934-940.
129. Mukai N., Akahori T., Komaki M., Li Q., Kanayasu-Toyoda T., Ishii-Watabe A., Kobayashi A., Yamaguchi T., Abe M., Amagasa T., Morita I. A comparison of the tube forming potentials of early and late endothelial progenitor cells. Exp. Cell Res. 2008, 314:430-440.
130. Nishijima K., Ng Y.S., Zhong L., Bradley J., Schubert W., Jo N., Akita J., Samuelsson S.J., Robinson G.S., Adamis A.P., Shima D.T. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A is a survival factor for retinal neurons and a critical neuroprotectant during the adaptive response to ischemic injury. Am. J. Pathol. 2007, 171:53-67.
131. Nolan D.J., Ciarrocchi A., Mellick A.S., Jaggi J.S., Bambino K., Gupta S., Heikamp E., McDevitt M.R., Scheinberg D.A., Benezra R., Mittal V. Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells are a major determinant of nascent tumor neovascularization. Genes Dev. 2007, 21:1546-1558.
132. Osborne N.N., Casson R.J., Wood J.P., Chidlow G., Graham M., Melena J. Retinal ischemia: mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic strategies. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2004, 23:91-147.
133. Otani A., Dorrell M.I., Kinder K., Moreno S.K., Nusinowitz S., Banin E., Heckenlively J., Friedlander M. Rescue of retinal degeneration by intravitreally injected adult bone marrow-derived lineage-negative hematopoietic stem cells. J. Clin. Invest. 2004, 114:765-774.
134. Otani A., Kinder K., Ewalt K., Otero F.J., Schimmel P., Friedlander M. Bone marrow-derived stem cells target retinal astrocytes and can promote or inhibit retinal angiogenesis. Nat. Med. 2002, 8:1004-1010.
135. Parodi M.B., Bandello F. Branch retinal vein occlusion: classification and treatment. Ophthalmologica 2009, 223:298-305.
136. Patel V., Rassam S.M., Chen H.C., Kohner E.M. Oxygen reactivity in diabetes mellitus: effect of hypertension and hyperglycaemia. Clin. Sci. (Lond) 1994, 86:689-695.
137. Petrovic V., Bhisitkul R.B. Lasers and diabetic retinopathy: the art of gentle destruction. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 1999, 1:177-187.
138. Prisco D., Marcucci R. Retinal vein thrombosis: risk factors, pathogenesis and therapeutic approach. Pathophysiol. Haemostasis Thrombosis 2002, 32:308-311.
139. Prokopi M., Pula G., Mayr U., Devue C., Gallagher J., Xiao Q., Boulanger C.M., Westwood N., Urbich C., Willeit J., Steiner M., Breuss J., Xu Q., Kiechl S., Mayr M. Proteomic analysis reveals presence of platelet microparticles in endothelial progenitor cell cultures. Blood 2009, 114:723-732.
140. Purhonen S., Palm J., Rossi D., Kaskenpaa N., Rajantie I., Yla-Herttuala S., Alitalo K., Weissman I.L., Salven P. Bone marrow-derived circulating endothelial precursors do not contribute to vascular endothelium and are not needed for tumor growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2008, 105:6620-6625.
141. Puro D.G. Physiology and pathobiology of the pericyte-containing retinal microvasculature: new developments. Microcirculation 2007, 14:1-10.
142. Rafii S., Lyden D. Therapeutic stem and progenitor cell transplantation for organ vascularization and regeneration. Nat. Med. 2003, 9:702-712.
143. Rehman J., Li J., Orschell C.M., March K.L. Peripheral blood " endothelial progenitor cells" are derived from monocyte/macrophages and secrete angiogenic growth factors. Circulation 2003, 107:1164-1169.
144. Reinisch A., Hofmann N.A., Obenauf A.C., Kashofer K., Rohde E., Schallmoser K., Flicker K., Lanzer G., Linkesch W., Speicher M.R., Strunk D. Humanized large-scale expanded endothelial colony-forming cells function in vitro and in vivo. Blood 2009.
145. Ritter M.R., Banin E., Moreno S.K., Aguilar E., Dorrell M.I., Friedlander M. Myeloid progenitors differentiate into microglia and promote vascular repair in a model of ischemic retinopathy. J. Clin. Invest. 2006, 116:3266-3276.
146. Riva C.E., Sinclair S.H., Grunwald J.E. Autoregulation of retinal circulation in response to decrease of perfusion pressure. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1981, 21:34-38.
147. Robinson F., Riva C.E., Grunwald J.E., Petrig B.L., Sinclair S.H. Retinal blood flow autoregulation in response to an acute increase in blood pressure. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1986, 27:722-726.
