Formation and occurrence of esters of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-CPD) in foods: What we know and what we assume

European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology

Volumn 113, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 279-303

  Hamlet, Colin G ^a   Asuncion, Lisa ^a   Velíšek, Jan ^b   Doležal, Marek ^b   Zelinková, Zuzana ^b   Crews, Colin ^c  

^a Lord Rank Centre High Wycombe   (United States)

^b INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY   (Czech Republic)

^c FOOD AND ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH AGENCY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

3 chloropropane 1,2 diol; Chloropropanediol; Chloropropanediol esters; Review

Indexed keywords

EID: 79952612785     PISSN: 14387697     EISSN: 14389312     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000480     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Davídek, J., Velíšek, J., Kubelka, V., Janíèek, G., Šimicová, Z., Glycerol chlorohydrins and their esters as products of the hydrolysis of tripalmitin, tristearin and triolein with hydrochloric acid. Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und-Forschung, 1980, 171, 14- 17.
2. Davídek, J., Velíšek, J., Kubelka, V., Janíèek, G., New chlorine containing organic compounds in protein hydrolysates. Proceedings of Euro Food Chem 1, 17-20 Feb 1981, Vienna, Austria: 1982.
3. Velíšek, J., Davídek, J., Kubelka, V., Bartošová, J., et al. Formation of volatile chlorohydrins from glycerol (triacetin, tributyrin) and hydrochloric acid. Lebensmittel-Wissenshaft und- Technol. 1979, 12, 234- 236.
4. Velíšek, J., Doležal, M., Crews, C., Dvoøák, K., Optical isomers of chloropropanediols: mechanisms of their formation and decomposition in protein hydrolysates. Czech J. Food Sci. 2002, 20, 161- 170.
5. Velíšek, J., Davídek, J., Kubelka, V., Janícek, G., et al. New chlorine-containing organic compounds in protein hydrolysates. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1980, 28, 1142- 1144.
6. Gardener, A., Yurawecz, M., Cunningham, W., Diachenko, G. W., et al. Isolation and identification of C16 and C18 fatty acid esters of chloropropanediol in adulterated Spanish cooking oils. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1983, 31, 625- 630.
7. Cerbulis, J., Parks, O., Liu, R., Piotrowski, G., Farrell, H., Occurrence of diesters of 3-chloro-1, 2-propanediol in the neutral lipid fraction of goats' milk. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1984, 32, 474- 476.
8. Myher, J. J., Kuksis, A., Marai, L., Cerbulis, J., Stereospecific analysis of fatty acid esters of chloropropanediol isolated from fresh goat milk. Lipids 1986, 21, 309- 314.
9. Kuksis, A., Marai, L., Myher, J. J., Cerbulis, J., Farrell, H. M., Jr., Comparative study of the molecular species of chloropropanediol diesters and triacylglycerols in milk fat. Lipids 1986, 21, 183- 190.
10. Langen, P., Brachwitz, H., Schildt, J., Inhibition of proliferation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo by halogeno analogues of long chain acyl- and alkylglycerols. Acta Biologica et Medica Germanica 1979, 38, 965- 974.
11. Stamatov, S. D., Stawinski, J., Regioselective and stereospecific cleavage of a terminal oxirane system: A novel synthetic approach to lipid mediator congeners-1, 2(2, 3)-diacyl-3(1)-halo-sn-glycerols. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 16, 3388- 3391.
12. European Commission. SCF/CS/CNTM/OTH/17 Final, Brussels European Commission, 2001.
13. European Commission. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 466/2001 of 8 March 2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Oj No. L77, 16.3.2001, p 1- 13. 2001.
14. Baer, I., De La Calle, B., Taylor, P., 3-MCPD in food other than soy sauce or hydrolysed vegetable protein (HVP). Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 396, 443- 456.
15. Hamlet, C. G., in: J. Gilbert, Senyuva, H. (Eds.), Bioactive Substances in Foods - Natural and Man-made, Chichester, Wiley-Blackwell 2008.
16. Hamlet, C. G., Sadd, P. A., in: R. H. Stadler, Lineback, D. R. (Eds.), Process-Induced Food Toxicants. Occurrence, Formation, Mitigation and Health Risks, Holboken John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009.
17. Velíšek, J., in: R. H. Stadler, Lineback, D. R. (Eds.), Process-Induced Food Toxicants. Occurrence, Formation, Mitigation and Health Risks, Holboken John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009.
18. Mukherjee, M., Human digestive and metabolic lipases - a brief review. J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 2003, 369- 376.
