Piezo-and pyroelectric microscopy

Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 107-115

  Batagiannis, Athanasios ^a   Wübbenhorst, Michael ^b   Hulliger, Jürg ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^b KU LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Macroscopic polarization; Piezoelectric; Pyroelectric; Scanning probe microscopy

Indexed keywords

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES; MACROSCOPIC POLARIZATION; NUMBER OF METHODS; PIEZOELECTRIC; POLARIZATION DISTRIBUTIONS; PYROELECTRIC; SCANNING PROBES;

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; PIEZOELECTRICITY; PROBES; SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY;

POLARIZATION;

EID: 77956264703     PISSN: 13590286     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2010.06.002     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. S.B. Lang Sourcebook of pyroelectricity 1974 Gordon and Breach New York
2. A.G. Chynoweth Dynamic method for measuring the pyroelectric effect with reference to barium titanate J Appl Phys 27 1956 78 84
3. A. Hadni, Y. Henninger, R. Thomas, P. Vergnat, and B. Wyncke Sur les propriétés pyroélectriques de quelques matériaux et leur application la détection de l'infrarouge J Phys 26 1965 345 360
4. A. Hadni Applications of the pyroelectric effect J Phys E Sci Instrum 14 1981 1233 1240
5. S.B. Lang, and S. Muensit Review of some lesser-known applications of piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymers Appl Phys A 85 2006 125 134 Reviews many applications of piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymers and outlines their advantages and disadvantages when compared with other materials
6. A.G. Chynoweth Surface space-charge layers in barium titanate Phys Rev 102 1956 705 714
7. A.G. Chynoweth The pyroelectric behaviour of colemanite Acta Crystallogr 10 1957 511 514
8. T.A. Perls, T.J. Diesel, and W.I. Dobrov Primary pyroelectricity in barium titanate ceramics J Appl Phys 29 1958 1297 1302
9. 6 with special reference to pyroelectric detection J Appl Phys 40 1969 4699 4713
10. 3 Phys Rev 172 1968 564 571
11. J.C. Burfoot, and R.V. Latham A new method for studying movements of electric domain walls Brit J Appl Phys 14 1963 933 934 Demonstrates the feasibility of using an electron beam to induce a pyroresponse from a polar material and thus study its polarization distribution. Also shows detection of movements of electric domain walls. Modernization of the technique could lead to ultra high resolution mapping of the polarization distribution
12. A. Hadni Comparison of the laser scanning microscopy for pyroelectric display in real time, with other methods to study domains structure, a review Ferroelectrics 140 1993 25 32
13. K. Husimi, and K. Kataoka Ultrasonic measurement of polarization switching processes in barium titanate single crystal J Appl Phys 29 1958 1247 1251
14. K. Husimi, and K. Kataoka Nondestructive measuring method of polarization for the study of ferroelectrics Rev Sci Instrum 31 1960 418 421
15. W. Clay, B.J. Evans, and R.V. Latham A nondestructive pyroelectric display of an antiparallel polarization distribution in single-crystal barium titanate J Phys D Appl Phys 7 1974 1291 1295
16. A. Hadni, J.M. Bassia, X. Gerbaux, and R. Thomas Laser scanning microscope for pyroelectric display in real time Appl Optics 15 1976 2150 2158
17. A. Hadni, and R. Thomas Laser study of reversible nucleation sites in triglycine sulphate and applications to pyroelectric detectors Ferroelectrics 4 1972 39 51
18. G. Busse Imaging with optically generated thermal waves IEEE Trans Son Ultrason 32 1985 355 364
