Progress and perspectives for carotenoid accumulation in selected Triticeae species

Crop and Pasture Science

Volumn 61, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 743-751

  Rodriguez Suraez C ^a   Gimenez M J ^b   Atienza, S G ^b  

^a Parc Cientific ^*  (Spain)

^b INSTITUTO DE AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE   (Spain)

Author keywords

carotene; carotenoid engineering; lutein; phytoene synthase; vitamin A; yellow pigment content

Indexed keywords

CAROTENOID; CHILD HEALTH; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GRASS; MAIZE; MALNUTRITION; PUBLIC HEALTH; RICE; TRANSGENIC PLANT; WHEAT;

POACEAE; TRITICEAE; TRITICUM AESTIVUM; TRITICUM TURGIDUM SUBSP. DURUM; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 77956516590     PISSN: 18360947     EISSN: 18365795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/CP10025     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. AACC (American Association of Cereal Chemists) (2000) AACC Official Method 14-50. In 'Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists'. 10th edn (AACC: St Paul, MN)
2. Abdel-Aal ESM, Young JC, Wood PJ, Rabalski I, Hucl P, Falk D, Fregeau-Reid J (2002) Einkorn: a potential candidate for developing high lutein wheat. Cereal Chemistry 79, 455-457. doi:10.1094/CCHEM.2002. 79.3.455
3. Al-BabiliS,BeyerP(2005) Golden Rice-five yearsonthe road-five years to go? Trends in Plant Science 10, 565-573. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2005. 10.006
4. Al-BabiliS,HoaTTC,SchaubP(2006)Exploringthepotentialofthebacterial carotenedesaturaseCrtItoincrease theb-carotene contentinGolden Rice. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 1007-1014. doi:10.1093/jxb/erj086
5. Al-Delaimy WK, Slimani N, Ferrari P, Key T, Spencer E, Johansson I, Johansson G, Mattisson I, Wirfalt E, Sieri S, Agudo A, Celentano E, Palli D, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Dorronsoro M, Ocké MC, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Overvad K, Chirlaque MD, Trichopoulou A, Naska A, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Lund E, Skeie G, Ardanaz E, Kesse E, Boutron-RuaultM-C, Clavel-ChapelonF,BinghamS,Welch AA,Martinez-Garcia C, NagelG, LinseisenJ,Quirós JR, Peeters PHM, van Gils CH, Boeing H, van Kappel AL, Steghens J-P, Riboli E (2005) Plasma carotenoids as biomarkers of intake of fruits and vegetables: ecological-level correlations in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 1397-1408. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602253 (Pubitemid 43135155)
6. Aluru M, Xu Y, Guo R, Wang Z, Li S, White W, Wang K, Rodermel S (2008) Generation of transgenic maize with enhanced provitamin A content. Journal of Experimental Botany 59,3551-3562. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ern212
7. Alvarez JB, Martin LM, Martin A (1998) Chromosomal localization of genes for carotenoid pigments using addition lines of Hordeum chilense in wheat. Plant Breeding 117, 287-289. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523.1998. tb01942.x
8. Alvarez JB, Martin LM, Martin A (1999) Genetic variation for carotenoid pigment content in the amphiploid Hordeum chilense x Triticum turgidum conv. durum. Plant Breeding 118, 187-189. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0523.1999.118002187.x (Pubitemid 29252942)
9. Atienza SG, Avila CM, Martin A (2007a) The development of a PCR-based marker for PSY1 from Hordeum chilense, a candidate gene for carotenoid content accumulation in tritordeum seeds. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, 767-773. doi: 10.1071/AR06338 (Pubitemid 47346865)
10. Atienza SG, Avila CM, Ramirez MC, Martin A (2005) Application of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to the determination of carotenoid content in tritordeum for breeding purposes. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 85-89. doi:10.1071/AR04154 (Pubitemid 40374542)
11. Atienza SG, Ballesteros J, Martin A, Hornero-Mendez D (2007b) Genetic variability of carotenoid concentration and degree of esterification among tritordeum (x Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner) and durum wheat accessions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55, 4244-4251. doi:10.1021/jf070342p (Pubitemid 46867441)
12. Atienza SG, Ramirez CM, Hernandez P, Martin A (2004) Chromosomal location of genes for carotenoid pigments in Hordeum chilense. Plant Breeding 123, 303-304. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2004.00918.x (Pubitemid 38826131)