19. BfR. Infant formula and follow-up formula may contain harmful 3-MCPD fatty acid esters, BfR Opinion No. 047/2007, 11 December 2007. Available at: [accessed September 2010].
20. EFSA. Statement of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain (CONTAM) on a request from the European Commission related to 3-MCPD esters, Question number: EFSA-Q-2008-258, Adopted: 28 March 2008. 2008. Available at: [accessed September 2010].
21. Robjohns, S., Marshall, R., Fellows, M., Kowalczyk, G., In vivo genotoxicity studies with 3-monochloropropan-1, 2-diol. Mutagenesis 2003, 18, 401- 404.
22. Schlatter, J., Baars, A. J., DiNovi, M., Lawrie, S., Lorentzen, R., Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants, 3-chloro-1, 2-propanediol. WHO Food Additives Series 48, 2002, pp. 401- 432.
23. Lynch, B. S., Bryant, D. W., Hook, G. J., Nestmann, E. R., Munro, I. C., Carcinogenicity of monochloro-1, 2-propanediol (alpha- chlorohydrin, 3-MCPD). Int. J. Toxicol. 1998, 17, 47- 76.
24. Tomar, R. S., Tsai, F. C., Sandy, M. S., Evidence on the carcinigenicity of 3-Monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD; a-Chlorohydrin). Scaramento, California: Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), California EPA, 2010.
25. Buhrke, T., Weißhaar, R., Lampen, A., Bio-availability of 3-Chlor-1, 2-propandiol and its fatty acid esters. 51st Annual convention of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) 23-25 March 2010, Mainz, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology), 2010.
26. Seefelder, W., Varga, N., Studer, A., Williamson, G., Scanlan, F. P., Stadler, R. H., Esters of 3-chloro-1, 2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in vegetable oils: Significance in the formation of 3-MCPD. Food Addit. Contam. 2008, 25, 391- 400.
27. Gurr, M. I., Role of Fats in Food and Nutrition, Elsevier Applied Science, London; New York 1992.
28. Velíšek, J., Cejpek, K., Biosynthesis of Food Components, Tábor, Czech Republic Ossis 2008.
29. Jones, A. R., Antifertility actions of alpha-chlorohydrin in the male. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1983, 36, 333- 350.
30. Zelinková, Z., Novotný, O., Schùrek, J., Velíšek, J., Hajšlová, J., Doležal, M., Occurrence of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in human breast milk. Food Addit. Contam.: Part A 2008, 25, 669- 676.
31. Zelinková, Z., Svejkovská, B., Velíšek, J., Doležal, M., Fatty acid esters of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol in edible oils. Food Addit. Contam. 2006, 23, 1290- 1298.
32. Divinová, V., Svejkovská, B., Doležal, M., Velíšek, J., Determination of free and bound 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection using deuterated 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol as internal standard. Czech J. Food Sci. 2004, 22, 182- 189.
33. Divinová, V., Doležal, M., Velíšek, J., Free and bound 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol in coffee surrogates and malts. Czech J. Food Sci. 2007, 25, 39- 47.
34. Zelinková, Z., Doležal, M., Velíšek, J., Occurrence of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol fatty acid esters in infant and baby foods. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2009, 228, 571- 578.
35. Hamlet, C. G., Sadd, P. A., Gray, D. A., in: W. Yokoyama, (Ed.), Abstracts of the Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 227th annual meeting, Anaheim, California, March 28-April 1, American Chemical Society. Anaheim 2004.
36. Hamlet, C. G., Sadd, P. A., Chloropropanols and their esters in cereal products. Czech J. Food Sci. 2004, 22, 259- 262.
37. Rouzer, C. A., Ghebreselasie, K., Marnett, L. J., Chemical stability of 2-arachidonylglycerol under biological conditions. Chem. Phys. Lipids 2002, 119, 69- 82.
38. Li, W., Du, W., Li, Q., Sun, T., Liu, D., Study on acyl migration kinetics of partial glycerides: Dependence on temperature and water activity. J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 2010, 63, 17- 22.
39. Fureby, A. M., Virto, C., Adlercreutz, P., Mattiasson, B., Acyl group migrations in 2-monoolein. Biocatal. Biotransform. 1996, 14, 89- 111.
40. Collison, M. W., Direct determination of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters by LCMS. Berlin: OVID - Association of the oilseed crushing and oil refining Industry in Germany, 2010. Available at: [accessed September 2010].
41. Kraft, R., Brachwitz, H., Etzold, H. G., Langen, P., et al. Mass spectrometric structure investigation of the isomeric halogeno-propanediols esterified with fatty acids (deoxyhalogeno-glycerides). J. für Praktische Chem. 1979, 321, 756- 768.
