Probiotics-do they have a role in the pig industry?

Animal

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 462-470

  Kenny, M ^a   Smidt, H ^b   Mengheri, E ^c   Miller, B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DELLA NUTRIZIONE   (Italy)

Author keywords

health; perfomance; pig; probiotic

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; BACILLUS (BACTERIUM); BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SUIDAE;

EID: 79952897885     PISSN: 17517311     EISSN: 1751732X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S175173111000193X     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Alakomi HL, Skytta E, Saarela M, Mattila-Sandholm T, Latva-Kala K and Helander IM 2000. Lactic acid permeabilizes gram-negative bacteria by disrupting the outer membrane. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, 2001-2005. (Pubitemid 30253724)
2. Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, Semenkovich CF and Gordon JI 2004. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 15718-15723. (Pubitemid 39473554)
3. Bailey M 2009. The mucosal immune system: recent developments and future directions in the pig. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 33, 375-383.
4. Biasucci G, Benenati B, Morelli L, Bessi E and Boehm G 2008. Cesarean delivery may affect the early biodiversity of intestinal bacteria. Journal of Nutrition 138, 1796s-1800s.
5. Bibiloni R, Fedorak RN, Tannock GW, Madsen KL, Gionchetti P, Campieri M, De Simone C and Sartor RB 2005. VSL3 probiotic-mixture induces remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 100, 1539-1546. (Pubitemid 41032360)
6. Bird AR, Vuaran M, Crittenden R, Hayakawa T, Playne MJ, Brown IL and Topping DL 2009. Comparative effects of a high-amylose starch and a fructooligosaccharide on fecal bifidobacteria numbers and short-chain fatty acids in pigs fed Bifidobacterium animalis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 54, 947-954.
7. Boesen HT, Jensen TK, Schmidt AS, Jensen BB, Jensen SM and Moller K 2004. The influence of diet on Lawsonia intracellularis colonization in pigs upon experimental challenge. Veterinary Microbiology 103, 35-45. (Pubitemid 39286130)
8. Boirivant M, Amendola A and Butera A 2008. Intestinal microflora and immunoregulation. Mucosal Immunology 1, S47-S49.
9. Bomba A, Nemcova R, Gancarcikova S, Herich R, Guba P and Mudronova D 2002. Improvement of the probiotic effect of micro-organisms by their combination with maltodextrins, fructo-oligosaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids. British Journal of Nutrition 88, S95-S99. (Pubitemid 35251947)
10. Bry L, Falk PG, Midtvedt T and Gordon JI 1996. A model of host-microbial interactions in an open mammalian ecosystem. Science 273, 1380-1383. (Pubitemid 26296524)
11. Caballero-Franco C, Keller K, De Simone C and Chadee K 2007. The VSL3 probiotic formula induces mucin gene expression and secretion in colonic epithelial cells. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 292, G315-G322. (Pubitemid 46090273)
12. Calder PC, Krauss-Etschmann S, de Jong EC, Dupont C, Frick JS, Frokiaer H, Heinrich J, Garn H, Koletzko S, Lack G, Mattelio G, Renz H, Sangild PT, Schrezenmeir J, Stulnig TM, Thymann T, Wold AE and Koletzko B 2006. Early nutrition and immunity - progress and perspectives. British Journal of Nutrition 96, 774-790. (Pubitemid 46470203)
13. Canibe N and Jensen BB 2003. Fermented and nonfermented liquid feed to growing pigs: effect on aspects of gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance. Journal of Animal Science 81, 2019-2031. (Pubitemid 38583274)
14. Canibe N, Hojberg O, Badsberg JH and Jensen BB 2007. Effect of feeding fermented liquid feed and fermented grain on gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance in piglets. Journal of Animal Science 85, 2959-2971. (Pubitemid 350105661)
15. Cheeson A 1994. Probiotics and other intestinal mediators. In Principles of pig science (ed. DJA Cole, J Wiseman and MA Varley), pp. 197-214. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham.
16. Coconnier-Polter MH, Moal VLL and Servin AL 2005. A Lactobacillus acidophilus strain of human gastrointestinal microbiota origin elicits killing of enterovirulent Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium by triggering lethal bacterial membrane damage. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 6115-6120. (Pubitemid 41456908)
17. Collado MC, Isolauri E, Salminen S and Sanz Y 2009. The impact of probiotic on gut health. Current Drug Metabolism 10, 68-78.
