Melatonin: A multitasking molecule

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 181, Issue C, 2010, Pages 127-151

  Reiter, Russel J ^a   Tan, Dun Xian ^a   Lorena F B , ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

Antioxidant; Cancer; Circadian rhythms; Free radicals; Melatonin; Melatonin receptors; Seasonal reproduction; Sleep

Indexed keywords

ARALKYLAMINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE; CALMODULIN; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; FOLLITROPIN; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; HYPOPHYSIS ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; MELATONIN; MELATONIN RECEPTOR; MEMBRANE RECEPTOR; ORPHAN NUCLEAR RECEPTOR; SCAVENGER; SIRTUIN 1; THYROTROPIN; ANTIOXIDANT;

ARTICLE; BINDING SITE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BREEDING; CANCER INHIBITION; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CYTOSOL; HORMONAL REGULATION; HORMONE METABOLISM; HORMONE RELEASE; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PINEAL BODY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SEASONAL VARIATION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SLEEP; SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; METABOLISM; NEOPLASM; PHOTOTRANSDUCTION; PHYSIOLOGY; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS; HUMANS; LIGHT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; MELATONIN; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; NEOPLASMS; PINEAL GLAND; RECEPTORS, MELATONIN; REPRODUCTION; SLEEP;

EID: 77955506965     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: 18757855     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)81008-4     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. Acuna-Castroviejo, D., Escames, G., Lopez, L. C., & Reiter, R. J. (2010). Melatonin, mitochondrial homeostasis and mitochondrial-related diseases: An update. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry.
2. Alarma-Estrany, P. & Pintor, J. (2007). Melatonin receptors in the eye: Location, second messengers and role in ocular physiology. Pharmacology Therapeutics, 113(3), 507-522.
3. Allegra, M., Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., Gentile, C., Tesoriere, L., & Livrea, M. A. (2003). The chemistry of melatonin's interaction with reactive species.. Journal of Pineal Research, 34(1), 1-10.
4. Arendt, J. (2006). Melatonin and human rhythms. Chronobiology International, 23(1-2), 21-37.
5. Arendt, J., Aldhous, M., & Wright, J. (1988). Alleviation of jetlag by melatonin: Preliminary results of controlled double blind trial. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition), 292(7), 1170.
6. Ashkenazi, A. & Dixit, V. M. (1998). Death receptors: Signaling and modulation. Science, 281(5381), 1305-1308.
7. Assayed, M. E. & Abd El-Aty, A. M. (2009). Protection of rat chromosomes by melatonin against gamma irradiationinduced damage. Mutation Research, 677(1-2), 14-20.
8. Axelrod, J. & Weissbach, H. (1960). Enzymatic O-methylation of N-acetylserotonin to melatonin. Science, 134(131), 1312.
9. Axelrod, J., Wurtman, R. J., & Snyder, S. H. (1965). Control of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity in the rat pineal gland by environmental light. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 240(1), 949-954.
10. Barrett, P., Ebling, F. J.P., Schuhler, S., Wilson, D., Ross, A. W., Warner, A., et al. (2007). Hypothalamic thyroid hormone catabolism acts as a gatekeeper for the seasonal control of body weight and reproduction. Endocrinology, 148(8), 3608-3617.
11. Benitez-King, G. & Anton-Tay, F. (1993). Calimodulin mediates melatonin cytoskeletal effects. Experientia, 49(8), 635-641.
12. Benitez-King, G., Soto-Vego, E., & Ramirez-Rodriguez, G. (2009). Melatonin modulates microfilament phenotypes in epithelial cells: Implications for adhesion and inhibition of cancer cell migration. Histology and Histopathology, 24(6), 789-799.
13. Blask, D. E., Brainard, G. C., Dauchy, R. T., Hanifin, J. P., Davidson, L. K., Krause, J. A., et al. (2005b). Melatonindepleted blood from premenopausal women exposed to light at night stimulates growth of breast cancer xenografts in nude rats. Cancer Research, 65(23), 11174-11184.
14. Blask, D. E., Dauchy, R. T., & Sauer, L. A. (2005a). Putting cancer to sleep at night: The neuroendocrine/circadian melatonin signal. Endocrine, 27(2), 179-188.