148. Roodhooft J.M. Leading causes of blindness worldwide. Bull. Soc. Belge Ophtalmol. 2002, 19-25.
149. Saint-Geniez M., D'Amore P.A. Development and pathology of the hyaloid, choroidal and retinal vasculature. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 2004, 48:1045-1058.
150. Saint-Geniez M., Maharaj A.S., Walshe T.E., Tucker B.A., Sekiyama E., Kurihara T., Darland D.C., Young M.J., D'Amore P.A. Endogenous VEGF is required for visual function: evidence for a survival role on Muller cells and photoreceptors. PloS One 2008, 3:e3554.
151. Sapieha P., Joyal J.S., Rivera J.C., Kermorvant-Duchemin E., Sennlaub F., Hardy P., Lachapelle P., Chemtob S. Retinopathy of prematurity: understanding ischemic retinal vasculopathies at an extreme of life. J. Clin. Invest. 2010, 120:3022-3032.
152. Sasaki K., Heeschen C., Aicher A., Ziebart T., Honold J., Urbich C., Rossig L., Koehl U., Koyanagi M., Mohamed A., Brandes R.P., Martin H., Zeiher A.M., Dimmeler S. Ex vivo pretreatment of bone marrow mononuclear cells with endothelial NO synthase enhancer AVE9488 enhances their functional activity for cell therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2006, 103:14537-14541.
153. Schatteman G.C., Hanlon H.D., Jiao C., Dodds S.G., Christy B.A. Blood-derived angioblasts accelerate blood-flow restoration in diabetic mice. J. Clin. Invest. 2000, 106:571-578.
154. Schmetterer L., Wolzt M. Ocular blood flow and associated functional deviations in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 1999, 42:387-405.
155. Schram M.T., Chaturvedi N., Schalkwijk C., Giorgino F., Ebeling P., Fuller J.H., Stehouwer C.D. Vascular risk factors and markers of endothelial function as determinants of inflammatory markers in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:2165-2173.
156. Schuh A., Liehn E.A., Sasse A., Hristov M., Sobota R., Kelm M., Merx M.W., Weber C. Transplantation of endothelial progenitor cells improves neovascularization and left ventricular function after myocardial infarction in a rat model. Basic Res. Cardiol. 2008, 103:69-77.
157. Segal M.S., Shah R., Afzal A., Perrault C.M., Chang K., Schuler A., Beem E., Shaw L.C., Li Calzi S., Harrison J.K., Tran-Son-Tay R., Grant M.B. Nitric oxide cytoskeletal-induced alterations reverse the endothelial progenitor cell migratory defect associated with diabetes. Diabetes 2006, 55:102-109.
158. Sekiguchi H., Ii M., Losordo D.W. The relative potency and safety of endothelial progenitor cells and unselected mononuclear cells for recovery from myocardial infarction and ischemia. J. Cell Physiol. 2009, 219:235-242.
159. Semenza G.L. HIF-1 and human disease: one highly involved factor. Genes Dev. 2000, 14:1983-1991.
160. Senger D.R., Perruzzi C.A., Feder J., Dvorak H.F. A highly conserved vascular permeability factor secreted by a variety of human and rodent tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 1986, 46:5629-5632.
161. Sengupta N., Caballero S., Mames R.N., Timmers A.M., Saban D., Grant M.B. Preventing stem cell incorporation into choroidal neovascularization by targeting homing and attachment factors. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2005, 46:343-348.
162. Shahid H., Hossain P., Amoaku W.M. The management of retinal vein occlusion: is interventional ophthalmology the way forward?. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2006, 90:627-639.
163. Sharma N.K., Gardiner T.A., Archer D.B. A morphologic and autoradiographic study of cell death and regeneration in the retinal microvasculature of normal and diabetic rats. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1985, 100:51-60.
164. Sieveking D.P., Buckle A., Celermajer D.S., Ng M.K. Strikingly different angiogenic properties of endothelial progenitor cell subpopulations: insights from a novel human angiogenesis assay. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008, 51:660-668.
165. Sieveking D.P., Ng M.K. Cell therapies for therapeutic angiogenesis: back to the bench. Vasc. Med. 2009, 14:153-166.
166. Simons M., Annex B.H., Laham R.J., Kleiman N., Henry T., Dauerman H., Udelson J.E., Gervino E.V., Pike M., Whitehouse M.J., Moon T., Chronos N.A. Pharmacological treatment of coronary artery disease with recombinant fibroblast growth factor-2: double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Circulation 2002, 105:788-793.
167. Smith L.E., Wesolowski E., McLellan A., Kostyk S.K., D'Amato R., Sullivan R., D'Amore P.A. Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1994, 35:101-111.