42. Zelinková, Z., Doležal, M., Velíšek, J., Occurrence of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol fatty acid esters in baby food. 6th Euro Fed Lipid Congress, Athens, Greece, 7.-10. September 2008.
43. Zelinková, Z., Novotný, O., Velíšek, J., Doležal, M., Determination of 1, 3-dichloro-2-propanol and 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol fatty acid esters. 3rd International Symposium on Recent Advances in Food Analysis, Prague, Czech Republic, November 7-9, 2007.
44. Hamlet, C. G., Asuncion, L., Survey of Process Contaminants in Retail Foods 2008: Supplementary Report on 3-MCPD and its Esters, C027, Premier Analytical Services, High Wycombe 2009.
45. Weißhaar, R., Determination of total 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) in edible oils by cleavage of MCPD esters with sodium methoxide. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2008, 110, 183- 186.
46. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft (DGF). Ester-bound 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD esters) and glycidol (glycidyl esters). Determination in fats and oils by GC-MS, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft, Stuttgart 2009.
47. Küsters, M., Bimber, U., Ossenbrüggen, A., Reeser, S., et al. Rapid and simple micromethod for the simultaneous determination of 3-MCPD and 3-MCPD esters in different foodstuffs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 6570- 6577.
48. Karasek, L., Wenzl, T., Ulberth, F., Proficiency test on the determination of 3-MCPD esters in edible oils, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 2010.
49. Hamlet, C. G., Sadd, P. A., Kinetics of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) degradation in high temperature model systems. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2002, 215, 46- 50.
50. Doležal, M., Velíšek, J., Kinetics of 3-chloro-1, 2-propanediol degredation in model systems. Proceedings of Chemical Reactions in Foods II, Prague, Czech Republic, Se p 24-26 1992. Prague, Czech Republic: 1992.
51. th Euro Fed Lipid Congress, Graz, Austria, 18.-21.10.2009.
52. Callender, H. L., Forrester, J. S., Ivanova, P., Preininger, A., et al. Quantification of diacylglycerol species from cellular extracts by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using a linear regression algorithm. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 263- 272.
53. Weißhaar, R., Fatty acid esters of 3-MCPD: overview of occurrence in different types of foods. 3-MCPD Esters in Food Products. Brussels: ILSI Europe, 2009. Available at: [accessed September 2010].
54. Hrncirik, K., 3-MCPD Esters Formation in Vegetable Oil Refining. MCPD Esters Formation in Vegetable Oil Refining. Current State of Knowledge, OVID - Association of the oilseed crushing and oil refining Industry in Germany, Berlin 2010, Available at: [accessed September 2010].
55. Franke, K., Strijowski, U., Fleck, G., Pudel, F., Influence of chemical refining process and oil type on bound 3-chloro-1, 2-propanediol contents in palm oil and rapeseed oil. LWT - Food Sci. Technol. 2009, 42, 1751- 1754.
56. Svejkovská, B., Doležal, M., Velíšek, J., Formation and decomposition of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol esters in models simulating processed foods. Czech J. Food Sci. 2006, 24, 172- 179.
57. Doležal, M., Ilko, V., Zelinková, Z., Velíšek, J., 3-MCPD and its esters in malts and roasted cereals. Proceedings of EURO FOOD CHEM XV, Food for the Future - the Contribution of Chemistry to Improvement of Food Quality, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5.-8.7.2009.
58. Svejkovská, B., Novotný, O., Divinová, M., Réblová, Z., et al. Esters of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-Diol in foodstuffs. Czech J. Food Sci. 2004, 22, 190- 196.
59. Stadler, R. H., Theurillat, V., Studer, A., Scanlan, F. P., Seefelder, W., in: G. Eisenbrand, Engel, K-H., Grunow, W. (Eds.), Thermal Processing of Food: Potential Health Benefits and Risks, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2007.
60. Robert, M.-C., Oberson, J.-M., Stadler, R. H., Model studies on the formation of monochloropropanediols in the presence of lipase. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 5102- 5108.
61. Hamlet, C. G., Sadd, P. A., Crews, C., Velisek, J., Baxter, D. E., Occurrence of 3-chloro-propane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) and related compounds in foods: A review. Food Addit. Contam. 2002, 19, 619- 631.
