Laser Intensity Modulation Method (LIMM): Review of the Fundamentals and a New Method for Data Analysis

IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 3-12

  Lang, Sidney B ^a  

^a BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

Author keywords

Ceramics; Ferroelectric; Polarization distribution; Polymers; Pyroelectric coefficient; Regularization

Indexed keywords

CERAMIC MATERIALS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DATA REDUCTION; FERROELECTRICITY; INTEGRAL EQUATIONS; POLYMERS; POLYNOMIALS; SINGLE CRYSTALS;

POLARIZATION DISTRIBUTION; PYROELECTRIC COEFFICIENT; REGULARIZATION;

POLARIZATION;

EID: 1842477172     PISSN: 10709878     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2004.1266310     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. S. B. Lang and D. K. Das-Gupta, "A Technique for Determining the Polarization Distribution in Thin Polymer Electrets Using Periodic Heating", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 39, pp. 1249-1252, 1981.
2. S. B. Lang and D. K. Das Gupta, "A New Technique for Determination of the Spatial Distribution of Polarization in Polymer Electrets", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 60, pp. 23-36, 1984.
3. S. B. Lang and D. K. Das-Gupta, "Laser Intensity Modulation Method: A Technique for Determination of Spatial Distributions of Polarization and Space Charge in Polymer Electrets", J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 59, pp. 2151-2160, 1986.
4. S. B. Lang, "Technique for the Measurement of Thermal Diffusivity Based on the Laser Intensity Modulation Method (LIMM)", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 93, pp. 87-93, 1989.
5. Z. Cheng and X. Yao, "Space Charge Distribution Measurement of PLZT Ceramics", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 109, pp. 155-60, 1990.
6. J. De Frutos and B. Jimenez, "Study of the Spatial Distribution of the Polarization in Ferroelectric Ceramics by Means of Low Frequency Sinusoidal Thermal Waves", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 109, pp. 101-6, 1990.
7. C. Boue, C. Alquie, and D. Fournier, "High Spatial Resolution of Permanent Polarization Distributions in Ferroelectric Samples Using a Combination of PWP and LIMM Measurements", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 193, pp. 175-88, 1997.
8. S. B. Lang and Q.-R. Yin, "Poling Techniques for Producing Non-uniform Polarization Distributions in PSZT Ceramics", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 76, pp. 443-450, 1987.
9. S. B. Lang and Q.-R. Yin, "Spatial Distributions of Polarization and Space Charge in Tin-substituted Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics Using Laser Intensity Modulation Method (LIMM)", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 74, pp. 357-68, 1987.
10. S. B. Lang and J. Qiyue, "Ion-beam Etched PLZT Samples and Analysis by Means of the Surface Laser Intensity Modulation Method (SLIMM)", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 186, pp. 53-6, 1996.
11. G. Suchaneck, R. Koehler, T. Sandner, G. Gerlach, A. Deineka, L. Jastrabik, A. I. Kosarev, and N. Andronov, "Polarization Profile of RF-sputtered Self-polarized PZT Thin Films", Integrated Ferroelectrics, Vol. 32, pp. 861-9, 2001.
12. M. Wübbenhorst, T. Petzsche, and C. Ruscher, "Determination of the Spatial Polarization Distribution in Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Films by the Laser Intensity Modulation Method", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 81, pp. 1337-40, 1988.
13. D. K. Das Gupta and J. S. Hornsby, "A Non-destructive Technique for the Determination of Spatial Charge and Polarization Distributions in Insulating Polymers", J. Phys. D (Appl. Phys.), Vol. 23, pp. 1485-90, 1990.
14. S. Bauer and B. Ploss, "Polarization Distribution of Thermally Poled PVDF Films, Measured with a Heat Wave Method (LIMM)", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 118, pp. 363-378, 1991.
15. D. K. Das Gupta, J. S. Hornsby, G. M. Yang, and G. M. Sessler, "Comparison of Charge Distributions in FEP Measured with Thermal Wave and Pressure Pulse Techniques", J. Phys. D (Appl. Phys.), Vol. 29, pp. 3113-16, 1996.
16. P. Blo β, and H. Schafer, "Investigations of Polarization Profiles in Multilayer Systems by Using the Laser Intensity Modulation Method", Rev. Sci. Instrum., Vol. 65, pp. 1541-1550, 1994.
17. P. Blo β, M. Steffen, H. Schafer, G. Eberle, and W. Eisenmenger, "Polarization and Electric Field Distribution in Thermally Poled PVDF and FEP", IEEE Trans. DEI, Vol. 3, pp. 417-424, 1996.
18. P. Blo β, M. Steffen, H. Schafer, Y. Guo Mao, and G. M. Sessler, "Determination of the Polarization Distribution in Electron-beam-poled PVDF Using Heat Wave and Pressure Pulse Techniques", IEEE Trans. DEI, Vol. 3, pp. 182-90, 1996.
19. P. Blo β, M. Steffen, H. Schafer, G.-M. Yang, and G. M. Sessler, "A Comparison of Space-charge Distributions in Electron-beam Irradiated FEP Obtained by Using Heat-wave and Pressure-Pulse Techniques", J. Phys. D, Vol. 30, pp. 1668-1675, 1997.
20. S. N. Fedosov, B. Ploss, G. Eberle, and W. Eisenmenger, "Polarization Profiles in P(VDF-TFE) Copolymer Studied by PPS and LIMM Methods", IEEE 9th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 9), p. 278, 1996.
21. S. B. Lang, "Determination of the Polarization Distribution in a Weakly Poled PVDF Film Using the Surface Laser Intensity Modulation Method (SLIMM)", Mat. Chem. Phys., Vol. 79, pp. 154-156, 2003.