19. R.E. Collins Analysis of spatial distribution of charges and dipoles in electrets by a transient heating technique J Appl Phys 47 1976 4804 4808
20. R.E. Collins Measurement of charge distribution in electrets Rev Sci Instrum 48 1977 83 91
21. R.E. Collins Practical application of the thermal pulsing technique to the study of electrets J Appl Phys 51 1980 2973 2986
22. R.E. Collins The thermal pulsing technique applied to polymer electrets Ferroelectrics 33 1981 65 74
23. S.B. Lang, and D.K. Das-Gupta A technique for determining the polarization distribution in thin polymer electrets using periodic heating Ferroelectrics 39 1981 1249 1252
24. S.B. Lang, and D.K. Das-Gupta Complex polarization distributions in PVDF samples Ferroelectrics 55 1984 151
25. S.B. Lang, and D.K. Das-Gupta A new technique for determination of the spatial distribution of polarization in polymer electrets Ferroelectrics 60 1984 23 36
26. S.B. Lang, and D.K. Das-Gupta Laser-intensity-modulation method: a technique for determination of spatial distributions of polarization and space charge in polymer electrets J Appl Phys 59 1986 2151 2160
27. A. Mellinger, R. Flores-Suárez, R. Singh, M. Wegener, W. Wirges, and R. Gerhard-Multhaupt Thermal-pulse tomography of space-charge and polarization distributions in electret polymers Int J Thermophys 29 2008 2046 2054 Describes a novel, improved technique to study the 3D polarization distribution of polarization in polar materials. The technique is much faster than LIMM and its resolution is not limited by deconvolution constraints
28. H. von Seggern Thermal-pulse technique for determining charge distributions: effect of measurement accuracy Appl Phys Lett 33 1978 134 137
29. S.B. Lang Laser intensity modulation method (LIMM): experimental techniques, theory and solution of the integral equation Ferroelectrics 118 1991 343 361
30. S.B. Lang An analysis of the integral equation of the surface laser intensity modulation method using the constrained regularization method IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 5 1998 70 76
31. S.B. Lang Laser intensity modulation method (LIMM): review of the fundamentals and a new method for data analysis IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 11 2004 3 12 A comprehensive review of the LIMM method with particular emphasis on the deconvolution problem. Simulated and experimental data are analyzed with a new technique that gives the polarization distribution in the form of a special 8th-degree polynomial
32. S.B. Lang Fredholm integral equation of the laser intensity modulation method (LIMM): solution with the polynomial regularization and L-curve methods J Mater Sci 41 2006 147 153
33. B. Ploss, R. Emmerich, and S. Bauer Thermal wave probing of pyroelectric distributions in the surface region of ferroelectric materials: a new method for the analysis J Appl Phys 72 1992 5363 5370
34. P. Bloss, and H. Schäfer Investigations of polarization profiles in multilayer systems by using the laser intensity modulation method Rev Sci Instrum 65 1994 1541 1550
35. A. Mellinger Unbiased iterative reconstruction of polarization and space-charge profiles from thermal-wave experiments Meas Sci Technol 15 2004 1347 1353
36. S. Bauer, and S. Bauer-Gogonea Current practice in space charge and polarization profile measurements using thermal techniques IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 10 2003 883 902
37. S. Prössdorf, and B. Silbermann Numerical analysis for integral and related operator equations-operator theory advances and applications 1991 Birkhauser Basel
38. Wübbenhorst M, van. Turnhout J. Thermal wave methods: some experimental pitfalls. In: IEEE 8th intern sympos electrets, Paris; 1994. p. 182-7.