18. Cotter PD, Hill C and Ross RP 2005. Bacteriocins: developing innate immunity for food. Nature Reviews Microbiology 3, 777-788. (Pubitemid 41518738)
19. Doron SI, Hibberd PL and Gorbach SL 2008. Probiotics for prevention of antibioticassociated diarrhea. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 42, S58-S63.
20. Dritz SS, Tokach MD, Goodband RD and Nelssen JL 2002. Effects of administration of antimicrobials in feed on growth rate and feed efficiency of pigs in multisite production systems. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220, 1690-1695. (Pubitemid 34564126)
21. Duncker SC, Lorentz A, Schroeder B, Breves G and Bischoff SC 2006. Effect of orally administered probiotic E.coli strain Nissle 1917 on intestinal mucosal immune cells of healthy young pigs. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 111, 239-250.
22. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organisation) 2001. Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria, 1-4 October 2001, Córdoba, Argentina, pp. 1-33.
23. Favier CF, Vaughan EE, De Vos WM and Akkermans ADL 2002. Molecular monitoring of succession of bacterial communities in human neonates. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, 219-226. (Pubitemid 34031183)
24. Fayol-Messaoudi D, Berger UN, Coconnier-Polter MH, Lievin-Le Moal V and Servin AL 2005. pH-, lactic acid-, and non-lactic acid-dependent activities of probiotic lactobacilli against Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 6008-6013. (Pubitemid 41456895)
25. Fukushima Y, Kawata Y, Hara H, Terada A and Mitsuoka T 1998. Effect of a probiotic formula on intestinal immunoglobulin A production in healthy children. International Journal of Food Microbiology 42, 39-44. (Pubitemid 28370327)
26. Gronlund MM, Lehtonen OP, Eerola E and Kero P 1999. Fecal microflora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery: permanent changes in intestinal flora after cesarean delivery. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 28, 19-25. (Pubitemid 29292870)
27. Henker J, Laass MW, Blokhin BM, Maydannik VG, Bolbot YK, Elze M, Wolff C, Schreiner A and Schulze J 2008. Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 versus placebo for treating diarrhea of greater than 4 days duration in infants and toddlers. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 27, 494-499.
28. Hooper LV, Midtvedt T and Gordon JI 2002. How host-microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine. Annual Review of Nutrition 22, 283-307. (Pubitemid 35221463)
29. Huys G, Vancanneyt M, D'Haene K, Vankerckhoven V, Goossens H and Swings J 2006. Accuracy of species identity of commercial bacterial cultures intended for probiotic or nutritional use. Research in Microbiology 157, 803-810. (Pubitemid 44528978)
30. Inman CF, Haverson K, Konstantinov RS, Jones PH, Harris C, Smidt H, Miller B, Bailey M and Stokes C 2010. Rearing environment affects development of the immune system in neonates. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 160, 431-439. Epub ahead of print, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04090.x.
31. Isolauri E, Kalliomaki M, Rautava S, Salminen S and Laitinen K 2009. Obesity - extending the hygiene hypothesis. In Microbial-host interaction: tolerance versus allergy (ed. P Brandtzaeg, E Isolauri and SL Prescott), 64th Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop. Pediatric Program, pp. 75-89, (Summary pp. 251-257). Nestec Ltd, Vevey/S. Karger AG, Basel.
32. Jin LZ and Zhao X 2000. Intestinal receptors for adhesive fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 in swine - a review. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 54, 311-318.
33. Kim EY, Kim YH, Rhee MH, Song JC, Lee KW, Kim KS, Lee SP, Lee IS and Park SC 2007. Selection of Lactobacillus sp PSC101 that produces active dietary enzymes such as amylase, lipase, phytase and protease in pigs. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 53, 111-117.
34. Klaenhammer TR, Altermann E, Pfeiler E, Brock BL, Goh YJ, ÖFlaherty S, Barrangou R and Duong T 2008. Functional genomics of probiotic Lactobacilli. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 42, S160-S162.