13. Bai L, Kim E-H, DellaPenna D, Brutnell TP (2009) Novel lycopene epsilon cyclase activities in maize revealed through perturbation of carotenoid biosynthesis. The Plant Journal 59, 588-599. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03899. x
14. Baisakh N, Rehana S, Rai M, Oliva N, Tan J, Mackill DJ, Khush GS, Datta K, Datta SK (2006) Marker-free transgenic (MFT) near-isogenic introgression lines (NIILs) of 'golden' indica rice (cv. IR64) with accumulation of provitamin A in the endosperm tissue. Plant Biotechnology Journal 4,467-475. doi: 10.1111/j. 1467-7652.2006.00196.x
15. Baker R, Günther C (2004) The role of carotenoids in consumer choice and the likely benefits from their inclusion into products for human consumption. Trends in Food Science & Technology 15, 484-488. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2004.04.0094 (Pubitemid 39175130)
16. Ballesteros J, Ramirez MC, Martinez C, Atienza SG, Martin A (2005) Registration of HT621, a high carotenoid content tritordeum germplasm line. Crop Science 45,2662-2663. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2004. 0641
17. Borrelli GM, De Leonardis AM, Fares C, Platani C, Di Fonzo N (2003) Effects of modified processing conditions on oxidative properties of semolina dough and pasta. Cereal Chemistry80, 225-231. doi: 10.1094/CCHEM. 2003.80.2.225
18. Borrelli GM, De Leonardis AM, Platani C, Troccoli A (2008) Distribution along durum wheat kernel of the components involved in semolina colour. Journal of Cereal Science 48, 494-502. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs. 2007.11.007
19. Borrelli GM, Troccoli A, Di Fonzo N, Fares C (1999) Durum wheat lipoxygenase activity and other quality parameters that affect pasta color. Cereal Chemistry 76, 335-340. doi:10.1094/CCHEM.1999. 76.3.335
20. Breithaupt DR (2008) Xanthophylls in poultry feeding. In 'Carotenoids. Vol.IV. (Eds G Britton, S Liaaen-Jensen, H Pfander) pp. 255-264. (Birkhäuser Verlag: Berlin)
21. Britton G (2008) Functions of intact carotenoids. In 'Carotenoids. Vol. IV'. (Eds G Britton, S Liaaen-Jensen, H Pfander) pp. 189-212. (Birkhäuser Verlag: Berlin)
22. Buckner B, San Miguel P, Janick-Buckner D, Bennetzen JL (1996) They1 gene of maize codes for phytoene synthase. Genetics 143, 479-488.
23. Carpentier S, Knaus M, Suh M (2009) Associations between lutein, zeaxanthin, and age-related macular degeneration: an overview. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 49, 313-326. doi:10.1080/10408390802066979
24. Chander S, Guo YQ, Yang XH, Zhang J, Lu XQ, Yan JB, Song TM, Rocheford TR, Li JS (2008) Using molecular markers to identify two major loci controlling carotenoid contents in maize grain. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 116, 223-233. doi:10.1007/s00122-007-0661-7 (Pubitemid 350295371)
25. Cong L, Wang C, Chen L, Liu H, Yang G, He G (2009) Expression of phytoene synthase1 and carotene desaturase crtI genes result in an increase in the total carotenoids content in transgenic elite wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57, 8652-8660. doi:10.1021/jf9012218
26. Cuttriss A, Mimica J, Howitt C, Pogson B (2006) Carotenoids. In 'The structure and function of plastids'. (Eds RR Wise, JK Hoober) pp. 315-334. (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
27. Datta S, Datta K, Parkhi V, Rai M, Baisakh N, Sahoo G, Rehana S, Bandyopadhyay A, Alamgir M, Ali M, Abrigo E, Oliva N, Torrizo L (2007) Golden rice: introgression, breeding, and field evaluation. Euphytica 154, 271-278. doi:10.1007/s10681-006-9311-4 (Pubitemid 46392993)
28. Digesù AM, Platani C, Cattivelli L, Mangini G, Blanco A (2009) Genetic variability in yellow pigment components in cultivated and wild tetraploid wheats. Journal of Cereal Science 50, 210-218. doi:10.1016/j.jcs. 2009.05.002
29. Elouafi I, Nachit MM, Martin LM (2001) Identification of a microsatellite on chromosome 7B showing a strong linkage with yellow pigment in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). Hereditas 135, 255-261. doi:10.1111/j.1601- 5223.2001.t01-1-00255.x
30. Enserink M (2008) Tough lessons from golden rice. Science 320, 468-471. doi:10.1126/science.320.5875.468 (Pubitemid 351590623)
31. Flagg EW, Coates RJ, Greenberg RS (1995) Epidemiologic studies of antioxidants and cancer in humans. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 14, 419-427.