15. Bockers, T. M., Niklowitz, P., Bockmann, J., Fauteck, J. D., Wittkowski, W., & Kreutz, M. R. (1995). Daily melatonin injections induce cytological changes in pars tuberalis-specific cells Similar To short photoperiod. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 7(8), 607-613.
16. Boutin, J. A., Marcheteau, E., Hennig, P., Moulharat, N., Berger, S., Delagrange, P., et al. (2008). MT3/QR2 melatonin binding site does not use melatonin as a substrate or a cosubstrate. Journal of Pineal Research, 45(4), 524-531.
17. Brainard, G. C., Petterborg, L. J., Richardson, B. A., & Reiter, R. J. (1982). Pineal melatonin in syrian hamsters: Circadian and seasonal rhythms in animals maintained under laboratory and natural conditions. Neuroendocrinology, 35(5), 342-348.
18. Brainard, G. C., Sliney, D., Hanifin, J. P., Glickman, C., Byrne, B., Greeson, J. M., et al. (2008). Sensitivity of the human circadian system to short-wavelength (420 nm) light. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 23(5), 379-386.
19. Cagnacci, A., Elliott, J. A., & Yen, S. S. (1992). Melatonin: A major regulator of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 75(2), 447-452.
20. Carlberg, C. (2000). Gene regulation by melatonin. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 917, 387-396.
21. Carretero, M., Escames, G., Lopez, L. C., Venegas, C., Dayoub, J. C., Garcia, L., et al. (2009). Long-term melatonin administration protects brain mitochondria from aging. Journal of Pineal Research, 47, 192-200.
22. Carrillo-Vico, A., Guerrero, J. M., Lardone, P. J., & Reiter., R. J. (2005). A review of the multiple actions of melatonin on the immune system. Endocrine, 27(2), 189-200.
23. Carter, D. S. & Goldman, B. D. (1983). Antigonadal effects of timed melatonin infusion in pinealectomized male djungarian hamsters (phodopus sungorus sungorus): Duration is the critical parameter. Endocrinology, 113(4), 1261-1267.
24. Cerutti, P., Ghosh, R., Oya, Y., & Amstad, P. (1994). The role of cellular antioxidant defense in oxidant carcinogenesis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(Suppl. 10), 123-129.
25. Cervantes, M., Morali, G., & Letechipia-Vallejo, G. (2008). Melatonin and ischemia-reperfusion injury to the brain. Journal of Pineal Research, 145, 1-7.
26. Chetsawang, B., Chetsawang, J., & Govitrapong, P. (2009). Protection against cell death and sustained tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in hydrogen peroxide-and MPTPtreated human neuroblastoma cells with melatonin. Journal of Pineal Research, 46(1), 36-42.
27. Colledge,W. H. (2009). Kisspeptins and GnRH neuronal signaling. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 20(3), 115-121.
28. Cos, S. & Sanchez-Barcelo, E. J. (2000). Melatonin and mammary pathological growth. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 21(2), 133-170.
29. Dauchy, R. T., Blask, D. E., Dauchy, E. M., Davidson, L. K., Tirrell, P. C., Greene, M. W., et al. (2009). Antineoplastic effects of melatonin on a rare malignancy of mesenchymal origin: Melatonin receptor-mediated inhibition of signal transduction, linoleic acid metabolism and growth in tissue isolated human leiomyosarcoma xenografts. Journal of Pineal Research, 47(1), 32-42.
30. Dijk, D. J., Shanahan, T. L., Duffy, J. F., Rouda, J. M., & Czeisler, C. A. (1997). Variation of electroencephalographic activity during non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep with phase of circadian melatonin rhythm in humans. Journal of Physiology (Paris), 505(Pt. 3), 851-858.
31. Dubocovich, M. L. & Markowska, M. (2005). Functional MT1 an MT2 melatonin receptors in mammals. Endocrine, 27(2), 101-110.
32. Dubocovich, M. L., Rivera-Bermudez, M. A., Gerdin, M. J., & Masana, M. I. (2003). Molecular pharmacology, regulation and function of mammalian melatonin receptors. Frontiers in Bioscience, 8, d1093-d1098.
