The role of food supplementation in the treatment of the infertile couple and for assisted reproduction

Andrologia

Volumn 42, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 331-340

  Comhaire, F ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Assisted reproduction; food supplement; infertility; neutraceutical; therapy

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; ASTAREAL; ASTAXANTHIN; CARNITINE; CITRIC ACID; CYANOCOBALAMIN; FATTY ACID; FOLIC ACID; FRUCTOSE; IMPROVE; LEPIDIUM MEYENII EXTRACT; LIGNAN; LINSEED OIL; MINERAL; NUTRACEUTICAL; PLACEBO; PYCNOGENOL; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN; ZINC;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONCEPTION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; ENDOMETRIOSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; INFERTILITY; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; NOTE; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; OBESITY; OLIGOSPERMIA; PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; REPRODUCTION; SMOKING CESSATION; SPERMATOZOON DENSITY; SPERMATOZOON MOTILITY;

ANTIOXIDANTS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFERTILITY, FEMALE; INFERTILITY, MALE; MALE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, ASSISTED; SEMEN ANALYSIS;

EID: 77957309336     PISSN: 03034569     EISSN: 14390272     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.01025.x     Document Type: Note

References (134)

1. Abdelrazik H, Sharma R, Mahfouz R, Agarwal A (2009) L-carnitine decreases DNA damage and improves the in vitro blastocyst development rate in mouse embryos. Fertil Steril 91 : 589 596.
2. Adlercreutz H, Bannwart C, Wahala K, Makela T, Brunow G, Hase T, Arosemena PJ, Kellis JT Jr., Vickery LE (1993) Inhibition of human aromatase by mammalian lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 44 : 147 153.
3. Agarwal A, Gupta S, Sharma RK (2005) Role of oxidative stress in female reproduction. Reprod Biol Online 11 : 641 650.
4. Aitken RJ, Baker MA (2004) Oxidative stress and male reproductive biology. Reprod Fertil Dev 16 : 581 588.
5. Alpay Z, Saed GM, Diamond MP (2006) Female infertility and free radicals: potential role in adhesions and endometriosis. J Soc Gynecol Investig 13 : 390 398.
6. Amin AF, Shaaban OM, Bediawy MA (2008) N-acetyl cysteine for treatment of recurrent unexplained pregnancy loss. Reprod Biomed Online 17 : 722 726.
7. Awartani KA, Nahas S, Al Hassan HS, Al Deery MA, Coskun S (2009) Infertility treatment outcome in subgroups of obese population. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 7 : 52.
8. Bartellini M, Canale D, Izzo PL, Giorgi PM, Meschini P, Mechini-Fabris GF (1987) L-carnitine and acetylcarnitine in human sperm with normal and reduced motility. Acta Eur Fertil 18 : 29 31.
9. Battista N, Pasquariello N, Di Tommaso M, Maccarrone M (2008) Interplay between endocannabinoids, steroids and cytokines in the control of human reproduction. J Neuroendocrinol 20 (Suppl 1 82 90.
10. Baumann J, von Bruchhausen F, Wurm G (1980) Flavonoids and related compounds as inhibition of arachidonic acid peroxidation. Prostaglandins 20 : 627 639.
11. Bernard D, Christophe A, Delanghe J, Langlois M, de Buyzere M, Comhaire F (2003) The effect of supplementation with an antioxidant preparation on LDL-oxidation is determined by haptoglobin polymorphism. Redox Rep 8 : 41 46.
12. Bonde JP, Joffe M, Apostoli P, Dale A, Kiss P, Spano M, Caruso F, Giwercman A, Bisanti L, Porru S, Vanhoorne M, Comhaire F, Zschiesche W (2002) Sperm count and chromatin structure in men exposed to inorganic lead: lowest adverse effect levels. Occup Environ Med 59 : 234 242.
13. Boon-Niermeijer EK, van den Berg A, Wikman G, Wiegant FA (2000) Phyto-adaptogens protect against environmental stress-induced death of embryos from the freshwater Lymnaea stagnalis. Phytomedicine 7 : 389 399.