22. 3 Using Surface Laser Intensity Modulation Method (SLIMM)", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 157, pp. 69-74, 1994.
23. 3", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 133, pp. 253-258, 1992.
24. M. Steffen, P. Bloss, H. Schafer, M. Winkler, and D. Geschke, "Investigations of Polarization Profiles in Sandwich Cells Containing a Liquid Crystalline Polymer by Using the Heat Wave Method (LIMM)", Liquid Crystals, Vol. 19, pp. 93-7, 1995.
25. N. Leister and D. Geschke, "Pyroelectric Investigations of Polarization and Charge Distributions in Sandwich Cells Containing a Ferroelectric Liquid Crystalline Polymer", Liquid Crystals, Vol. 24, pp. 441-9, 1998.
26. W. Lehmann, N. Leister, L. Hartmann, D. Geschke, F. Kremer, P. Stein, and H. Finkelmann, "Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Investigations on Microtomized Sections of Single-crystalline Ferroelectric Liquid Crystalline Elastomers (SC-FLCE)", Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, Vol. 328, pp. 437-45, 1999.
27. F. Feller, D. Geschke, and M. V. Kozlovsky, "Ferroelectric Polarization Hysteresis in a Liquid Crystal Polymer by Means of LIMM", Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, Vol. 357, pp. 167-75, 2001.
28. 3-polymer Composites Using the Laser Intensity Modulation Method", J. Materials Science Letters, Vol. 16, pp. 1943-4, 1997.
29. S. B. Lang, "Laser Intensity Modulation Method (LIMM): Experimental Techniques, Theory and Solution of the Integral Equations", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 118, pp. 343-361, 1991.
30. S. B. Lang, "An Analysis of the Integral Equation of the Surface Laser Intensity Modulation Method Using the Constrained Regularization Method", IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol. 5, pp. 70-76, 1998.
31. D. K. Das-Gupta and J. S. Hornsby, "A Nondestructive Technique for the Determination of Spatial Charge and Polarization Distributions in Insulating Polymers", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol. 23, pp. 1485-1490, 1990.
32. D. K. Das-Gupta and J. S. Hornsby, "Laser-intensity-modulation Method (LIMM) - An Analytical and Numerical Modification", IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., Vol. 26, pp. 63-68, 1991.
33. S. Biryukov, A. Sotnikov, and M. Weihnacht, "Laser Intensity Modulation Method: the Interpolation Procedure for Determination of Spatial Distribution of Polarization", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 185, pp. 281-4, 1996.
34. S. V. Biryukov, A. V. Sotnikov, and M. Weihnacht, "LIMM: Exact Analytic Solution of the Integral Equation", Integrated Ferroelectrics, Vol. 35, pp. 67-75, 2001.
35. B. Ploss, R. Emmerich, and S. Bauer, "Thermal Wave Probing of Pyroelectric Distributions in the Surface Region of Ferroelectric Materials - a New Method for the Analysis", J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 72, pp. 5363-5370, 1992.
36. S. B. Lang, "LIMM: A Technique for Determination of the Spatial Distribution of the Spontaneous Polarization in Ferroelectric Thin Films", Integr. Ferroelectr., Vol. 27, pp. 119-126, 1999.
37. S. B. Lang, "Use of Neural Networks to Solve the Integral Equation of the Laser Intensity Modulation Method (LIMM)", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 238, pp. 281-289, 2000.
38. S. B. Lang, "Polynomial Solutions of the Fredholm Integral Equation in the Laser Intensity Modulation Method (LIMM)", Integr. Ferroelectr., pp. 111-118, 2001.
39. S. B. Lang, "Solution of the LIMM Equation for Determination of Polarization Distributions in Thin-film Ferroelectrics", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 264, pp. 213-222, 2001.
40. C. Alquie, C. Laburthe Tolra, J. Lewiner, and S. B. Lang, "Comparison of Polarization Distribution Measurement by the LIMM and PWP Methods", IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., Vol. 27, pp. 751-757, 1992.
41. S. B. Lang, "Two-dimensional Thermal Analysis of Thin-film Pyroelectric Infrared Detectors", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 258, pp. 297-302, 2001.
42. V. S. Arpaci, Conduction Heat Transfer. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, pp. 324-335, 1966.
43. H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 64-70, 1959.
44. R. E. Collins, "Analysis of Spatial Distribution of Charges and Dipoles by a Transient Heating Technique", J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 47, pp. 4804-4808, 1976.
45. B. L. Phillips, "A Technique for the Numerical Solution of Certain Integral Equations of the First Kind", J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., Vol. 9, pp. 84-97, 1962.
46. V. Y. Arsenin and A. N. Tikhonov, "Ill-posed Problems", in Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, Vol. 5. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990, pp. 6-11.
47. S. W. Provencher, "A Constrained Regularization Method for Inverting Data Represented by Linear Algebraic or Integral Equations", Comput. Phys. Commun., Vol. 27, pp. 213-227, 1982.
48. V. A. Morozov, Methods for Solving Incorrectly Posed Problems. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984.
49. C. W. Groetsch, The Theory of Tikhonov Regularization for Fredholm Equations of the First Kind. Boston: Pitman Advance Publishing Program, 1984.
50. "Mathematica",4.2 ed: Wolfram Research, Inc., Champaign, IL, USA, 2002.