33. Erren, T. C. & Reiter, R. J. (2009a). Defining chronodisruption. Journal of Pineal Research, 46(3), 245-247.
34. Erren, T. C. & Reiter, R. J. (2009b). A generalized theory of carcinogenesis Due To chronodisruption. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 29(6), 815-821.
35. Erren, T. C. & Reiter, R. J. (2009c). Light hygiene: Time to make preventive use of insights -old and new -in the nexus of the drug light, melatonin, clocks, chronodisruption and public health. Medical Hypotheses, 73(4), 537-541.
36. Esposito, E., Genovese, T., Caminiti, R., Bramanti, P., Meil, R., & Cuzzocrea, S. (2009). Melatonin reduces stress activated/ mitogen-activated protein kinases in spinal cord injury. Journal of Pineal Research, 46(1), 79-86.
37. Foster, R. G. & Hankins, M. W. (2007). Circadian vision. Current Biology, 17(17), R746-R751.
38. Friedlander, R. M. (2003). Apoptosis and caspases in neurodegenerative diseases. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348(14), 1365-1375.
39. Hankins, M. W. & Lucas, R. J. (2002). The primary visual pathway in humans is regulated According To long-term light exposure through the action of a non-classic photopigment. Current Biology, 12(3), 191-198.
40. Hanon, E. A., Routledge, K., Dardente, H., Masson-Pevet, M., Morgan, P. J., & Hazlerigg, D. G. (2010). Effect of photoperiod on the TSH neuroendocrine system of the european hamster (Cricetus cricetus). Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 22(1), 51-55.
41. Hardeland, R. (2009). Melatonin signaling mechanisms of a pleiotropic agent. Biofactors, 35(2), 183-192.
42. Hardeland, R., Tan, D. X., & Reiter, R. J. (2009). Kynuramines, metabolites of melatonin and other indoles: The resurrection of an almost forgotten class of biogenic amines. Journal of Pineal Research, 47(2), 109-126.
43. Hastings, M. H., Maywood, E. S., & Reddy, A. B. (2008). Two decades of circadian time. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 28(5), 812-819.
44. Hazlerigg, D. G., Hastings, M. H., & Morgan, P. J. (1996). Production of prolactin releasing factor by the ovine pars tuberalis. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 8(7), 489-492.
45. Hevia, D., Sainz, R. M., Blanca, D., Quiros, I., Tan, D. X., Rodriguez, C., et al. (2008). Melatonin uptake in prostate cancer cells: Intracellular transport versus simple passive diffusion. Journal of Pineal Research, 45(3), 247-257.
46. Hoffman, R. A. & Reiter, R. J. (1965). Pineal gland: Influence on gonads of male hamsters. Science, 148(3677), 1609-1611.
47. Hoffman, R. A. & Reiter, R. J. (1966). Responses of some endocrine organs of female hamsters to pinealectomy and light. Life Sciences, 5(12), 1147-1151.
48. Hunt, A. E., Al-Ghoul, W. M., Gillette, M. V., & Dubocovich, M. L. (2001). Activation of MT(2) melatonin receptors in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus phase advances the circadian clock. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 280(1), C110-C118.
49. Iuvone, P. M., Tosini, G., Pozdeyev, N., Hague, R., Klein, D. C., & Chaurasia, S. S. (2005). Circadian clocks, clock networks, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, and melatonin in the retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 24(4), 433-436.
50. James, S. Y., Lin, F., Kolluri, S. K., Dawson, M. I., & Zhang, X. K. (2003). Regulation of retinoic acid receptor beta expression by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands in cancer cells. Cancer Research, 63(13), 3531-3538.
51. Jasser, S. A., Blask, D. E., & Brainard, G. C. (2006). Light during darkness and cancer: Relationships in circadian photoreception and tumor biology. Cancer Causes Control, 17(4), 515-523.
52. Jockers, R., Petit, I., Lacroix, I., de Coppet, P., Barrett, P., Morgan, P. J., et al. (1997). Novel isoforms of Mel1c melatonin receptors modulating intracellular cyclic guanosine 31,51-monophosphate levels. Molecular Pharmacology, 11(8), 1070-1081.