14. Boxmeer JC, Smit M, Weber RF, Lindemans J, Romijn JC, Eijkemans MJ, Macklon NS, Steegers-Theunissen RP (2007) Seminal plasma cobalamine significantly correlates with sperm concentration in men undergoing IVF or ICSI procedures. J Androl 28 : 521 527.
15. Boxmeer JC, Brouns RM, Lindemans J, Steegers EA, Martini E, Maklon NS, Steegers-Theunissen RP (2008) Preconception folic acid treatment affects the microenvironment of the maturing oocytes in humans. Fertil Steril 89 : 1766 1770.
16. Bukulmez O, Hardy DB, Carr BR, Auchus RJ, Toloubeydokhti T, Word RA, Mendelson CR (2008) Androstenedione up-regulation of endometrial aromatase expression via local conversion to estrogen: potential relevance to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 : 3471 3477.
17. ® in humans involves COX-2 and 5-LOX mRNA expression in leukocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 9 : 1145 1149.
18. Chapkin RS, Kim W, Lupton JR, McMurray DN (2009) Dietary docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid: Emerging mediators of inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 81 : 187 191.
19. Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC (2007) Diet and lifestyle in the prevention of ovulatory disorder infertility. Obstet Gynecol 110 : 1050 1058.
20. Cho KJ, Yun CH, Packer L, Chung AS (2001) Inhibition mechanisms of bioflavonoids extracted from the bark of Pinus maritima on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 928 : 141 156.
21. Christophe A, Zalata A, Mahmoud A, Comhaire F (1998) Fatty acid composition of sperm phospholipids and its nutritional implications. Middle East Fertility Soc J 3 : 46 53. (Pubitemid 28189366)
22. Cinti DL, Cook L, Nagi MN, Suneja SK (1992) The fatty acid chain elongation system of mammalian endoplasmic reticulum. Prog Lipid Res 31 : 1 51.
23. Combelles C, Gupta S, Agarwal A (2009) Could oxidative stress influence the in vitro maturation of oocytes? Reprod Med Online 18 : 864 880.
24. Comhaire F (2000) Clinical andrology: from evidence-base to ethics. The 'E' quintet in clinical andrology. Hum Reprod 15 : 2067 2071.
25. Comhaire FH, Mahmoud AM (2004) Editorial commentary. J Androl 25 : 771 772.
26. Comhaire F, Depypere H, Millingos S (1995) Statement on intra-uterine insemination. Int J Androl Suppl 2 : 76 77.
27. Comhaire FH, Christophe AB, Zalata AA, Dhooge WS, Mahmoud AM, Depuydt CE (2000) The effects of combined conventional treatment, oral antioxidants and essential fatty acids on sperm biology in subfertile men. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 63 : 159 165.
28. Comhaire FH, Garem YE, Mahmoud A, Eertmans F, Schoonjans F (2005) Combined conventional/antioxidant "Astaxanthin" treatment for male infertility: a double blind, randomized trial. Asian J Androl 7 : 257 262.
29. Comhaire FH, Mahmoud AM, Schoonjans F (2007) Sperm quality, birth rates and the environment in Flanders. Reprod Toxicol 23 : 133 137.
30. Conquer JA, Martin JB, Tummon I, Watson L, Tekpetey F (2000) Effect of DHA supplementation on DHA status and sperm motility in asthenozoospermic males. Lipids 35 : 149 154.
31. Conti MA, Adelstein RS (2008) Nonmuscle myosin II moves in new directions. J Cell Sci 121 : 11 18.
32. Costa M, Canale D, Filicori M, D'lddio S, Lenzi A (1994) L-carnitine in idiopathic asthenozoospermia: a multicenter study. Italian Study Group on Carnitine and Male Infertility. Andrologia 26 : 155 159.
33. Dawson EB, Harris WA, Teter MC, Powell LC (1992) Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the sperm quality of smokers. Fertil Steril 58 : 1034 1039.
34. DeBaun MR, Niemitz EL, Feinberg AP (2003) Association of in vitro fertilization with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and epigenetic alterations of LIT1 and H19. Am J Hum Genet 72 : 156 160.
35. Dhooge W, Van Larebeke N, Comhaire F, Kaufman JM (2007) Reproductive parameters of community-dwelling men from 2 regions in Flanders are associated with the consumption of self-grown vegetables. J Androl 28 : 836 846.