32. Fraser PD, Bramley PM (2004) The biosynthesis and nutritional uses of carotenoids. Progress in Lipid Research 43, 228-265. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2003. 10.002 (Pubitemid 38299194)
33. Fratianni A, Irano M, Panfili G, Acquistucci R (2005) Estimation of color of durum wheat. Comparison of WSB, HPLC, and reflectance colorimeter measurements. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, 2373-2378. doi:10.1021/jf040351n (Pubitemid 40471711)
34. Gallagher CE, Matthews PD, Li F, Wurtzel ET (2004) Gene duplication in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway preceded evolution of the grasses. Plant Physiology 135, 1776-1783. doi:10.1104/pp.104.039818 (Pubitemid 39009419)
35. Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ,Colditz GA,Willett WC (1995) Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 87, 1767-1776. doi:10.1093/jnci/87.23. 1767
36. Giuliano G, Tavazza R, Diretto G, Beyer P, Taylor MA (2008) Metabolic engineeringofcarotenoid biosynthesisin plants. Trends in Biotechnology 26, 139-145. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.12.003
37. Glémin S, Bataillon T (2009) A comparative view of the evolution of grasses under domestication. New Phytologist 183, 273-290. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02884.x
38. Harjes CE, Rocheford TR, Bai L, Brutnell TP, Kandianis CB, Sowinski SG, Stapleton AE, Vallabhaneni R, Williams M, Wurtzel ET, Yan J, Buckler ES (2008) Natural genetic variation in lycopene epsilon cyclase tapped for maize biofortification. Science 319, 330-333. doi:10.1126/science.1150255
39. He X, Wang J, Ammar K, Pena RJ, Xia X, He Z (2009a) Allelic variantsatthe Psy-A1 and Psy-B1 loci in durum wheat and their associations with grain yellowness. Crop Science 49, 2058-2064. doi:10.2135/cropsci2008.11.0651
40. He XY, He ZH, Ma W, Appels R, Xia XC (2009b) Allelic variants of phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) genes in Chinese and CIMMYT wheat cultivars and development of functional markers for flour colour. Molecular Breeding 23, 553-563. doi:10.1007/s11032-009-9255-1
41. He XY, Zhang YL, He ZH, Wu YP, Xiao YG, Ma CX, Xia XC (2008) Characterization of phytoene synthase 1 gene (Psy1) located on common wheat chromosome 7A and development of a functional marker. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 116, 213-221. doi:10.1007/s00122-007-0660-8 (Pubitemid 350295370)
42. Hentschel V, Kranl K, Hollmann J, Lindhauer MG, Bohm V, Bitsch R (2002) Spectrophotometric determination of yellow pigment content and evaluation of carotenoids by high-performance liquid chromatography in durum wheat grain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50, 6663-6668. doi:10.1021/jf025701p (Pubitemid 35253154)
43. Hessler TG, Thomson MJ, Benscher D, Nachit MM, Sorrells ME (2002) Association of a lipoxygenase locus, Lpx-B1, with variation in lipoxygenase activity in durum wheat seeds. Crop Science 42, 1695-1700. doi:10.2135/ cropsci2002.1695
44. Hidalgo A, Brandolini A (2008) Kinetics of carotenoids degradation during the storage of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum) flours. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 11 300-11 305. doi:10.1021/jf802448t
45. Hidalgo A, Brandolini A, Pompei C, Piscozzi R (2006) Carotenoids and tocols of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum L.). Journal of Cereal Science 44, 182-193. doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2006. 06.002
46. Hirschberg J (2001) Carotenoid biosynthesis in flowering plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 4, 210-218. doi:10.1016/S1369-5266(00) 00163-1