53. Jou, M. J., Peng, T. I., Reiter, R. J., Jou, S. B., Wu, H. Y., & Wen, S. T. (2004). Visualization of the antioxidative effects of melatonin at the mitochondrial level during oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of rat brain astrocytes. Journal of Pineal Research, 37(1), 55-70.
54. Jou, M. J., Peng, T. I., Yu, P. Z., Jou, S. B., Reiter, R. J., Chen, J. Y., et al. (2007). Melatonin protects against common deletion of mitochondrial DNA-augmented mitochondrial oxidative stress and apoptosis. Journal of Pineal Research, 43(4), 389-403.
55. Jung, B. & Ahmad, W. (2006). Melatonin in cancer management: Progress and promise. Cancer Research, 66(20), 9789-9793.
56. Jung-Hynes, B. & Ahmad, N. (2009). SIRT1 controls circadian clock circuitry and promotes cell survival: A connection with age-related neoplasms. The FASEB Journal, 23(9), 2803-2809.
57. Jung-Hynes, B., Reiter, R. J., & Ahmad, N. (2010). Sirtuins, melatonin and circadian rhythms: A bridge between cancer and aging. Journal of Pineal Research, 48(1), 9-19.
58. Kappers, J. A. (1965). Survey of the innervation of the epiphysis cerebri and accessory pineal organs of vertebrates. Progress in Brain Research, 10, 87-153.
59. Kappers, J. A. (1969). The mammalian pineal organ. Journal of Neuro-Visceral Relations, 31(Suppl. 9), 140-184.
60. Karbownik, M. & Reiter, R. J. (2000). Antioxidative effects of melatonin in protection against cellular damage caused by ionizing radiation. Proceedings of Society Experimental Biology Medicine, 225(1), 9-22.
61. Kato, K., Hirai, K., Nishiyama, K., Uchikawa, O., Fukatsu, K., Ohkawa, S., et al. (2005). Neurochemical properties of ramelteon (TAK-375), a selective MT1/MT2 receptor agonist. Neuropharmacology, 48(2), 301-310.
62. Kiefer, T. L., Lai, L., Yuan, L., Dong, C., Burow, M. E., & Hill, S.M. (2005).Differential regulation of estrogen receptor-alpha, glucocorticoid receptor and retinoic acid receptor-alpha transcriptional activity by melatonin is mediated via different G proteins. Journal of Pineal Research, 38(4), 231-239.
63. Korkmaz, A., Sanchez-Barcelo, E., Tan, D. X., & Reiter, R. J. (2009a). Role of melatonin in the epigenetic regulation of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 115(1), 13-27.
64. Korkmaz, A., Tamura, H., Manchester, L. C., Ogden, G. B., Tan, D. X., & Reiter, R. J. (2009b). Combination of melatonin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g agonist induces apoptosis in breast cancer cell line. Journal of Pineal Research, 46(1), 115-116.
65. Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., Pache, M., Flammer, J., & Wirz-Justice, A. (2006). Thermoregulatory effects of melatonin in relation to sleepiness. Chronobiology International, 23(1-2), 475-484.
66. Kumbalasiri, T. & Provencio, I. (2005). Melanopsin and other novel mammalian opsins. Experimental Eye Research, 81(4), 368-375.
67. Lavie, P. (1997).Melatonin: Role in gating nocturnal rise in sleep propensity. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 12(6), 657-665.
68. Leon-Blanco, M. M., Guerrero, J. M., Reiter, R. J., Calvo, J. R., & Pozo, D. (2003). Melatonin inhibits telomerase activity in the MCF-7 tumor cell line both in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Pineal Research, 35(3), 204-211.
69. Lerner, A. B., Case, J. D., & Heinzelmann, R. V. (1959). Structure of melatonin. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 81(4), 6084-6085.
70. Lerner, A. B., Case, J. D., Takahashi, Y., Lee, Y., & Mori, W. (1958). Isolation of melatonin, the pineal factor that lightens melanocytes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 80(2), 2587.