62. Chaiyasit, W., Elias, R. J., McClements, D. J., Decker, E. A., Role of physical structures in bulk oils on lipid oxidation. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2007, 47, 299- 317.
63. Pérez-Camino, M. C., Moreda, W., Cert, A., Effects of olive fruit quality and oil storage practices on the diacylglycerol content of virgin olive oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 699- 704.
64. 31P NMR spectroscopy in food analysis. 1. Quantitative determination of the mono- and diglyceride composition of olive oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 802- 805.
65. Siew, W. L., Understanding the interactions of diacylglycerols with oils for better preoduct performance. 2001 PIPOC International Palm Oil Congress - Chemistry and Technology Conference. Kuala Lumpur, Malasia: 2001.
66. Jacobsberg, B., Oh, C. H., Studies in palm oil crystallization. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1976, 53, 609- 617.
67. Matthäus, B., The FEI project: presentation made to the Process Related Compounds/Natural Toxins Task Force and Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Food Task of ILSI Europe 1 April, 2010, ILIS Europe, Brussels 2010.
68. Morrison, W. R., in: Y. Pomeranz, (Ed.), Wheat: Chemistry and Technology, 3rd Edn., American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul 1988.
69. Hamlet, C. G., Sadd, P. A., Gray, D. A., Generation of monochloropropanediols (MCPDs) in model dough systems. 1. Leavened doughs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 2059- 2066.
70. Warner, K., in: C. C. Akoh, D. B. Min, (Eds.), Food Lipids, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1998.
71. Fischer, E., Wanderung von Acyl bei den Glyceriden. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series), 1920, 53, 1621- 1633.
72. Laszlo, J. A., Compton, D. L., Vermillion, K. E., Acyl migration kinetics of vegetable oil 1, 2-diacylglycerols. JAOCS, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2008, 85, 307- 312.
73. 1H NMR. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2007, 84, 343- 348.
74. Christie, W. W., The lipid library. 2010. Available at: [accessed: July 2010].
75. Serdarevich, B., Glyceride isomerizations in lipid chemistry. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1967, 44, 381- 393.
76. Freeman, I. P., Morton, I. D., Acyl migration in diglycerides. J. Chem. Soc. C: Org. 1966, 1710- 1711.
77. Collier, P. D., Cromie, D. D. O., Davies, A. P., Mechanism of formation of chloropropanols present in protein hydrolysates. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1991, 68, 785- 790.
78. Yaylayan, V. A., Molecular mechanism of 3-MCPD ester formation: facts and hypothesis. ILSI Workshop on 3-MCPD esters, Brussels, Belgium, February 5-6, 2009. [accessed September 2010].
79. Rahn, A., Yaylayan, V. A., Thermal degradation of sucralose and its potential in generating chloropropanols in the presence of glycerol. Food Chem. 2010, 118, 56- 61.
80. Elofsson, M., Synthesis of glycosylated amino acids. Ph.D. Thesis, Lund University, 1996. Available at: [accessed August 2010].
81. Levy, D. E., Fügedi, P., The Organic Chemistry of Sugars, CRC/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, Florida 2006.
82. Hamlet, C. G., Sadd, P. A., Gray, D. A., Generation of monochloropropanediols in model dough systems. 2. Unleavened doughs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 2067- 2072.
83. Van Overloop, H., Van Der Hoeven, G., Van Veldhoven, P. P., N-Acyl migration in ceramides. J. Lipid Res. 2005, 46, 812- 816.
84. Velíšek, J., Cejpek, K., Biosynthesis of food components, 1st Edn. Ossis, Tábor 2008.
85. Carey, F. A., Organic chemistry, 4th Edn. McGraw-Hill, Boston 2000.
86. Doležal, M., Velíšek, J., Kinetics of 2-chloro-1, 3-propanediol degradation in model systems and in protein hydrolysates. Potravináøské Vìdy 1995, 2, 85- 91.
87. Doležal, M., Decontamination of Food Protein Hydrolysates. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic, 1997.
88. Eisenbrand, G., Identification of gaps in knowledge concerning toxicology of 3-MCPD-esters. ILSI Workshop on 3-MCPD esters, Brussels, Belgium, February 5-6, 2009. Available at: [accessed September 2010].
89. Larsen, C., in: 3-MCPD Esters in Food Products, Summary Report of a Workshop held in February 2009 in Brussels, Belgium, ILSI Europe, Brussels 2009.
90. O'Brien, R. D., Fats and Oil: Formulating and Processing for Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida 2004.
91. Barrett, D. M., Somogyi, L., Ramaswamy, H., Processing Fruits: Science and Technology, 2nd Edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida 2005.