47. Howitt CA, Cavanagh CR, Bowerman AF, Cazzonelli C, Rampling L, Mimica JL, Pogson BJ (2009) Alternative splicing, activation of cryptic exons and amino acid substitutions in carotenoid biosynthetic genes are associated with lutein accumulation in wheat endosperm. Functional & Integrative Genomics 9, 363-376. doi:10.1007/s10142-009-0121-3
48. Howitt CA, Pogson BJ (2006) Carotenoid accumulation and function in seeds and non-green tissues. Plant, Cell & Environment 29, 435-445. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01492.x
49. Juliano BO (1993) 'Rice in human nutrition.' (The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations: Rome) Available at: www.fao.org/inpho/ content/documents/vlibrary/t0567e/t0567e00.htm
50. Karplus VJ, Deng XW (2008) 'Agricultural biotechnology in China. Origins and prospects.' (Springer: New York)
51. Lamberts L, Delcour JA (2008) Carotenoids in raw and parboiled brown and milled rice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 11 914-11 919. doi:10.1021/jf802613c
52. Leenhardt F, Lyan B, Rock E, Boussard A, Potus J, Chanliaud E, Remesy C (2006a) Geneticvariabilityofcarotenoidconcentration, and lipoxygenase and peroxidase activities among cultivated wheat species and bread wheat varieties. European Journal of Agronomy 25, 170-176. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2006.04.010 (Pubitemid 44144552)
53. Leenhardt F, Lyan B, Rock E, Boussard A, Potus J, Chanliaud E, Remesy C (2006b) Wheat lipoxygenase activity induces greater loss of carotenoids than vitamin E during breadmaking. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54, 1710-1715. doi:10.1021/jf052243m
54. Li F, Murillo C, Wurtzel ET (2007) Maize Y9 encodes a product essential for 15-cis-z-carotene isomerization. Plant Physiology 144, 1181-1189. doi:10.1104/pp.107.098996 (Pubitemid 46950626)
55. Li F, Tsfadia O, Wurtzel ET (2009) The phytoene synthase gene family in the grasses: subfunctionalization provides tissue-specific control of carotenogenesis. Plant Signaling & Behavior 4, 208-211. doi:10.4161/psb.4.3. 7798
56. Li FQ, Vallabhaneni R, Wurtzel ET (2008a) PSY3, a new member of the phytoene synthase gene family conserved in the poaceae and regulator of abiotic stress-induced root carotenogenesis. Plant Physiology 146, 1333-1345. doi:10.1104/pp.107.111120 (Pubitemid 352844126)
57. Li FQ, Vallabhaneni R, Yu J, Rocheford T, Wurtzel ET (2008b) The maize phytoene synthase gene family: overlapping roles for carotenogenesis in endosperm, photomorphogenesis, and thermal stress tolerance. Plant Physiology 147, 1334-1346. doi:10.1104/pp.108.122119 (Pubitemid 352844267)
58. Mares D, Mrva K (2008) Genetic variation for quality traits in synthetic wheat germplasm. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, 406-412. doi:10.1071/AR07224 (Pubitemid 351677564)
59. Mares DJ, Campbell AW (2001) Mapping components of flour colour in Australian wheat. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, 1297-1309. doi:10.1071/AR01048
60. Martín A, Alvarez JB, Martin LM, Barro F, Ballesteros J (1999) The development of tritordeum: a novel cereal for food processing. Journal of Cereal Science 30, 85-95. doi:10.1006/jcrs.1998.0235
61. Martin A, Sánchez-Monge Laguna E (1982) Cytology and morphology of the amphiploid Hordeum chilense x Triticum turgidum conv durum. Euphytica 31, 261-267. doi:10.1007/BF00028329
62. Matthews PD, Wurtzel ET (2007) Biotechnology of food colorant production. In 'Food colorants: chemical and functional properties'. (Ed. C Socaciu) pp. 347-398. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL)
63. Meng E, Loyns A, Peña RJ (2009) Wheat quality in the developing world: trends and opportunities. In 'Wheat facts and futures'. (Eds J Dison, H-J Braun, P Kosina, J Crouch) pp. 26-41. (CIMMYT: Mexico, D.F.)