71. Lewy, A. J., Bauer, V. K., Ahmed, S., Thomas, K. H., Cutter, N. L., Singer, C. M., et al. (1997). The human phase response curve (PRC) to melatonin is about 12 hoursOut Of phase with the PRC to light. Chronobiology International, 15(1), 71-83.
72. Lin, C. H., Huang, J. Y., Ching, C. H., & Chuang, J. I. (2008). Melatonin reduces neuronal loss, downregulation of dopamine transporter, and upregulation of D2 receptor in rotenone-induced parkinsonian rats. Journal of Pineal Research, 44(2), 205-213.
73. Lincoln, G. A., Andersson, H., & Laudon, A. (2003). Clock genes in calendar cells as the basis of annual timekeeping in mammals -a unifying hypothesis. Journal of Endocrinology, 179(1), 1-13.
74. Lincoln, G. A. & Clarke, I. J. (1994). Photoperiodicallyinduced cycles in the secretion of prolactin in hypothalamopituitary disconnected rams: Evidence for translation of the melatonin signal in the pituitary gland. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 6(3), 251-260.
75. Lincoln, G. A., Clarke, I. L., Hut, R. A., & Halerigg, D. G. (2006). Characterizing a mammalian circannual pacemaker. Science, 314(5807), 1941-1944.
76. Liu, T. & Borjigin, J. (2005). N-acetyltransferase is not the rate limiting enzyme in melatonin synthesis at night. Journal of Pineal Research, 39(1), 91-96.
77. Liu, C., Weaver, D. R., Jin, X., Shearman, L. P., Pieschi, R. L., Gribkoff, V. K., et al. (1997). Molecular dissection of two distinct actions of melatonin on the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Neuron, 19(6), 91-102.
78. Ma, X., Idle, J. R., Krausz, K. W., & Gonzalez, F. J. (2005). Melabolism of melatonin by human cytochromes P450. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 33(4), 489-494.
79. Ma, X., Idle, J. R., Krausz, K. W., Tan, D. X., Ceraulo, L., & Gonzalez, F. J. (2006). Urinary metabolites and antioxidant products of exogenous melatonin in the mouse. Journal of Pineal Research, 40(4), 343-349.
80. Maronde, E. & Stehle, J. (2007). The mammalian pineal gland: Known facts, unknown facets. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 18(4), 142-149.
81. Menendez-Pelaez, A. & Reiter, R. J. (1993). Distribution of melatonin in mammalian tissues: The relative importance of nuclear versus cytosolic localization. Journal of Pineal Research, 15(2), 59-69.
82. Moller, M. (1976). The ultrastructure of the human fetal pineal gland. II. Innervation and cell junctions. Cell and Tissue Research, 169(1), 7-21.
83. Moore, R. Y. (1996). Neural control of the pineal gland. Behavioural Brain Research, 73(1-2), 125-130.
84. Morgan, P. J., Barrett, P., Howell, H. E., & Helliwell, R. (1994). Melatonin receptors, molecular pharmacology and physiological significance. Neurochemistry International, 24(2), 101-146.
85. Morgan, P. J., Messager, S., Webster, C., Barrett, P., & Ross, A. (1999). How does the melatonin receptor decode a photoperiodic signal in the pars tuberalis? Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 460, 165-174.
86. Morgan, P. J., Webster, C. A., Mercer, J. G., Ross, A. W., Hazlerigg, D. G., MacLean, A., et al. (1996). The ovine pars tuberalis secretes a factor(s) that regulates gene expression in both lactotropic and non-lactotropic pituitary cells. Endocrinology, 137(9), 4018-4026.
87. Morgenthaler, T. I., Lee-Chiong, T., Alessi, C., Friedman, L., Aurora, R. N., Boehlecke, B., et al. (2007). Standards of practice committee of the american academy of sleep medicine: Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep, 30(12), 1445-1459.
88. Nakamura, Y., Tamura, H., Takayama, H., & Kato, H. (2003). Increased endogenous level of melatonin in human preovulatory follicles does not directly influence progesterone production. Fertility and Sterility, 80(4), 1012-1016.