92. Hamrouni, I., Touati, S., Dhifi, W., et al. Glycerolipid evolution during safflower seed formation and ripening. J. Food Lipids 2004, 11, 297- 311.
93. Matthäus, B., Potential ways of reduction of 3-MCPD esters in vegetable oils/data on mitigation. ILSI Workshop on 3-MCPD esters, Brussels, Belgium, February 5-6., 2009. Available at: [accessed September 2010].
94. Velíšek, J., Calta, P., Crews, C., Hasnip, S., Doležal, M., 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol in models simulating processed foods: Precursors and agents causing its decomposition. Czech J. Food Sci. 2003, 21, 153- 161.
95. Calta, P., Velíšek, J., Doležal, M., Hasnip, S., Crews, C., et al. Formation of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol in systems simulating processed foods. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2004, 218, 501- 506.
96. Doležal, M., Calta, P., Velíšek, J., Formation and decomposition of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol in model systems. Czech J. Food Sci. 2004, 22, 263- 266.
97. Doležal, M., Velíšek, J., Knìz, V., Kinetics of formation and decomposition of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol esters. Proceeding of EURO FOOD CHEM XIV, Food Quality and Issue of Molecule Based Science, Paris, France, 29.8.-31.8.2007.
98. Konings, E. J. M., Ashby, P., Hamlet, C., Thompson, G., Acrylamide in cereal and cereal products: A review on progress in level reduction. Food Addit. Contam. 2007, 24, 47- 59.
99. Rider, T. H., Studies of glycidol. III. Reactions with acid chlorides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1932, 54, 773- 776.
100. Sonntag, N. O. V., The reactions of aliphatic acid chlorides. Chem. Rev. 1953, 52, 237- 416.
101. Hartman, L., Glyceride synthesis by direct esterification. J. Chem. Soc. 1957, 3572.
102. Joffre, F., Griffon, H., Soulet, B., Lacoste, F., 3-MCPD esters in edible oils: analytical aspects. Gratz, Austria: Euro Fed Lipid, 2009. Available at: [accessed September 2010].
103. Escriba, M., Eras, J., Duran, M., et al. From glycerol to chlorohydrin esters using a solvent-free system. Microwave irradiation versus conventional heating. Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 10370- 10376.
104. Kasai, N., Suzuki, K., Furukawa, Y., Chiral C3 epoxides and halohydrins: Their preparation and synthetic application. J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 1998, 4, 237- 252.
105. Cambou, B., Klibanov, A. M., Preparative production of optically active esters and alcohols using esterase-catalyzed stereospecific transesterification in organic media. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 2687- 2692.
106. Zhuang, Y.-P., Xu, J.-H., Zhang, S.-L., Effects of organic solvent and acylating agent on lipase-catalyzed esterification of a chiral chlorohydrin in nonaqueous. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1998, 864, 656- 659.
107. Zelinková, Z., Novotný, O., Velíšek, J., Doležal, M., Determination of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol fatty acid esters. Proceedings of EURO FOOD CHEM XIV, Food Quality and Issue of Molecule Based Science, Paris, 29.8.-31.8.2007.
108. Zelinková, Z., Doležal, M., Velíšek, J., Occurrence of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol fatty acid esters in infant and baby foods. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2009, 228, 571- 578.
109. de Koning, S., Zelinková, Z., Hrncirik, K., Janssen, H.-G., Large-volume injection coupled to comprehensive gas chromatography - time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the analysis of 3-MCPD esters in edible oils. Column 2010, 6, 17- 22.
110. Karšulínová, L., Folprechtová, B., Doležal, M., Dostálová, J., Velíšek, J., Analysis of the lipid fractions of coffee creamers, cream aerosols, and bouillon cubes for their health risk associated constituents. Czech J. Food Sci. 2007, 25, 257- 264.
111. Doležal, M., Zelinková, Z., Velíšek, J., Analysis of potato product lipids for 3-MCPD esters. 6th Euro Fed Lipid Congress, Athens, Greece, 7.-10. September 2008.
112. Doležal, M., Kertisová, J., Zelinková, Z., Velíšek, J., Analysis of bread lipids for 3-MCPD esters. Czech J. Food Sci. 2009, 27, S417- S420.
113. Doležal, M., Chaloupská, M., Divinová, M., Svejkovská, B., Velíšek, J., Occurrence of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol and its esters in coffee. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2005, 221, 221- 225.
114. Zelinková, Z., Doležal, M., Velíšek, J., 3-Chloropropane-1, 2-diol fatty acid esters in potato products. Czech J. Food Sci. 2009, 27, S421- S424.