35. Konstantinov SR, Awati AA, Williams BA, Miller BG, Jones P, Stokes CR, Akkermans ADL, Smidt H and de Vos WM 2006. Post-natal development of the porcine microbiota composition and activities. Environmental Microbiology 8, 1191-1199. (Pubitemid 43901749)
36. Konstantinov SR, Smidt H, Akkermans ADL, Casini L, Trevisi P, Mazzoni M, De Filippi S, Bosi P and de Vos WM 2008. Feeding of Lactobacillus sobrius reduces Escherichia coli F4 levels in the gut and promotes growth of infected piglets. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 66, 599-607.
37. Kritas SK and Morrison RB 2005. Evaluation of probiotics as a substitute for antibiotics in a large pig nursery. Veterinary Record 156, 447-448. (Pubitemid 40553111)
38. Kumar H, Kawai T and Akira S 2009. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 388, 621-625.
39. Kyriakis SC, Tsiloyiannis VK, Vlemmas J, Sarris K, Tsinas AC, Alexopoulos C and Jansegers L 1999. The effect of probiotic LSP 122 on the control of post-weaning diarrhoea syndrome of piglets. Research in Veterinary Science 67, 223-228. (Pubitemid 129646892)
40. Lallès J-P, Bosi P, Smidt H and Stokes CR 2007. Nutritional management of gut health in pigs around weaning. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, 260-268. (Pubitemid 46691113)
41. Lawlor PG, Lynch PB, Gardiner GE, Caffrey PJ and ÖDoherty JV 2002. Effect of liquid feeding weaned pigs on growth performance to harvest. Journal of Animal Science 80, 1725-1735. (Pubitemid 41138398)
42. Lee B, Lee JH, Lee HS, Bae EA, Huh CS, Ahn YT and Kim DH 2009. Glycosaminoglycan degradation-inhibitory lactic acid bacteria ameliorate 2,4,6- trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 19, 616-621.
43. Lessard M, Dupuis M, Gagnon N, Nadeau E, Matte JJ, Goulet J and Fairbrother JM 2009. Administration of Pediococcus acidilactici or Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii modulates development of porcine mucosal immunity and reduces intestinal bacterial translocation after Escherichia coli challenge. Journal of Animal Science 87, 922-934.
44. Linde A, Ross CR, Davis EG, Dib L, Blecha F and Melgarejo T 2008. Innate immunity and host defense peptides in veterinary medicine. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22, 247-265. (Pubitemid 351570487)
45. Lodemann U, Hubener K, Jansen N and Martens H 2006. Effects of Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 as probiotic supplement on intestinal transport and barrier function of piglets. Archives of Animal Nutrition 60, 35-48. (Pubitemid 43111965)
46. Lodemann U, Lorenz BM, Weyrauch KD and Martens H 2008. Effects of Bacillus cereus var. toyoi as probiotic feed supplement on intestinal transport and barrier function in piglets. Archives of Animal Nutrition 62, 87-106. (Pubitemid 351334809)
47. Lomax AR and Calder PC 2009. Probiotics, immune function, infection and inflammation: a review of the evidence from studies conducted in humans. Current Pharmaceutical Design 15, 1428-1518.
48. Mack DR, Michail S, Wei S, McDougall L and Hollingsworth MA 1999. Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic E.coli adherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression. American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 276, G941-G950. (Pubitemid 29214108)
49. Madsen K, Cornish A, Soper P, McKaigney C, Jijon H, Yachimec C, Doyle J, Jewell L and De Simone C 2001. Probiotic bacteria enhance murine and human intestinal epithelial barrier function. Gastroenterology 121, 580-591. (Pubitemid 32822573)
50. Marchesi J and Shanahan F 2007. The normal intestinal microbiota. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 20, 508-513. (Pubitemid 47359648)
51. Marcobal A, Underwood MA and Mills DA 2008. Rapid determination of the bacterial composition of commercial probiotic products by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 46, 608-611.
52. Martin R, Delgado S, Maldonado A, Jimenez E, Olivares M, Fernandez L, Sobrino OJ and Rodriguez JM 2009. Isolation of lactobacilli from sow milk and evaluation of their probiotic potential. Journal of Dairy Research 76, 418-425.