89. Nelson, C. S., Marino, J. L., & Allen, C. N. (1996). Melatonin receptors activate heteromeric G-protein coupled kir3 channels. NeuroReport, 7(3), 717-720.
90. Ohkubo, T., Imai, Y., Tsuji, I., Nagai, K., Watanabe, N., Minami, N., et al. (1997). Relation between nocturnal decline in blood pressure and mortality: The ohasama study. American Journal of Hypertension, 10(11), 1201-1207.
91. Olcese, J. M., Cao, C., Mori, T., Mamcarz, M. D., Maxwell, A., Runfeldt, M. J., et al. (2009). Protection against cognitive deficits and markers of neurodegeneration by long-term oral administration of melatonin in a transgenic model of alzheimer disease. Journal of Pineal Research, 47(1), 82-96.
92. Ortiz-Lopez, L., Morales-Mulia, S., Ramirez-Rodriguez, G., & Benitez-King, G. (2009). ROCK-regulated cytoskeletal dynamics participate in the inhibitory effect of melatonin on cancer cell migration. Journal of Pineal Research, 46(1), 15-21.
93. Panzer, A. & Viljoen, M. (1997). The validity of melatonin as an oncostatic agent. Journal of Pineal Research, 22(4), 184-202.
94. Pappolla, M. A., Chyan, Y. J., Poeggeler, B., Frangione, B., Wilson, G., Ghiso, J., et al. (2000). An assessment of the antioxidant and the antiamyloidogenic properties of melatonin: Implications for alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neural Transmission, 107(2), 203-231.
95. Pappolla, M. A., Sos, M., Omar, R. A., Bick, R. J., Hickson-Bick, D. L., Reiter, R. J., et al. (1997). Melatonin prevents death of neuroblastoma cells exposed to alzheimer amyloid peptide. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(5), 1683-1690.
96. Parfitt, A. G. & Klein, D. C. (1976). Sympathetic nerve endings in the pineal gland protect against acute stress-induced increase in N-acetyl-transferase (EC 2.3.1.5) activity. Endocrinology, 99(3), 840-851.
97. Pozo, D., Reiter, R. J., Calvo, J. R., & Guerrero, J. M. (1997). Inhibition of cerebellar nitric oxide synthase and cyclic GMP production by melatonin via complex formation with calimodulin. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 6(3), 430-442.
98. Quay, W. B. (1963). Circadian rhythm of rat pineal serotonin and its modification by estrous cycle and photoperiod. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 3(5), 473-479.
99. Rajaratnam, S. M., Middleton, B., Stone, B. N., Arendt, J., & Dijk, D. J. (2004). Melatonin advances the circadian timing of EEG sleep and directly facilitates sleep without altering its duration in extended sleep opportunities in humans. Journal of Physiology (Paris), 561(1, Pt. 1), 339-351.
100. Reiter, R. J. (1973). Pineal control of a seasonal reproductive rhythm in male golden hamsters exposed to natural daylight and temperature. Endocrinology, 92(2), 423-430.
101. Reiter, R. J. (1980). The pineal and its hormones in the control of reproduction in mammals. Endocrine Reviews, 1(2), 109-131.
102. Reiter, R. J. (1991a). Pineal melatonin: Cell biology of its synthesis and of its physiological interactions. Endocrine Reviews, 12(1), 151-180.
103. Reiter, R. J. (1991b). Melatonin: The chemical expression of darkness. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 79(1-3), C153-C158.
104. Reiter, R. J. (1993). The melatonin rhythm: Both a clock and a calendar. Experentia, 49(8), 654-664.
105. Reiter, R. J. (2004). Mechanisms of cancer inhibition by melatonin. Journal of Pineal Research, 37, 213-214.
106. Reiter, R. J., Blask, D. E., Johnson, L. Y., Rudeen, P. K., Vaughan,M. K., & Waring, P. J. (1976). Melatonin inhibition of reproduction in the male hamster: Its dependency on time of day of administration and on an intact and sympathetically innervated pineal gland. Neuroendocrinology, 22(2), 107-116.