39. S.B. Lang, and Q.R. Yin Spatial distributions of polarization and space charge in tin-substituted lead zirconate titanate ceramics using laser intensity modulation method (LIMM) Ferroelectrics 74 1987 357 368
40. Z. Cheng, and X. Yao Space charge distribution measurement of PLZT ceramics Ferroelectrics 109 1990 155 160
41. C. Boue, C. Alquie, and D. Fournier High spatial resolution of permanent polarization distributions in ferroelectric samples using a combination of PWP and LIMM measurements Ferroelectrics 193 1997 175 188
42. S.B. Lang, and G. Li Rainbow ceramics: processing techniques; piezoelectric, dielectric and pyroelectric properties; and polarization distributions as determined with SLIMM J Korean Phys Soc 32 1998 S1268 S1271
43. G. Suchaneck, R. Koehler, T. Sandner, G. Gerlach, A. Deineka, and L. Jastrabik Polarization profile of RF-sputtered self-polarized PZT thin films Integr Ferroelectr 32 2001 861 869
44. M. Wübbenhorst, T. Petzsche, and C. Ruscher Determination of the spatial polarization distribution in poly(vinylidene fluoride) films by the laser intensity modulation method Ferroelectrics 81 1988 1337 1340
45. M. Wübbenhorst, and T. Petzsche Messung der räumlichen polarisationsverteilung in poly-(vinylidenfluorid) mittels der laser-intensitäts-modulations-methode Acta Polym 39 1988 201 206
46. V. Thiele, and M. Wübbenhorst The application of the laser intensity modulation method (LIMM) for the study of the poling behavior of polyamide 11 Acta Polym 43 1992 61 62
47. D.K. Das-Gupta, and J.S. Hornsby A non-destructive technique for the determination of spatial charge and polarization distributions in insulating polymers J Phys D Appl Phys 23 1990 1485 1490
48. M. Wübbenhorst, and P. Wünsche Inhomogeneous distributions of polarization in polyvinylidene fluoride mono-and multilayer films studied by the laser intensity modulation method Prog Coll Pol Sci 85 1991 23 37
49. S. Bauer, and B. Ploss Polarization distribution of thermally poled PVDF films, measured with a heat wave method (LIMM) Ferroelectrics 118 1991 363 378
50. S. Yilmaz, S. Bauer, W. Wirges, and R. Gerhard-Multhaupt Scanning electro-optical and pyroelectrical microscopy for the investigation of polarization patterns in poled polymers Appl Phys Lett 63 1993 1724 1726
51. D.K. Das-Gupta, J.S. Hornsby, G.M. Yang, and G.M. Sessler Comparison of charge distributions in FEP measured with thermal wave and pressure pulse techniques J Phys D Appl Phys 29 1996 3113 3116
52. P. Bloss, M. Steffen, H. Schafer, G. Eberle, and W. Eisenmenger Polarization and electric field distribution in thermally poled PVDF and FEP IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 3 1996 417 424
53. P. Bloss, M. Steffen, H. Schafer, Y. Guo Mao, and G.M. Sessler Determination of the polarization distribution in electron-beam-poled PVDF using heat wave and pressure pulse techniques IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 3 1996 182 190
54. P. Bloss, M. Steffen, H. Schafer, G.M. Yang, and G.M. Sessler A comparison of space-charge distributions in electron-beam irradiated FEP obtained by using heat-wave and pressure-pulse techniques J Phys D Appl Phys 30 1997 1668 1675
55. S.B. Lang Determination of the polarization distribution in a weakly-poled PVDF film using the surface laser intensity modulation method (SLIMM) Mater Chem Phys 79 2003 154 156
56. 3 using surface laser intensity modulation method (SLIMM) Ferroelectrics 157 1994 69 74
57. 3 Ferroelectrics 133 1992 253 258
58. R. Krug, P. Würfel, and W. Ruppel Material characterization with a simple laser scanning microscope Appl Optics 15 1993 6458 6463