36. Dupont J, Froment P, Ramé C, Pierre P, Coyral-Castel S, Chabrolle C (2008) Role of the fatty acids in ovarian functions: involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) and adipokines. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 36 : 1230 1238.
37. Ebisch IM, Pierik FH, De Jong FH, Thomas CM, Steegers-Theunissen RP (2006) Does folic acid and zinc sulphate intervention affect endocrine parameters and sperm characteristics in men? Int J Androl 29 : 339 345.
38. Edwards RG, Ludwig M (2003) Are major defects in children conceived in vitro due to innate problems in patients or to induced genetic damage? Reprod Biomed Online 7 : 131 138.
39. Everaert K, Mahmoud A, Depuydt C, Maeyaert M, Comhaire F (2003) Chronic prostatitis and male accessory gland in infection - is there an impact on male fertility (diagnosis and therapy)? Andrologia 35 : 325 330.
40. Ferrero S, Venturine PL, Ragni N, Camerini G, Remorgida V (2009) Pharmacological treatment of endometriosis: experience with aromatase inhibitors. Drugs 69 : 943 952.
41. Forges T, Pellanda H, Diligent C, Monnier P, Guéant JL (2008) Do folates have an impact on fertility? Gynecol Obstet Fertil 36 : 930 939.
42. Fraga CG, Motchnik PA, Shigenaga MK, Helbock HJ, Jacob RA, Ames BN (1991) Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88 : 11003 11006.
43. Freour T, Masson D, Mirallie S, Jean M, Bach K, Dejoie T, Barriere P (2008) Active smoking compromises IVF outcome and affects ovarian reserve. Reprod Med Online 16 : 96 102.
44. Golan R, Weissenberg R, Lewin LM (1984) Carnitine and acetylcarnitine in motile and immotile human spermatozoa. Int J Androl 7 : 484 494.
45. Gonzales GF, Cordova A, Gonzales C, Chung A, Vega K, Villena A (2001a) Lepidium meyenii (Maca) improved semen parameters in adult men. Asian J Androl 3 : 301 303.
46. Gonzales GF, Ruiz A, Gonzales C, Villegas L, Cordova A (2001b) Effect of Lepidium meyenii (maca) roots on spermatogenesis of male rats. Asian J Androl 3 : 231 233.
47. Goto S, Kogure K, Abe K, Kimata Y, Kitahama K, Yamashita E, Terada H (2001) Efficient radical trapping at the surface and inside the phospholipid membrane is responsible for highly potent antiperoxidative activity of the carotenoid astaxanthin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1512 : 251 258.
48. Green NS (2004) Risks of birth defects and other adverse outcomes associated with assisted reproductive technology. Pediatrics 114 : 256 259.
49. Grimm T, Chovanovà Z, Muchovà J, Sumegovà K, Liptàkovà A, Durackovà Z, Högger P (2006) Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation and MMP-9 secretion by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). J Inflamm (Lond) 3 : 1.
50. Guérin P, El Moutassim S, Ménézo Y (2001) Oxidative stress and protection against reactive oxygen species in the pre-implantation embryo and its surroundings. Hum Reprod Update 7 : 175 189.
51. Hansen M, Kurinczuk JJ, Bower C, Webb S (2002) The risk of major birth defects after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro fertilization. N Engl J Med 346 : 725 730.
52. Hashimoto S (2009) Application of in vitro maturation to assisted reproductive technology. J Reprod Dev 55 : 1 10.
53. Hughes CM, Lewis SE, McKelvey-Martin VJ, Thompson W (1998) The effects of antioxidant supplementation during Percoll preparation on human sperm DNA integrity. Hum Reprod 13 : 1240 1247.
54. Hurtado de Catalfo GE, de Gomez Dumm IN (2002) Polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis from [1-14C]20:3 n-6 acid in rat cultured Sertoli cells. Linoleic acid effect. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 34 : 525 532.
55. Irvine DS, Twigg JP, Gordon EL, Fulton N, Milne PA, Aitken RJ (2000) DNA integrity in human spermatozoa: relationships with semen quality. J Androl 21 : 33 44.