107. Reiter, R. J., Cabrera, J., Sainz, R. M., Mayo, J. C., Manchester, L. C., & Tan, D. X. (2000). Melatonin as a pharmacological agent against neuronal loss in experimental models of huntington's disease, alzheimer's disease and parkinsonism. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 890, 471-485.
108. Reiter, R. J., Craft, C. M., Johnson, J. E., Jr., King, T. S., Richardson, B. A., Vaughn, G. M., et al. (1981). Age-associated reduction in nocturnal melatonin levels in female rats. Endocrinology, 109(4), 1295-1297.
109. Reiter, R. J. & Hester, R. J. (1966). Interrelationships of the pineal gland, the superior cervical ganglia and the photoperiod in the regulation of the endocrine systems of hamsters. Endocrinology, 79(6), 1168-1170.
110. Reiter, R. J., Paredes, S. D., Manchester, L. C., & Tan, D. X. (2009a). Reducing oxidative/nitrosative stress: A newly-discovered genre for melatonin. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44(4), 175-200.
111. Reiter, R. J., Paredes, S. D., Manchester, L. C., & Tan, D. X. (2009d). Reducing oxidative/nitrosative stress: A newly-discovered genre for melatonin. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44(4), 175-200.
112. Reiter, R. J., Richardson, B. A., Johnson, L. Y., Ferguson, B. N., & Dinh, D. T. (1980). Pineal melatonin rhythm: Reduction in aging syrian hamsters. Science, 210(4476), 1372-1373.
113. Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., Kim, S. J., Manchester, L. C., Qi, W., Garcia, J. J., et al. (1999). Augmentation of indices of oxidative damage in life-long melatonin-deficient rats. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 110(2), 157-173.
114. Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., & Korkmaz, A. (2009c). The circadian melatonin rhythm and its modulation: Possible impact on hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 27(Suppl. 6), S17-S20.
115. Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., Korkmaz, A., Erren, T. C., Peikarski, C., Tamura, H., et al. (2007). Light at night, chronodisruption, melatonin suppression, and cancer risk: A review. Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis, 13(4), 303-328.
116. Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., Leon, J., Kilic, U., & Kilic, E. (2005). When melatonin gets on your nerves: Its beneficial actions in experimental models of stroke. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 230(1), 104-117.
117. Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., Manchester, L. C., Paredes, S. D., Mayo, J. C., & Sainz, R. M. (2009b). Melatonin and reproduction revisited. Biology of Reproduction, 81(3), 445-456.
118. Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., & Pappolla, M. A. (2004). Melatonin relieves the neural oxidative burden that contributes to dementias. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1035, 179-196.
119. Reppert, S. M., Godson, C., Mahle, C. D., Weaver, D. R., Slaugenhaupt, S. A., & Gusella, J. F. (1995). Molecular characterization of a second melatonin receptor expressed in the human retina and brain: The Mel1b melatonin receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America, 92(19), 8734-8738.
120. Reppert, S. M., Weaver, D. R., & Ebisawa, T. (1994). Cloning and characterization of a mammalian melatonin receptor that mediates reproductive and circadian responses. Neuron, 13(5), 1177-1185.
121. Revel, F. G., Saboureau, M., Masson-Pevet, M., Pevet, P., Mikkelsen, J. D., & Simonneaux, V. (2006). Kisspeptin mediates the photoperiodic control of reproduction in hamsters. Current Biology, 16(17), 1730-1735.
122. Rivera-Bermudez, M. A., Massana, M. L., Brown, G. M., Earnst, D. J., & Dubocovich, M. L. (2004). Immortalized cells from the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express functional melatonin receptors. Brain Research, 1002(1-2), 21-27.
123. Roka, F., Brydon, L., Waldhoer, M., Strosberg, A. D., Freissmuth, M., Jockers, R., et al. (1999). Tight association of the human Mel1a-melatonin receptor and Gi: Precoupling and constitutive activity. Molecular Pharmacology, 56(5), 1014-1024.
124. Ross, A. W., Barrett, P., Mercer, J. G., & Morgan, P. J. (1996). Melatonin suppresses the induction of AP-1 transcription factor components in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 123(1), 71-80.