59. 3 thin films are determined from pyroelectric current measurements. Describes a new solution of the Fredholm integral equation by a Tikhonov regularization method
60. M. Steffen, P. Bloss, H. Schafer, M. Winkler, and D. Geschke Investigations of polarization profiles in sandwich cells containing a liquid crystalline polymer by using the heat wave method (LIMM) Liq Cryst 19 1995 93 97
61. N. Leister, and D. Geschke Pyroelectric investigations of polarization and charge distributions in sandwich cells containing a ferroelectric liquid crystalline polymer Liq Cryst 24 1998 441 449
62. W. Lehmann, N. Leister, L. Hartmann, D. Geschke, F. Kremer, and P. Stein Piezoelectric and pyroelectric investigations on microtomized sections of single-crystalline ferroelectric liquid crystalline elastomers (SC-FLCE) Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 328 1999 437 445
63. F. Feller, D. Geschke, and M.V. Kozlovsky Ferroelectric polarization hysteresis in a liquid crystal polymer by means of LIMM Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 357 2001 167 175
64. S.B. Lang, and Q. Jiang Ion-beam etched PLZT samples and analysis by means of the surface laser intensity modulation method (SLIMM) Ferroelectrics 186 1996 53 56
65. D. Marty-Dessus, L. Berquez, A. Petre, and J.L. Franceschi Space charge cartography by FLIMM: a three-dimensional approach J Phys D Appl Phys 35 2002 3249 3256
66. A. Petre, D. Marty-Dessus, L. Berquez, and J.L. Franceschi A comparison of different mathematical treatments for solving the inverse problem in focused laser intensity modulation method Jpn J Appl Phys 43 2004 2574 2579
67. A. Petre, D. Marty-Dessus, L. Berquez, and J.L. Franceschi Space charge cartography by FLIMM on SEM-irradiated PTFE thin films J Electrostat 64 2006 492 497 Presents the results obtained by focused laser-intensity modulation method (FLIMM) on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) thin films irradiated by electron beam. Shows how laser surface scanning allows retrieving the charge boxes and determining their implanted depth. Demonstrates lateral resolution of 10 μm. The space charge evolution with time is presented and gives an indication of their migration inside the structure
68. A. Mellinger, R. Singh, and R. Gerhard-Multhaupt Fast thermal-pulse measurements of space-charge distributions in electret polymers Rev Sci Instrum 76 2005 013903
69. A. Mellinger, R. Singh, M. Wegener, W. Wirges, R. Gerhard-Multhaupt, and S.B. Lang Appl Phys Lett 86 2005 082903
70. A. Mellinger, R. Flores-Suárez, M. Wegener, W. Wirges, R. Gerhard-Multhaupt, and R. Singh Thermal-pulse tomography of polarization distributions in a cylindrical geometry IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 13 2006 1030 1035 Demonstrates fast, three-dimensional polarization mapping in piezoelectric sensor cables by thermal-pulse tomography (TPT) technique with a lateral resolution of 200 μm
71. M. Stewart, and M. Cain Spatial characterization of piezoelectric materials using the scanning laser intensity modulation method (LIMM) J Am Ceram Soc 91 2008 2176 2181 Shows the capability of LIMM to detect various types of defects in PZT ceramic materials including localized sample depoling brought about through thermal and mechanical treatments. It also demonstrates detection of defects due to environmental degradation under high dc bias
72. A. Donval, G. Berkovic, S. Yilmaz, S. Bauer-Gogonea, W. Brinker, and W. Wirges Spatial and thermal analysis of optical nonlinearity created by asymmetric charge injection Optics Commun 123 1996 195 200