56. Iwamoto T, Hosoda K, Hirano R, Kurata H, Matsumoto A, Miki W, Kamiyama M, Itakura H, Yamamoto S, Kondo K (2000) Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by astaxanthin. J Atheroscler Thromb 7 : 216 222.
57. James AM, Cochemé HM, Smith RA, Murphy MP (2005) Interactions of mitochondria-targeted ubiquinones with the mitochondrial respiratory chain and reactive oxygen species. Implications for the use of exogenous ubiquinones as therapies and experimental tools. J Biol Chem 280 : 21295 21312.
58. Jeulin C, Lewin LM (1996) Role of free L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine in post-gonadal maturation of mammalian spermatozoa. Hum Reprod Update 2 : 87 102.
59. Katz P, Nachtigall R, Showstack J (2002) The economic impact of the assisted reproductive technologies. Nat Cell Biol 4 (Suppl s29 s32.
60. Kent-First MG, Kol S, Muallem A, Ofir R, Manor D, Blazer S, First N, Itskovitz-Eldor J (1996) The incidence and possible relevance of Y-linked microdeletions in babies born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and their infertile fathers. Mol Hum Reprod 2 : 943 950.
61. Kessopoulou E, Powers HJ, Sharma KK, Pearson MJ, Russell JM, Cooke ID, Barratt CL (1995) A double-blind randomized placebo cross-over controlled trial using the antioxidant vitamin E to treat reactive oxygen species associated male infertility. Fertil Steril 64 : 825 831.
62. Kohama T, Herai K, Inoue M (2007) Effect of French maritime pine bark extract on endometriosis as compared with leuprolin acetate. J Reprod Med 52 : 703 708.
63. Kohengkul S, Tanphaichitr V, Muangmun V, Tanphaichitr N (1977) Levels of L-carnitine and L-O-acetylcarnitine in normal and infertile human semen: a lower level of L-O-acetycarnitine in infertile semen. Fertil Steril 28 : 1333 1336.
64. Koudstaal J, Bruinse HW, Helmerhorst FM, Vermeiden JP, Willemsen WN, Visser GH (2000) Obstetric outcome of twin pregnancies after in vitro fertilization: a matched control study in four Dutch university hospitals. Hum Reprod 15 : 935 940.
65. Lambert RD (2002) Safety issues in assisted reproduction technology: the children of assisted reproduction confront the responsible conduct of assisted reproductive technologies. Hum Reprod 17 : 3011 3015.
66. Lenzi A, Culasso F, Gandini L, Lombardo F, Dondero F (1993) Placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial of glutathione therapy in male infertility. Hum Reprod 8 : 1657 1662.
67. Lenzi A, Lombardo F, Sgro P, Salacone P, Caponecchia L, Dondero F, Gandini L (2003) Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial. Fertil Steril 79 : 292 300.
68. Lewin A, Lavon H (1997) The effect of coenzyme Q10 on sperm motility and function. Mol Aspects Med 18 (Suppl S213 S219.
69. Ma K, Sharkey A, Kirsch S, Vogt P, Keil R, Hargreave TB, McBeath S, Chandley AC (1992) Towards the molecular localisation of the AZF locus: mapping of microdeletions in azoospermic men within 14 subintervals of interval 6 of the human Y chromosome. Hum Mol Genet 1 : 29 33.
70. Maffini MV, Rubin BS, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM (2006) Endocrine disrupters and reproductive health: the case of bisphenol-A. Mol Cell Endocrinol 254 255 : 179-186.
71. Maher ER, Afnan M, Barratt CL (2003) Epigenetic risks related to assisted reproductive technologies: epigenetics, imprinting, ART and icebergs? Hum Reprod 18 : 2508 2511.
72. Mahmoud AM, Comhaire FH, Depuydt CE (1998) The clinical and biologic significance of serum inhibins in subfertile men. Reprod Toxicol 12 : 591 599.
73. Mansour G, Abdelrazik H, Sharma RK, Radwan E, Falcone T, Agarwal A (2009a) L-carnitine supplementation reduces oocyte cytoskeleton damage and embryo apoptosos induced by incubation in peritoneal fluid from patients with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 91 (5 Suppl 2079 2086.