64. Naqvi S, Zhu CF, Farre G, Ramessar K, Bassie L, Breitenbach J, Conesa DP, Ros G, Sandmann G, Capell T, Christou P (2009) Transgenic multivitamin corn through biofortification of endosperm with three vitamins representing three distinct metabolic pathways. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 7762-7767. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901412106
65. Nishino H, Murakoshi M, Tokuda H, Satomi Y (2009) Cancer prevention by carotenoids. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 483, 165-168. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.09.011
66. Paine JA, Shipton CA, Chaggar S, Howells RM, Kennedy MJ, Vernon G, Wright SY, Hinchlife E, Adams JL, Silverstone AL, Drake R (2005) Improving the nutritional value of Golden Rice through increased provitamin A content. Nature Biotechnology 23, 482-487. doi:10.1038/nbt1082 (Pubitemid 41724925)
67. Palaisa KA, Morgante M, Williams M, Rafalski A (2003) Contrasting effects of selection on sequence diversity and linkage disequilibrium at two phytoene synthase loci. The Plant Cell 15, 1795-1806. doi:10.1105/tpc.012526 (Pubitemid 37078335)
68. Panfili G, Fratianni A, Irano M (2004) Improved normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography procedure for the determination of carotenoids in cereals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, 6373-6377. doi:10.1021/jf0402025
69. Parker GD, Chalmers KJ, Rathjen AJ, Langridge P (1998) Mapping loci associated with flour colour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 97, 238-245. doi:10.1007/s001220050891 (Pubitemid 28371689)
70. Patil RM, Oak MD, Tamhankar SA, Sourdille P, Rao VS (2008) Mapping and validation of a major QTL for yellow pigment content on 7AL in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum). Molecular Breeding 21, 485-496. doi: 10.1007/s11032-007-9147-1
71. Pistón F, Leon E, Lazzeri PA, Barro F (2008) Isolation of two storage protein promoters from Hordeum chilense and characterization of their expression patterns in transgenic wheat. Euphytica 162, 371-379. doi: 10.1007/s10681-007-9530-3 (Pubitemid 351914203)
72. Pixley K (2009) The Tortoise and the Hare? Conventional and transgenic approaches to breeding provitamin A in maize. Available at: www. harvestplus.org/content/tortoise-and-hare-conventional-and-transgenic- approaches-breeding-provitamin-maize
73. Pozniak CJ, Knox RE, Clarke FR, Clarke JM (2007) Identification of QTL and association of a phytoene synthase gene with endosperm colour in durum wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 114, 525-537. doi:10.1007/s00122-006- 0453-5 (Pubitemid 46211998)
74. Randolph LF, Hand DB (1940) Relation between carotenoid content and number of genes per cell in diploid and tetraploid corn. Journal of Agricultural Research 60, 51-64.
75. Reimer S, Pozniak CJ, Clarke FR, Clarke JM, Somers DJ, Knox RE, Singh AK (2008) Association mapping of yellow pigment in an elite collection of durum wheat cultivars and breeding lines. Genome 51, 1016-1025. doi:10.1139/G08-083
76. Sandmann G, Romer S, Fraser PD (2006) Understanding carotenoid metabolism as a necessity for genetic engineering of crop plants. Metabolic Engineering 8, 291-302. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2006.01.005 (Pubitemid 43903303)
77. Schaub P, Al-Babili S, Drake R, Beyer P (2005) Why is Golden Rice golden (yellow) instead of red? Plant Physiology 138, 441-450. doi:10.1104/pp.104. 057927
78. Serpen A, Gokmen V, Karagoz A, Koksel H (2008) Phytochemical quantification and total antioxidant capacities of emmer (Triticum dicoccon Schrank) and einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) wheat landraces. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 7285-7292. doi:10.1021/jf8010855
79. Singh A, Reimer S, Pozniak CJ, Clarke FR, Clarke JM, Knox RE, Singh AK (2009) Allelic variation at Psy1-A1 and association with yellow pigment in durum wheat grain.Theoretical and Applied Genetics118, 1539-1548. doi:10.1007/s00122-009-1001-x
80. Stein AJ, Sachdev HPS, Qaim M (2006) Potential impact and cost-effectiveness of Golden Rice. Nature Biotechnology 24, 1200-1201. doi:10.1038/nbt1006-1200b (Pubitemid 44564757)
81. Tan J, Baisakh N, Oliva N, Parkhi V, Rai M, Torrizo L, Datta K, Datta SK (2005) The screening of rice germplasm, including those transgenic rice lines which accumulate b-carotene in their polished seeds, for their carotenoid profile. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 40, 563-569. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.00971.x (Pubitemid 40643939)
82. Tang GW, Qin J, Dolnikowski GG, Russell RM, Grusak MA (2009) Golden Rice is an effective source of vitamin A. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89, 1776-1783. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27119
83. TroccoliA,Borrelli GM,DeVita P,FaresC,DiFonzoN(2000) Durum wheat quality: a multidisciplinary concept. Journal of Cereal Science 32, 99-113. doi:10.1006/jcrs.2000.0322
84. Vallabhaneni R, Gallagher CE, Licciardello N, Cuttriss AJ, Quinlan RF, Wurtzel ET (2009) Metabolite sorting of germplasm collection reveals the hydroxylase3 locus as a new target for maize provitamin A biofortification. Plant Physiology 151, 1635-1645. doi:10.1104/pp.109. 145177
85. Vallabhaneni R, Wurtzel ET (2009) Timing and biosynthetic potential for carotenoid accumulation in genetically diverse germplasm of maize. Plant Physiology 150, 562-572. doi:10.1104/pp.109.137042