73. Das-Gupta DK, Tunnicliffe D. In: IEEE 10th intern sympos electrets, Athens; 1999. p. 569-72.
74. A.V. Bune, C. Zhu, S. Ducharme, L.M. Blinov, V.M. Fridkin, and S.P. Palto Piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of ferroelectric Langmuir-Blodgett polymer films J Appl Phys 85 1999 7869 7873
75. N.M. Shtykov, and J.K. Vij Measurement of the polarization profile across a surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal cell using the pyroelectric laser-intensity-modulation method J Appl Phys 93 2003 159 164
76. B.W. Peterson, S. Ducharme, V.M. Fridkin, and T.J. Reece Mapping surface polarization in thin films of the ferroelectric polymer P(VDF-TrFE) Ferroelectrics 304 2004 51 54
77. J. Caro, F. Marlow, and M. Wübbenhorst Chromophore-zeolite composites: the organizing role of molecular sieves Adv Mater 6 1994 413 416
78. F. Marlow, M. Wübbenhorst, and J. Caro Pyroelectric effects on molecular sieve crystals loaded with dipole molecules J Phys Chem 98 1994 12315 12319
79. J. Hulliger, P. Rogin, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, O. König, and M. Wübbenhorst The crystallization of polar, channel-type inclusion compounds: property-directed supramolecular synthesis Adv Mater 9 1997 677 680
80. A. Quintel, J. Hulliger, and M. Wübbenhorst Analysis of the polarization distribution in a polar perhydrotriphenylene inclusion compound by scanning pyroelectric microscopy J Phys Chem B 102 1998 4277 4283
81. 4-5 crystals containing polar or nonpolar organic molecules: a scanning pyroelectric microscopy (SPEM) study J Phys Chem B 102 1998 9518 9524
82. S.W. Roth, P.J. Langley, A. Quintel, M. Wübbenhorst, P. Rechsteiner, and P. Rogin Statistically controlled self-assembly of polar molecular crystals Adv Mater 10 1998 1543 1546
83. 4-5 crystals determined by scanning pyroelectric microscopy Chem Mater 11 1999 3497 3503
84. T. Müller, J. Hulliger, W. Seichter, E. Weber, T. Weber, and M. Wübbenhorst A new organic nanoporous architecture: dumb-bell-shaped molecules with guests in parallel channels Chem Eur J 6 2000 54 61
85. M. Wübbenhorst, J. van Turnhout, A. Quintel, and J. Hulliger Spatially resolved heat conduction in polar perhydrotriphenylene inclusion compounds studied by means of thermal waves J Appl Phys 88 2000 2108 2115
86. M. Wübbenhorst, J. van Turnhout, G.J. Klap, J.C. Jansen, A. Quintel, and J. Hulliger Spontaneous polarization and orientational dynamics of polar rod-like molecules in host/guest materials IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 7 2000 523 530
87. A. Quintel, S.W. Roth, J. Hulliger, and M. Wübbenhorst 3D-imaging and simulation of the polarization distribution in molecular crystals Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 338 2000 243 256 Presents measurements of the spatial polarisation distribution in inhomogeneously polar molecular crystals by scanning pyroelectric microscopy (SPEM) and simulations by a Markov process. Using a tomographic method based on layerwise thinning of crystals 3D imaging of the polarization ditribution is achieved. Applied to perhydrotriphenylene (PHTP) co-crystallised with 1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine (NPP) two conical macro-domains of opposite and nearly constant polarisation were found which is in good agreement with a homogeneous Markov chain model driving dipolar molecules into a parallel state within channels of PHTP
88. C. Gervais, T. Wüst, N.R. Behrnd, M. Wübbenhorst, and J. Hulliger Prediction of growth-induced polarity in centrosymmetric molecular crystals using force field methods Chem Mater 17 2005 85 94 A three-step procedure is proposed to investigate growth-induced polarity arising in centrosymmetric crystals of dipolar molecules. It is based on (i) calculation of molecular interaction energies by force field methods, (ii) determination of the morphology, and (III) use of the energies in a Markov-type growth mechanism on faces (hkl). Applied to trans-4-chloro-4′-nitrostilbene (CNS), the procedure showed that CNS crystals, although globally centric, are composed of sectors exhibiting different polar properties. The sectors related to the +b and-b directions show opposite polarity and are mainly responsible for observed second-harmonic generation and pyroelectric effects observed