53. McFall-Ngai MJ 2002. Unseen forces: the influence of bacteria on animal development. Developmental Biology 242, 1-14. (Pubitemid 34113666)
54. Metges CC 2000. Contribution of microbial amino acids to amino acid homeostasis of the host. Journal of Nutrition 130, 1857S-1864S. (Pubitemid 30451081)
55. Mimura T, Rizzello F, Helwig U, Poggioli G, Schreiber S, Talbot IC, Nicholls RJ, Gionchetti P, Campieri M and Kamm MA 2004. Once daily high dose probiotic therapy (VSL3) for maintaining remission in recurrent or refractory pouchitis. Gut 53, 108-114. (Pubitemid 38083018)
56. Mondel M, Schroeder BO, Zimmermann K, Huber H, Nuding S, Beisner J, Fellermann K, Stange EF and Wehkamp J 2009. Probiotic E. coli treatment mediates antimicrobial human beta-defensin synthesis and fecal excretion in humans. Mucosal Immunology 2, 166-172.
57. Mueller S, Saunier K, Hanisch C, Norin E, Alm L, Midtvedt T, Cresci A, Silvi S, Orpianesi C, Verdenelli MC, Clavel T, Koebnick C, Zunft HJF, Dore J and Blaut M 2006. Differences in fecal microbiota in different European study populations in relation to age, gender, and country: a cross-sectional study. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, 1027-1033. (Pubitemid 43271206)
58. Mulder IE, Schmidt B, Stokes CR, Lewis M, Bailey M, Aminov RI, Prosser JI, Gill BP, Pluske JR, Mayer CD, Musk CC and Kelly D 2009. Environmentally- acquired bacteria influence microbial diversity and natural innate immune responses at gut surfaces. BMC Biology 7, Article number 79.
59. Nanthakumar NN, Dai DW, Newburg DS and Walker WA 2003. The role of indigenous microflora in the development of murine intestinal fucosyl- and sialyltransferases. FASEB Journal 17, 44-46.
60. Niven SJ, Beal JD and Brooks PH 2006. The effect of controlled fermentation on the fate of synthetic lysine in liquid diets for pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 129, 304-315. (Pubitemid 44107647)
61. O'Hara AM, O'Regan P, Fanning A, O'Mahony C, MacSharry J, Lyons A, Bienenstock J, O'Mahony L and Shanahan F 2006. Functional modulation of human intestinal epithelial cell responses by Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus salivarius. Immunology 118, 202-215. (Pubitemid 43727425)
62. Ouwehand AC, Salminen S and Isolauri E 2002. Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 82, 279-289.
63. Parkes GC, Sanderson JD and Whelan K 2009. The mechanisms and efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Lancet Infectious Diseases 9, 237-244.
64. Penders J, Stobberingh EE, Van den Brandt PA and Thijs C 2007. The role of the intestinal microbiota in the development of atopic disorders. Allergy 62, 1223-1236. (Pubitemid 47537504)
65. Pieper R, Janczyk P, Urubschurov V, Korn U, Pieper B and Souffrant WB 2009. Effect of a single oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum DSMZ 8862/ 8866 before and at the time point of weaning on intestinal microbial communities in piglets. International Journal of Food Microbiology 130, 227-232.
66. Plumed-Ferrer C and von Wright A 2009. Fermented pig liquid feed: nutritional, safety and regulatory aspects. Journal of Applied Microbiology 106, 351-368.
67. Plumed-Ferrer C, Kivela I, Hyvonen P and Wright A 2005. Survival, growth and persistence under farm conditions of a Lactobacillus plantarum strain inoculated into liquid pig feed. Journal of Applied Microbiology 99, 851-858. (Pubitemid 41399827)
68. Putaala H, Salusjarvi T, Nordstrom M, Saarinen M, Ouwehand AC, Hansen EB and Rautonen N 2008. Effect of four probiotic strains and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on tight junction integrity and cyclo-oxygenase expression. Research in Microbiology 159, 692-698.
69. Rachmilewitz D, Katakura K, Karmeli F, Hayashi T, Reinus C, Rudensky B, Akira S, Takeda K, Lee J, Takabayashi K and Raz E 2004. Toll-like receptor 9 signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in murine experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 126, 520-528. (Pubitemid 38182309)
70. Resta SC 2009. Effects of probiotics and commensals on intestinal epithelial physiology: implications for nutrient handling. Journal of Physiology (London) 587, 4169-4174.