86. Vaughan DA, Lu B-R, Tomooka N (2008) The evolving story of rice evolution. Plant Science 174, 394-408.
87. VishnevetskyM,Ovadis M,VainsteinA (1999a) Carotenoid sequestration in plants: the role of carotenoid-associated proteins. Trends in Plant Science 4, 232-235. doi:10.1016/S1360-1385(99)01414-4 (Pubitemid 29270618)
88. Vishnevetsky M, Ovadis M, Zuker A, Vainstein A (1999b) Molecular mechanisms underlying carotenogenesis in the chromoplast: multilevel regulation of carotenoid-associated genes. The Plant Journal 20, 423-431. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00615.x (Pubitemid 30023243)
89. Welsch R, Wust F, Bar C, Al-Babili S, Beyer P (2008) A third phytoene synthase is devoted to abiotic stress-induced abscisic acid formation in rice and defines functional diversification of phytoene synthase genes. Plant Physiology 147, 367-380. doi:10.1104/pp.108.117028 (Pubitemid 352844362)
90. Wong JC, Lambert RJ, Wurtzel ET, RochefordTR (2004) QTL and candidate genes phytoene synthase and zeta-carotene desaturase associated with the accumulation of carotenoids in maize. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 108, 349-359. doi:10.1007/s00122-003-1436-4 (Pubitemid 38162219)
91. Yan JB, Kandianis CB, Harjes CE, Bai L, Kim EH, Yang XH, Skinner DJ, Fu ZY, Mitchell S, Li Q, Fernandez MGS, Zaharieva M, Babu R, Fu Y, Palacios N, Li JS, DellaPenna D, Brutnell T, Buckler ES, Warburton ML, Rocheford T (2010) Rare genetic variation at Zea mays crtRB1 increases beta-carotene in maize grain. Nature Genetics 42, 322-327. doi:10.1038/ng.551
92. Ye X, Al-Babili S, Klöti A, Zhang J, Lucca P, Beyer P, Potrykus I (2000) Engineering the provitamin A (b-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. Science 287, 303-305. doi:10.1126/science.287. 5451.303 (Pubitemid 30046756)
93. Zhang W, Chao S, Manthey F, Chicaiza O, Brevis JC, Echenique V, Dubcovsky J (2008) QTL analysis of pasta quality using a composite microsatellite and SNP map of durum wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 117, 1361-1377. doi:10.1007/s00122-008-0869-1
94. Zhang W, Dubcovsky J (2008) Association between allelic variation at the Phytoene synthase 1 gene and yellow pigment content in the wheat grain. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 116, 635-645. doi:10.1007/s00122-007-0697-8
95. Zhang WJ, Lukaszewski AJ, Kolmer J, Soria MA, Goyal S, Dubcovsky J (2005) Molecular characterization of durum and common wheat recombinant lines carrying leaf rust resistance (Lr19) and yellow pigment (Y) genes from Lophopyrum ponticum. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 111, 573-582. doi:10.1007/s00122-005- 2048-y (Pubitemid 41204240)
96. ZhangYL,WuYP,XiaoYG,HeZH,ZhangY,YanJ,XiaXC,MaCX(2009) QTL mapping for flour and noodle colour components and yellow pigment content in common wheat. Euphytica 165, 435-444. doi:10.1007/s10681-008-9744-z
97. Zhu CF, Naqvi S, Breitenbach J, Sandmann G, Christou P, Capell T (2008) Combinatorial genetic transformation generates a library of metabolic phenotypes for the carotenoid pathway in maize. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, 18 232-18 237. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809737105
98. Ziegler RG (1989) A review of epidemiologic evidence that carotenoids reduce the risk of cancer. Journal of Nutrition 119, 116-122.