89. N.R. Behrnd, M. Wübbenhorst, and J. Hulliger Scanning pyroelectric microscopy revealing the spatial polarity distribution in topologically centric crystals of trans-4-chloro-4′-nitrostilbene Phys Chem Chem Phys 8 2006 4132 4137 Scanning pyroelectric microscopy is applied to investigate grown-in polarity in trans-4-chloro-4′-nitrostilbene (CNS) single crystals. Demonstrates a bipolar grown-in state of polarity for sector involving the twofold axis-b. These measurements agree with theoretical force field and stochastic calculations, predicting a bipolar state and a nearly identical extent of polarity for two different sectors
90. S.D. Cox, T.E. Gier, and G.D. Stucky Second harmonic generation by the self-aggregation of organic guests in molecular sieve hosts Chem Mater 2 1990 609 619
91. J. Caro, G. Finger, J. Kornatowski, J. Richter-Mendau, L. Werner, and B. Zibrovious Aligned molecular sieve crystals Adv Mater 4 1992 273 276
92. J. Hulliger, A. Quintel, M. Wübbenhorst, P.J. Lanngley, S.W. Roth, and P. Rechsteiner Theory and pyroelectric characterization of polar inclusion compounds of perhydrotriphenylene Opt Mater 9 1998 259 264
93. G.M. Sessler, J.E. West, R. Gerhard-Multhaupt, and H. von Seggern Nondestructive laser method for measuring charge profiles in irradiated polymer films IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 29 1982 1644 1649
94. G.M. Sessler, J.E. West, and G. Gerhard High-resolution laser-pulse method for measuring charge distributions in dielectrics Phys Rev Lett 48 1982 563 566
95. R. Gerhard-Multhaupt Electrets: dielectrics with quasi-permanent charge or polarization IEEE Trans Electr Insul El-22 1987 531 540
96. A. Tanaka, M. Maeda, and T. Takada Observation of charge behavior in organic photoconductor using pressure-wave propagation method IEEE Trans Electr Insul 27 1991 440 444
97. E. Motyl Pressure methods of space charge measurement in dielectrics J Electrost 40 1997 469 476
98. C. Alquie, G. Dreyfus, and J. Lewiner Stress-wave probing of electric field distributions in dielectrics Phys Rev Lett 47 1981 1483 1487
99. T. Takada, T. Maeno, and H. Kushibe An electric stress pulse technique for the measurement of charges in a plastic plate irradiated by an electron beam IEEE Trans Electr Insul 22 1987 497 501
100. Y. Tanaka, H. Kitajima, M. Kodaka, and T. Takada Analysis and discussion on conduction current based on simultaneous measurement of TSC and space charge distribution IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 5 1998 952 956
101. K. Takata, K. Kushida, K. Torii, and H. Miki Strain imaging of lead-zirconate-titanate thin film by tunneling acoustic microscopy Jpn J Appl Phys 33 1994 3193 3196
102. 3 thin film J Vac Sci Technol B 14 1996 882 886
103. O. Kolosov, A. Gruverman, J. Hatano, K. Takahashi, and H. Tokumoto Nanoscale visualization and control of ferroelectric domains by atomic force microscopy Phys Rev Lett 74 1995 4309 4312
104. A. Gruverman, A.L. Kholkin, A. Kingon, and H. Tokumoto Asymmetric nanoscale switching in ferroelectric thin films by scanning force microscopy Appl Phys Lett 78 2001 2751 2753
105. S.V. Kalinin, and D.A. Bonnell Imaging mechanism of piezoresponse force microscopy of ferroelectric surfaces Phys Rev B 65 2002 125408
106. 9 crystals Appl Phys Lett 88 2006 062903
107. V.V. Shvartsman, A.L. Kholkin, C. Verdier, and D.C. Lupascu Fatigue-induced evolution of domain structure in ferroelectric PZT ceramics studied by piezoresponse force microscopy J Appl Phys 98 2005 094109
108. A.L. Kholkin, V.V. Shvartsman, M. Woitas, and A. Safari Local electromechanical properties and grain size effects in ferroelectric relaxors studied by scanning piezoelectric microscopy Mat Res Soc Symp Proc 748 2003 343 348