71. Rinne M, Kalliomaki M, Arvilommi H, Salminen S and Isolauri E 2005. Effect of probiotics and breastfeeding on the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus/ Enterococcus microbiota and humoral immune responses. Journal of Pediatrics 147, 186-191. (Pubitemid 41207831)
72. Roselli M, Finamore A, Britti MS, Konstantinov SR, Smidt H, de Vos WM and Mengheri E 2007. The novel porcine Lactobacillus sobrius strain protects intestinal cells from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 infection and prevents membrane barrier damage. Journal of Nutrition 137, 2709-2716. (Pubitemid 350255302)
73. Savilahti E, Kuitunen M and Vaarala O 2008. Pre and probiotics in the prevention and treatment of food allergy. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 8, 243-248.
74. Sazawal S, Hiremath G, Dhingra U, Malik P, Deb S and Black RE 2006. Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet Infectious Diseases 6, 374-382. (Pubitemid 43737276)
75. Scharek L, Guth J, Filter M and Schmidt MFG 2007. Impact of the probiotic bacteria Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 (SF68) and Bacillus cereus var. toyoi NCIMB 40112 on the development of serum IgG and faecal IgA of sows and their piglets. Archives of Animal Nutrition 61, 223-234. (Pubitemid 47147948)
76. Schlee M, Harder J, Koten B, Stange EF, Wehkamp J and Fellermann K 2008. Probiotic lactobacilli and VSL3 induce enterocyte beta-defensin 2. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 151, 528-535. (Pubitemid 351160737)
77. Sears CL 2005. A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora. Anaerobe 11, 247-251. (Pubitemid 41138226)
78. Servin AL 2004. Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 28, 405-440. (Pubitemid 39209464)
79. Setia A, Bhandari SK, House JD, Nyachoti CM and Krause DO 2009. Development and in vitro evaluation of an Escherichia coli probiotic able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic Escherichia coli K88. Journal of Animal Science 87, 2005-2012.
80. Shanahan F 2009. Therapeutic implications of manipulating and mining the microbiota. Journal of Physiology (London) 587, 4175-4179.
81. Shimosato T, Tohno M, Kitazawa H, Katoh S, Watanabe K, Kawai Y, Aso H, Yamaguchi T and Saito T 2005. Toll-like receptor 9 is expressed on follicleassociated epithelia containing M cells in swine Peyer's patches. Immunology Letters 98, 83-89. (Pubitemid 40409822)
82. Strachan DP 1989. Hay-fever, hygiene, and household size. British Medical Journal 299, 1259-1260.
83. Su Y, Yao W, Perez-Gutierrez ON, Smidt H and Zhu WY 2008. Changes in abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus suis in the stomach, jejunum and ileum of piglets after weaning. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 66, 546-555.
84. Sutmuller RPM, Morgan ME, Netea MG, Grauer O and Adema GJ 2006. Toll-like receptors on regulatory T cells: expanding immune regulation. Trends in Immunology 27, 387-393. (Pubitemid 44038663)
85. Szabo I, Wieler LH, Tedin K, Scharek-Tedin L, Taras D, Hensel A, Appel B and Nockler K 2009. Influence of a probiotic strain of Enterococcus faecium on Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 infection in a porcine anima linfection model. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, 2621-2628.
86. Taras D, Vahjen W, Macha M and Simon O 2005. Response of performance characteristics and fecal consistency to long-lasting dietary supplementation with the probiotic strain Bacillus cereus var. toyoi to sows and piglets. Archives of Animal Nutrition 59, 405-417. (Pubitemid 41770208)
87. Thanantong N, Edwards S and Sparagano OAE 2006. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria and other gut bacteria in pigs by a macroarraying method. Impact of emerging zoonotic diseases on animal health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1081, 276-279. (Pubitemid 44968788)
88. Thomas AV, Broers AD, Vandegaart HF and Desmecht DJM 2006. Genomic structure, promoter analysis and expression of the porcine (Sus scrofa) TLR4 gene. Molecular Immunology 43, 653-659. (Pubitemid 41785393)
89. Tohno M, Kitazawa H, Shimosato T, Matsumoto M, Katoh S, Kawai Y and Saito T 2005. A swine toll-like receptor 2-expressing transfectant as a potential primary screening system for immunobiotic microorganisms. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 44, 283-288. (Pubitemid 40719963)
90. Trevisi P, De Filippi S, Minieri L, Mazzoni M, Modesto M, Biavati B and Bosi P 2008. Effect of fructo-oligosaccharides and different doses of Bifidobacterium animalis in a weaning diet on bacterial translocation and Toll-like receptor gene expression in pigs. Nutrition 24, 1023-1029.
91. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER and Gordon JI 2006. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444, 1027-1031. (Pubitemid 46018515)
92. van Baarlen P, Troost FJ, van Hemert S, van der Meer C, de Vos WM, de Groot PJ, Hooiveld GJ, Brummer RJ and Kleerebezem M 2009. Differential NF-{kappa}B pathways induction by Lactobacillus plantarum in the duodenum of healthy humans correlating with immune tolerance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 2371-2376.
93. van der Wolf PJ, Wong DMAL, Wolbers WB, Elbers ARW, van der Heijden HMJF, van Schie FW, Hunneman WA, Willeberg P and Tielen MJM 2001. A longitudinal study of Salmonella enterica infections in high- and low-seroprevalence finishing swine herds in the Netherlands. Veterinary Quarterly 23, 116-121. (Pubitemid 33654648)
94. van Winsen RL, Keuzenkamp D, Urlings BAP, Lipman LJA, Snijders JAM, Verheijden JHM and van Knapen F 2002. Effect of fermented feed on shedding of Enterobacteriaceae by fattening pigs. Veterinary Microbiology 87, 267-276. (Pubitemid 34607502)
95. Vrieze A, Holleman F, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM, Hoekstra JB and Nieuwdorp M 2010. The environment within: how gut microbiota may influence metabolism and body composition. Diabetologia 53, 606-613.
96. Wagner RD 2008. Effects of microbiota on GI health: gnotobiotic research. GI microbiota and regulation of the immune system. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 635, 41-56.
97. Walsh MC, Gardiner GE, Hart OM, Lawlor PG, Daly M, Lynch B, Richert BT, Radcliffe S, Giblin L, Hill C, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C and Ross P 2008. Predominance of a bacteriocin-producing Lactobacillus salivarius component of a five-strain probiotic in the porcine ileum and effects on host immune phenotype. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 64, 317-327. (Pubitemid 351545736)
98. Wang AN, Yu HF, Gao X, Li XJ and Qiao SY 2009. Influence of Lactobacillus fermentum I5007 on the intestinal and systemic immune responses of healthy and E. coli challenged piglets. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 96, 89-98.
99. Wen K, Azevedo MSP, Gonzalez A, ZhangW, Saif LJ, Li GH, Yousef A and Yuan LJ 2009. Toll-like receptor and innate cytokine responses induced by lactobacilli colonization and human rotavirus infection in gnotobiotic pigs. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 127, 304-315.
100. Wierup M 2001. The Swedish experience of the 1986 year ban of antimicrobial growth promoters, with special reference to animal health, disease prevention, productivity, and usage of antimicrobials. Microbial Drug Resistance - Mechanisms Epidemiology and Disease 7, 183-190. (Pubitemid 32586097)
101. Williams AM, Probert CSJ, Stepankova R, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Phillips A and Bland PW 2006. Effects of microflora on the neonatal development of gut mucosal T cells and myeloid cells in the mouse. Immunology 119, 470-478. (Pubitemid 44722209)
102. Zeyner A and Boldt E 2006. Effects of a probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain supplemented from birth to weaning on diarrhoea patterns and performance of piglets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 90, 25-31.
103. Zhang W, Wen K, Azevedo MSP, Gonzalez A, Saif LJ, Li G, Yousef AE and Yuan L 2008. Lactic acid bacterial colonization and human rotavirus infection influence distribution and frequencies of monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 121, 222-231. (Pubitemid 351163403)
104. Zoetendal EG, Akkermans ADL, Akkermans-Van Vliet WM, de Visser JAGM and de Vos WM 2001. The host genotype affects the bacterial community in the human gastrointestinal tract. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 13, 129-134. (Pubitemid 32905860)