168. Smythe J., Fox A., Fisher N., Frith E., Harris A.L., Watt S.M. Measuring angiogenic cytokines, circulating endothelial cells, and endothelial progenitor cells in peripheral blood and cord blood: VEGF and CXCL12 correlate with the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in peripheral blood. Tissue Eng. 2008, 14:59-67.
169. Sorrentino S.A., Bahlmann F.H., Besler C., Muller M., Schulz S., Kirchhoff N., Doerries C., Horvath T., Limbourg A., Limbourg F., Fliser D., Haller H., Drexler H., Landmesser U. Oxidant stress impairs in vivo reendothelialization capacity of endothelial progenitor cells from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: restoration by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist rosiglitazone. Circulation 2007, 116:163-173.
170. Spranger J., Pfeiffer A.F. New concepts in pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 2001, 109:S438-S450.
171. Stitt A., Gardiner T.A., Alderson N.L., Canning P., Frizzell N., Duffy N., Boyle C., Januszewski A.S., Chachich M., Baynes J.W., Thorpe S.R. The AGE inhibitor pyridoxamine inhibits development of retinopathy in experimental diabetes. Diabetes 2002, 51:2826-2832.
172. Stitt A.W., McGoldrick C., Rice-McCaldin A., McCance D.R., Glenn J.V., Hsu D.K., Liu F.T., Thorpe S.R., Gardiner T.A. Impaired retinal angiogenesis in diabetes: role of advanced glycation end products and galectin-3. Diabetes 2005, 54:785-794.
173. Stitt A.W., McKenna D., Simpson D.A., Gardiner T.A., Harriott P., Archer D.B., Nelson J. The 67-kd laminin receptor is preferentially expressed by proliferating retinal vessels in a murine model of ischemic retinopathy. Am. J. Pathol. 1998, 152:1359-1365.
174. Strauer B.E., Brehm M., Zeus T., Kostering M., Hernandez A., Sorg R.V., Kogler G., Wernet P. Repair of infarcted myocardium by autologous intracoronary mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation in humans. Circulation 2002, 106:1913-1918.
175. Strijbos M.H., Gratama J.W., Kraan J., Lamers C.H., den Bakker M.A., Sleijfer S. Circulating endothelial cells in oncology: pitfalls and promises. Br. J. Cancer 2008, 98:1731-1735.
176. Tepper O.M., Capla J.M., Galiano R.D., Ceradini D.J., Callaghan M.J., Kleinman M.E., Gurtner G.C. Adult vasculogenesis occurs through in situ recruitment, proliferation, and tubulization of circulating bone marrow-derived cells. Blood 2005, 105:1068-1077.
177. Tepper O.M., Galiano R.D., Capla J.M., Kalka C., Gagne P.J., Jacobowitz G.R., Levine J.P., Gurtner G.C. Human endothelial progenitor cells from type II diabetics exhibit impaired proliferation, adhesion, and incorporation into vascular structures. Circulation 2002, 106:2781-2786.
178. Timmermans F., Plum J., Yoder M.C., Ingram D.A., Vandekerckhove B., Case J. Endothelial progenitor cells: identity defined?. J. Cell Mol. Med. 2009, 13:87-102.
179. Togliatto G., Trombetta A., Dentelli P., Baragli A., Rosso A., Granata R., Ghigo D., Pegoraro L., Ghigo E., Brizzi M.F. Unacylated ghrelin rescues endothelial progenitor cell function in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2010, 59:1016-1025.
180. Tolentino M.J., Miller J.W., Gragoudas E.S., Chatzistefanou K., Ferrara N., Adamis A.P. Vascular endothelial growth factor is sufficient to produce iris neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma in a nonhuman primate. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1996, 114:964-970.
181. Toma C., Pittenger M.F., Cahill K.S., Byrne B.J., Kessler P.D. Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation 2002, 105:93-98.
182. Tongers J., Roncalli J.G., Losordo D.W. Role of endothelial progenitor cells during ischemia-induced vasculogenesis and collateral formation. Microvasc. Res. 2010, 79:200-206.
183. Tzekov R., Arden G.B. The electroretinogram in diabetic retinopathy. Surv. Ophthalmol. 1999, 44:53-60.
184. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998, 352:854-865. UKPDS.
185. Urbich C., Aicher A., Heeschen C., Dernbach E., Hofmann W.K., Zeiher A.M., Dimmeler S. Soluble factors released by endothelial progenitor cells promote migration of endothelial cells and cardiac resident progenitor cells. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 2005, 39:733-742.
186. Urbich C., Dernbach E., Rossig L., Zeiher A.M., Dimmeler S. High glucose reduces cathepsin L activity and impairs invasion of circulating progenitor cells. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 2008, 45:429-436.
187. Urbich C., Dimmeler S. Endothelial progenitor cells: characterization and role in vascular biology. Circ. Res. 2004, 95:343-353.