109. D. Wu, I. Kunishima, S. Roberts, and A. Gruverman Spatial variations in local switching parameters of ferroelectric random access memory capacitors Appl Phys Lett 95 2009 092901
110. P. Sharma, T. Reece, D. Wu, V.M. Fridkin, S. Ducharme, and A. Gruverman Nanoscale domain patterns in ultrathin polymer ferroelectric films J Phys Condens Matter 48 2009 485902
111. A. Gruverman, J.S. Cross, and W.S. Oates Peculiar effect of mechanical stress on polarization stability in micrometer-scale ferroelectric capacitors J Mater Sci 41 2006 107 116
112. S.V. Kalinin, B.J. Rodriguez, S. Jesse, Y.H. Chu, T. Zhao, and R. Ramesh Intrinsic single-domain switching in ferroelectric materials on a nearly ideal surface PNAS 104 2007 20204 20209
113. Y. Kim, W. Kim, H. Choi, S. Hong, H. Ko, and H. Lee Nanoscale domain growth dynamics of ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) thin films Appl Phys Lett 96 2010 012908
114. A.L. Kholkin, S.V. Kalinin, A. Roelofs, and A. Gruverman Review of ferroelectric domain imaging by piezoresponse force microscopy S. Kalinin, A. Gruverman, Scanning probe microscopy: electrical and electromechanical phenomena at the nanoscale 2006 Springer
115. S.V. Kalinin, A. Rar, and S. Jesse A decade of piezoresponse force microscopy: progress, challenges, and opportunities IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 53 2006 2226 2252 Thorough review of the theory, experimental pitfalls and practical applications of PFM
116. S.V. Kalinin, A.Y. Borisevich, S. Jesse, B.J. Rodriguez, A. Morozovska, and E. Eliseev Spatial resolution, information limit, and contrast transfer in piezoresponce force microscopy Microsc Microanal 13 2007 1594 1595
117. S.V. Kalinin, B.J. Rodriguez, S.-H. Kim, S.-K. Hong, A. Gruverman, and E.A. Eliseev Imaging mechanism of piezoresponse force microscopy in capacitor structures Appl Phys Lett 92 2008 152906
118. D.A. Bonnell, S.V. Kalinin, A.L. Kholkin, and A. Gruverman Piezoresponse force microscopy: a window into electromechanical behavior at the nanoscale Mater Res Bull 34 2009 648 657 Recent review covering a wide range of applications and recent experimental results using PFM
119. 3 bicrystals Phys Rev B 62 2000 10419 10430
120. K. Matsushige, H. Yamada, H. Tanaka, T. Horiuchi, and X.Q. Chen Nanoscale control and detection of electric dipoles in organic molecules Nanotechnology 9 1998 208 211
121. K. Kimura, K. Kobayashi, H. Yamada, T. Horichi, K. Ishida, and K. Matsushige Orientation control of poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) crystals and molecules using atomic force microscopy Appl Phys Lett 82 2003 4050 4052 An aligning technique for polymer crystals and molecular chains utilizing contact-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) is presented and applied to lamellar crystals and molecular chains of poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) thin films
122. 12 multiferroic bilayers J Magn Magn Mater 321 2009 1799 1802
123. B.J. Rodriguez, S. Jesse, S.V. Kalinin, J. Kim, S. Ducharme, and V.M. Fridkin Appl Phys Lett 90 2007 122904 The multiferroic behavior of epitaxialbi-layered heterostructures is studied using piezoresponse force microscopy, magnetic force microscopy and magnetometry. Demonstrates the presence and switching of magnetic and ferroelectric domains within the same area of the sample
124. E. Karapetian, M. Kachanov, and I. Sevostianov The principle of correspondence between elastic and piezoelectric problems Arch Appl Mech 72 2002 564 587
125. Y. Luo, I. Szafraniak, V. Nagarajan, R.B. Wehrspohn, M. Steinhart, and J.H. Wendorff Ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate and barium titanate nanotubes Integr Ferroelect 59 2003 1513 1520
126. S.B. Lang Piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity and ferroelectricity in biomaterials: speculation on their biological significance IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 7 2000 466 473