74. Mansour G, Aziz N, Sharma R, Falcone T, Goldberg J, Agarwal A (2009b) The impact of peritoneal fluid from healthy women and from women with endometriosis on sperm DNA and its relationship with the sperm deformity index. Fertil Steril 91 : 2079 2086.
75. Martinez S, Garrido N, Coperias JL, Pardo F, Desco J, Garcia-Velasco JA, Simon C, Pellicer A (2007) Serum interleukin-6 levels are elevated in women with minimal-mild endometriosis. Hum Reprod 22 : 836 842.
76. Matorras R, Ruiz JI, Mendoza R, Ruiz N, Sanjurju P, Rodriguez-Escudero FJ (1998) Fatty acid composition of fertilization-failed human oocytes. Hum Reprod 13 : 2227 2230.
77. McLachlan JA, Simpson E, Martin M (2006) Endocrine disrupters and female reproductive health. Best Pract Res Endocrinol Metab 20 : 63 75.
78. Menchini-Fabris GF, Canale D, Izzo PL, Olivieri L, Bartelloni M (1984) Free L-carnitine in human semen: its variability in different andrologic pathologies. Fertil Steril 42 : 263 267.
79. Moll AC, Imhof SM, Cruysberg JR, Schouten-van Meeteren AY, Boers M, van Leeuwen FE (2003) Incidence of retinoblastoma in children born after in vitro fertilisation. Lancet 361 : 309 310.
80. Moncada ML, Vicari E, Cimino C, Calogero AE, Mongioi A, D'Agata R (1992) Effect of acetylcarnitine treatment in oligoasthenospermic patients. Acta Eur Fertil 23 : 221 224.
81. Ngô C, Chéreau C, Nicco C, Weill B, Chapron C, Batteux F (2009) Reactive oxygen species controls endometriosis progression. Am J Pathol 175 : 225 234.
82. Noble LS, Simpson ER, Johns A, Bulum SE (1996) Aromatase expression in endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 : 174 179.
83. Ombelet W, Deblaere K, Bosmans E, Cox A, Jacobs P, Janssen M, Nijs M (2003) Semen quality and intrauterine insemination. Reprod Biomed Online 7 : 485 492.
84. Palermo G, Joris H, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem AC (1992) Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte. Lancet 340 : 17 18.
85. Panossian A, Wikman G (2009) Evidence-based efficacy of adaptogens in fatigue, and molecular mechanisms related to their stress-protective activity. Curr Clin Pharmacol (PubMed 19500070, ahead of press).
86. Panossian A, Wikman G, Kaur P, Asea A (2009) Adaptogens exert a stress-protective effect by modulation of expression of molecular chaperones. Phytomedicine 16 : 617 622.
87. Papathanasiou A, Djahanbakhck O, Saridogan E, Lyons RA (2008) The effect of interleukin-6 on ciliary beat frequency in human fallopian tube. Fertil Steril 90 : 391 394.
88. Paszkowski T, Clarke RN, Hornstein MD (2002) Smoking induces oxidative stress inside the Graafian follicle. Hum Reprod 17 : 921 925.
89. Peng Q, Wei Z, Lau BH (2000) Pycnogenol inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced nuclear factor kappa B activation and adhesion molecule expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 57 : 834 841.
90. Pinborg A, Loft A, Schmidt L, Greisen G, Rasmussen S, Andersen AN (2004) Neurological sequelae in twins born after assisted conception: controlled national cohort study. BMJ 329 : 311.
91. Plecita-Hlavata L, Jezek J, Jezek P (2009) Pro-oxidant mitochondrial matrix-targeted ubiquinone MitQ10 acts as anti-oxidant at retarded electron transport or proton pumping within complex I. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41 : 1697 1707.
92. Reefhuis J, Hionein MA, Schieve LA, Correa A, Hobbs CA, Rasmussen SA, National Birth Defects Prevention Study (2009) Assisted reproduction technology and major structural birth defects in the United States. Hum Reprod 24 : 360 366.
93. Rohdewald P (2002) A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 40 : 158 168.
94. Rolf C, Cooper TG, Yeung CH, Nieschlag E (1999) Antioxidant treatment of patients with asthenozoospermia or moderate oligoasthenozoospermia with high-dose vitamin C and vitamin E: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Hum Reprod 14 : 1028 1033.