188. van Beem R.T., Verloop R.E., Kleijer M., Noort W.A., Loof N., Koolwijk P., van der Schoot C.E., van Hinsbergh V.W., Zwaginga J.J. Blood outgrowth endothelial cells from cord blood and peripheral blood: angiogenesis-related characteristics in vitro. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2009, 7:217-226.
189. Van Craenenbroeck E.M., Conraads V.M., Van Bockstaele D.R., Haine S.E., Vermeulen K., Van Tendeloo V.F., Vrints C.J., Hoymans V.Y. Quantification of circulating endothelial progenitor cells: a methodological comparison of six flow cytometric approaches. J. Immunol. Methods 2008, 332:31-40.
190. Vasa M., Fichtlscherer S., Aicher A., Adler K., Urbich C., Martin H., Zeiher A.M., Dimmeler S. Number and migratory activity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells inversely correlate with risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circ. Res. 2001, 89:E1-E7.
191. Vortmann M., Schneider J.I. Acute monocular visual loss. Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 2008, 26:73-96. vi.
192. Wangsa-Wirawan N.D., Linsenmeier R.A. Retinal oxygen: fundamental and clinical aspects. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2003, 121:547-557.
193. Watt S.M., Athanassopoulos A., Harris A.L., Tsaknakis G. Human endothelial stem/progenitor cells, angiogenic factors and vascular repair. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010.
194. Werner N., Kosiol S., Schiegl T., Ahlers P., Walenta K., Link A., Bohm M., Nickenig G. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and cardiovascular outcomes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 353:999-1007.
195. Wolfram O., Jentsch-Ullrich K., Wagner A., Hammwohner M., Steinke R., Franke A., Zupan I., Klein H.U., Goette A. G-CSF-induced mobilization of CD34(+) progenitor cells and proarrhythmic effects in patients with severe coronary artery disease. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 2007, 30(Suppl. 1):S166-S169.
196. Wong T.Y., Larsen E.K., Klein R., Mitchell P., Couper D.J., Klein B.E., Hubbard L.D., Siscovick D.S., Sharrett A.R. Cardiovascular risk factors for retinal vein occlusion and arteriolar emboli: the atherosclerosis risk in communities and cardiovascular health studies. Ophthalmology 2005, 112:540-547.
197. Yoder M.C. Defining human endothelial progenitor cells. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2009, 7(Suppl. 1):49-52.
198. Yoder M.C. Is endothelium the origin of endothelial progenitor cells?. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2010, 30:1094-1103.
199. Yoder M.C., Ingram D.A. The definition of EPCs and other bone marrow cells contributing to neoangiogenesis and tumor growth: is there common ground for understanding the roles of numerous marrow-derived cells in the neoangiogenic process?. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2009.
200. Yoder M.C., Mead L.E., Prater D., Krier T.R., Mroueh K.N., Li F., Krasich R., Temm C.J., Prchal J.T., Ingram D.A. Redefining endothelial progenitor cells via clonal analysis and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell principals. Blood 2007, 109:1801-1809.
201. Yoon C.H., Hur J., Park K.W., Kim J.H., Lee C.S., Oh I.Y., Kim T.Y., Cho H.J., Kang H.J., Chae I.H., Yang H.K., Oh B.H., Park Y.B., Kim H.S. Synergistic neovascularization by mixed transplantation of early endothelial progenitor cells and late outgrowth endothelial cells: the role of angiogenic cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Circulation 2005, 112:1618-1627.
202. Yu D.Y., Cringle S.J., Yu P.K., Su E.N. Intraretinal oxygen distribution and consumption during retinal artery occlusion and graded hyperoxic ventilation in the rat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2007, 48:2290-2296.
203. Zacchigna S., Pattarini L., Zentilin L., Moimas S., Carrer A., Sinigaglia M., Arsic N., Tafuro S., Sinagra G., Giacca M. Bone marrow cells recruited through the neuropilin-1 receptor promote arterial formation at the sites of adult neoangiogenesis in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 2008, 118:2062-2075.
204. Zager E.L., Ames A. Reduction of cellular energy requirements. Screening for agents that may protect against CNS ischemia. J. Neurosurg. 1988, 69:568-579.
205. Zengin E., Chalajour F., Gehling U.M., Ito W.D., Treede H., Lauke H., Weil J., Reichenspurner H., Kilic N., Ergun S. Vascular wall resident progenitor cells: a source for postnatal vasculogenesis. Development 2006, 133:1543-1551.
206. Ziegelhoeffer T., Fernandez B., Kostin S., Heil M., Voswinckel R., Helisch A., Schaper W. Bone marrow-derived cells do not incorporate into the adult growing vasculature. Circ. Res. 2004, 94:230-238.