127. J. Hulliger Connective tissue polarity unraveled by a Markov-chain mechanism of collagen fibril segment self-assembly Biophys J 84 2003 3501 3507 Proposes an explanation occurrence of pyroelectricity in tissues of living organisms based on a Markov-chain mechanism taking place during collagen fibril self-assembly in extracytoplasmic channels. A difference in the fusion probabilities for fibril termini is assumed to drive the self-assembly into partial macroscopic polar order
128. J. Shin, B.J. Rodriguez, A.P. Baddorf, T. Thundat, E. Karapetian, and M. Kachanov Simultaneous elastic and electromechanical imaging by scanning probe microscopy: theory and applications to ferroelectric and biological materials J Vac Sci Technol B 23 2005 2102 2108 An approach for combined imaging of elastic and electromechanical properties of materials is presented. Applicability of this technique for elastic and electromechanical imaging with nanoscale resolution in materials such as ferroelectrics and biological tissues is demonstrated
129. S.V. Kalinin, B.J. Rodriguez, S. Jesse, T. Thundat, and A. Gruverman Electromechanical imaging of biological systems with sub-10 nm resolution Appl Phys Lett 87 2005 053901 Electromechanical imaging of tooth dentin and enamel is demonstrated with sub-10 nm resolution using piezoresponse force microscopy. Determines the piezoelectric domain size and local protein fiber ordering in dentin. The shape of a single protein fibril in enamel is visualized in real space and local hysteresis loops are measured
130. B.J. Rodriguez, S.V. Kalinin, J. Shin, S. Jesse, V. Grichko, and T. Thundat Electromechanical imaging of biomaterials by scanning probe microscopy J Struct Biol 153 2006 151 159 Nanostructural imaging of a variety of protein-based materials, including tooth, antler, and cartilage, is demonstrated. Visualization of protein fibrils with sub-10 nm spatial resolution in a human tooth is achieved
131. S.V. Kalinin, B.J. Rodriguez, J. Shin, S. Jesse, V. Grichko, and T. Thundat Bioelectromechanical imaging by scanning probe microscopy: Galvani's experiment at the nanoscale Ultramicroscopy 106 2006 334 340 Piezoresponse force microscopy is used to measure the sub-Angstrom mechanical response of a biological system induced by an electric bias applied to a conductive SPM tip. Visualization of the spiral shape and orientation of protein fibrils with 5 nm spatial resolution in a human tooth and chitin molecular bundle orientation in a butterfly wing is demonstrated. In particular, the applicability of SPM-based techniques for the determination of molecular orientation is discussed
132. B.J. Rodriguez, S. Jesse, S. Habelitz, R. Proksch, and S.V. Kalinin Intermittent contact mode piezoresponse force microscopy in a liquid environment Nanotechnology 20 2009 195701 The feasibility of intermittent contact mode piezoresponse force microscopy based on simultaneous mechanical and electrical probe modulation is explored. It is shown that imaging at frequencies corresponding to the first contact resonance in liquid allows contrast consistent with the electromechanical signal to be obtained for model ferroelectric systems and piezoelectric tooth dentin
133. -1, and have unipolar axial polarization throughout their entire length. The result substantiates the nanoscale origin of piezoelectricity in bone and tendons, and implies also the potential importance of the shear load-transfer mechanism, which has been the principle basis of the nanoscale mechanics model of collagen, in mechanoelectric transduction in bone
134. H.M. Pollock, and A. Hammiche Micro-thermal analysis: techniques and applications J Phys D Appl Phys 34 2001 R23 R53
135. J.S. Antoniow, M. Chirtoc, N. Trannoy, O. Raphael, and J. Petzl Scanning thermal microscopy based on a modified atomic force microscope combined with pyroelectric detection J Phys IV France 125 2005 113 116 A novel approach in scanning thermal microscopy of layered samples is presented based on the use of a Wollaston wire as a local a.c. heat source at the front of a sample layer deposited on a pyroelectric (PE) sensor. The thermal probe and PE signals are be used to generate complementary thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity maps of the sample