95. Roseff SJ, Gulati R (1999) Improvement of sperm quality by Pycnogenol. Eur Bull Drug Res 7 : 33 36.
96. Rowe PJ, Comhaire FH, Hargreave TB, Mahmoud AMA (2000) WHO Manual for the Standardized Investigation, Diagnosis and Management of the Infertile Male. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
97. Ruiz-Pesini E, Alvarez E, Enriquez JA, Lopez-Perez MJ (2001) Association between seminal plasma carnitine and sperm mitochondrial enzymatic activities. Int J Androl 24 : 335 340.
98. Saether T, Tran TN, Rootwelt H, Christophersen BO, Haugen TB (2003) Expression and regulation of delta5-desaturase, delta6-desaturase, stearoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase 1, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2 in rat testis. Biol Reprod 69 : 117 124.
99. Sas K, Robotka H, Toldi J, Vécsei L (2007) Mitochondria, metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress and the kynurenine system, with focus on neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurol Sci 257 : 221 239.
100. Schäfer A, Chovanovà Z, Muchovà J, Sumegovà K, Liptàkovà A, Durackovà Z, Högger P (2006) Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). Biomed Pharmacother 60 : 5 9.
101. Schell C, Albrecht M, Mayer C, Schwarzer JU, Frungieri MB, Mayerhofer A (2008) Exploring human testicular peritubular cells: identification of secretory products and regulation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Endocrinology 149 : 1678 1686.
102. Schieve LA, Rasmussen SA, Buck GM, Schendel DE, Reynolds MA, Wright VC (2004) Are children born after assisted reproductive technology at increased risk for adverse health outcomes? Obstet Gynecol 103 : 1154 1163.
103. Schweigert FJ, Steinhagen B, Raila J, Siemann A, Peet D, Buscher U (2003) Concentration of carotenoids, retinol and alpha-tocopherol in plasma and follicular fluid of women undergoing IVF. Hum Reprod 18 : 1259 1264.
104. Scott R, MacPherson A, Yates RW, Hussain B, Dixon J (1998) The effect of oral selenium supplementation on human sperm motility. Br J Urol 82 : 76 80.
105. Seely D, Singh R (2007) Adaptogenic potential of a polyherbal natural health product: report on a longitudinal clinical trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 4 : 375 380.
106. Sharpe RM (2003) The 'oestrogen hypothesis'- where do we stand now? Int J Androl 26 : 2 15.
107. Sivonovà M, Waczulikovà I, Kilanczyk E, Hrnciarovà M, Bryszewska M, Klajnert B, Durackovà Z (2004) The effect of Pycnogenol on the erythrocyte membrane fluidity. Gen Physiol Biophys 23 : 39 51.
108. Skakkebaek NE (2004) Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: new epidemiological evidence. Int J Androl 27 : 189 191.
109. Soufir JC, Ducot B, Marson J, Jouannet P, Feneux D, Soumah A, Spira A (1984) Levels of seminal free L(-) carnitine in fertile and infertile men. Int J Androl 7 : 188 197.
110. Steptoe PC, Edwards RG (1978) Birth after the reimplantation of a human embryo. Lancet 2 : 366.
111. Stromberg B, Dahlquist G, Ericson A, Finnstrom O, Koster M, Stjernqvist K (2002) Neurological sequelae in children born after in vitro fertilisation: a population-based study. Lancet 359 : 461 465.
112. Sutcliffe AG, Taylor B, Li J, Thornton S, Grudzinskas JG, Lieberman BA (1999) Children born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection: population control study. Br Med J 318 : 704 705. (Pubitemid 29191995)
113. Tanphaichitr N (1977) In vitro stimulation of human sperm motility by acetylcarnitine. Int J Fertil 22 : 85 91.
114. Taylor AH, Ang C, Bell SC, Konje JC (2007) The role of endocannabinoid system in gametogenesis, implantation and early pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update 13 : 501 513.
115. Tiepolo L, Zuffardi O (1976) Localization of factors controlling spermatogenesis in the nonfluorescent portion of the human Y chromosome long arm. Hum Genet 34 : 119 124.
116. Tran TN, Retterstol K, Christophersen BO (2003) Metabolism of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in testicular cells. In : Male fertility and lipid metabolism. De Vriese SR, Christophe AB (eds). AOCS Press, Illinois, pp. 11 22.
117. Tremellen K, Miari G, Froiland D, Thompson J (2007) A randomised control trial examining the effect of an antioxidant (Menevit) on pregnancy outcome during IVF-ICSI treatment. Aust N Z J Onstet Gynaecol 47 : 216 221.
118. Tunc O, Thompson A.J., Tremellen K (2009) Improvement in sperm DNA quality using an oral antioxidant therapy. Reprod Biol Online 18 : 761 768.
119. Vanhoorne M, Comhaire F, De Bacquer D (1994) Epidemiological study of the effects of carbon disulfide on male sexuality and reproduction. Arch Environ Health 49 : 273 278.
120. Veillat V, Lavoie CH, Metz CN, Roger T, Labelle Y, Akoum A (2009) Involvement of nuclear factor-KappaB in macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene transcription up-regulation induced by interleukin-1 beta in ectopic endometrial cells. Fertil Steril 91 5 (Suppl 2148 2156.
121. van der Ven K, Peschka B, Montag M, Lange R, Schwanitz G, van der Ven HH (1998) Increased frequency of congenital chromosomal aberrations in female partners of couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 13 : 48 54.
122. Virgili F, Kim D, Packer L (1998) Procyanidins extracted from pine bark protect alpha-tocopherol in ECV 304 endothelial cells challenged by activated RAW 264.7 macrophages: role of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. FEBS Lett 431 : 315 318.
123. Vitali G, Parente R, Melotti C (1995) Carnitine supplementation in human idiopathic asthenospermia: clinical results. Drugs Exp Clin Res 21 : 157 159.
124. Voliani S, Bertozzi MA, Rossi P, Menchini-Fabris GF (2001) The treatment of male infertility with L-carnitine/L-acetyl carnitine. XVII National Congress, Societa Italiana Andrologia SIA, Venezia 2001 8 : 122.
125. Wang C, Makela T, Hase T, Adlercreutz H, Kurzer MS (1994) Lignans and flavonoids inhibit aromatase enzyme in human preadipocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 50 : 205 212.
126. Wathes DC, Abayasekara DR, Aitken RJ (2007) Polyunsaturated fatty acids in male and female reproduction. Biol Reprod 77 : 190 201.
127. Wennerholm U, Bergh C, Hamberger L, Lundin K, Nilsson L, Wikland M, Kallen B (2000) Incidence of congenital malformations in children born after ICSI. Hum Reprod 15 : 944 948.
128. Wildman REC, Medeiros DM (2000) Advanced Human Nutrition. CRC Press, London, pp 370 371.
129. Wolff T, Witkop CT, Miller T, Syed SB, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2009) Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects: an update of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 150 : 632 639.
130. Wong WY, Merkus HM, Thomas CM, Menkveld R, Zielhuis GA, Steegers-Theunissen RP (2002) Effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on male factor subfertility: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril 77 : 491 498.
131. Zalata AA, Christophe AB, Depuydt CE, Schoonjans F, Comhaire FH (1998) The fatty acid composition of phospholipids of spermatozoa from infertile patients. Mol Hum Reprod 4 : 111 118.
132. Zenico T, Cicero AF, Valmorri L, Mercuriali M, Bercovich E (2009) Subjective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) extract on well-being and sexual performance in patients wild mild erectile dysfunction: a randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Andrologia 41 : 95 99.
133. Zheng BL, He K, Kim CH, Rogers L, Shao Y, Huang ZY, Lu Y, Yan SJ, Qien LC, Zheng QY (2000) Effect of a lipidic extract from Lepidium meyenii on sexual behavior in mice and rats. Urology 55 : 598 602.
134. Zi SX, Li Y, Liu W, Yang QQ, Zhao G, Lian S (2009) Oligomeric proanthocyanidins from grape seeds effectively inhibit ultra-violet induced melanogenesis of human malanocytes in vitro. Int J Mol Med 23 : 197 204.