125. Sack, R. I., Lewy, A. J., Erb, D. L., Vollmer, W. M., & Singer, C. M. (1986). Human melatonin production decreases with age. Journal of Pineal Research, 3(4), 379-388.
126. Sainz, R. M., Mayo, J. C., Rodriguez, C., Tan, D. X., Lopez-Burillo, S., & Reiter, R. J. (2003). Melatonin and cell death: Differential actions on apoptosis in normal and cancer cells. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 60(7), 1407-1426.
127. Sainz, R. M., Mayo, J. C., Tan, D. X., Leon, J., Manchester, L. C., & Reiter, R. J. (2005). Melatonin reduces prostate cancer cell growth leading to neurodifferentiation via a receptor and PKA mechanism. The Prostate, 63(1), 29-43.
128. Samantaray, S., Das, A., Thakore, N. P., Matzelle, D. D., Reiter, R. J., Ray, S. K., et al. (2009). Therapeutic potential of melatonin in traumatic central nervous system injury. Journal of Pineal Research, 47(2), 134-142.
129. Sanchez-Barcelo, E. J., Cos, S., Mediavilla, M. D., Martinez-Campa, C., Gonzalez, A., & Alonso-Gonzalez, C. (2005). Melatonin-estrogen interactions in breast cancer. Journal of Pineal Research, 38(4), 217-222.
130. Saravanan, K. S., Sindhu, K. M., & Mohanakumar, K. P. (2008). Melatonin protects against rotenone-induced oxidative stress in a hemiparkinsonian rat mode. Journal of Pineal Research, 42(3), 247-253.
131. Shiu, S. Y. (2007). Toward rational and evidence-based use of melatonin in prostate cancer prevention and treatment. Journal of Pineal Research, 43(1), 1-9.
132. Shochat, T., Luboshisky, R., & Lamie, P. (1997). Nocturnal melatonin onset is phase locked to the primary sleep gate. American Journal of Physiology, 273(1, Pt. 2), R364-R370.
133. Simko, F. & Pechanova, O. (2009). Potential roles of melatonin and chronotherapy among the new trends in hypertension treatment. Journal of Pineal Research, 47(2), 127-133.
134. Skene, D. J., Papagiannidou, E., Hashemi, E., Snelling, J., Lewis, D. F., Fernandez, M., et al. (2001). Contribution of CYP1A2 in the hepatic metabolism of melatonin: Studies with isolated microsomal preparations and liver slices. Journal of Pineal Research, 31(4), 333-342.
135. Skinner, D. C. & Malpaux, B. (1999). High melatonin concentrations in third ventricular cerebrospinal fluid are not Due To galen vein blood recirculating through the choroid plexus. Endocrinology, 140(10), 4399-4405.
136. Sliwinski, T., Rosej, W., Morawiec-Baida, A., Morawiec, Z., Reiter, R. J., & Blasiak, J. (2007). Protective action of melatonin against oxidative damage: Chemical inactivation versus base-excision repair. Mutation Research, 634(1-2), 220-227.
137. Soares, J. M. Jr., Masana, M. I., Ersakin, C., & Dubocovich, M. L. (2003). Functional melatonin receptors in rat ovaries at various stages of the estrous cycle. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 306(2), 694-702.
138. Stevens, R. J. (2009). Working against our endogenous circadian clock: Breast cancer and electric lighting in the modern world. Mutation Research, 679(1-2), 6-8.
139. Stirland, J. A., Johnston, J. D., Cagampang, F. R.A., Morgan, P. J., Castro, M. C., White, M. R.H., et al. (2001). Photoperiodic regulation of prolactin gene expression in the syrian hamster by a pars tuberalis-derived factor. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 13(2), 147-157.
140. Sugden, D. (2003). Comparison of circadian expression of tryptophan hydroxylase isoforms mRNAs in the rat pineal gland using real-time PCR. Journal of Neurochemistry, 86(5), 1308-1311.
141. Tamarkin, L., Westrom, W. K., Hamill, A. I., & Goldman, B. C. (1976). Effect of melatonin on the reproductive systems of male and female syrian hamsters: A diurnal rhythm in sensitivity to melatonin. Endocrinology, 99(6), 1534-1541.
142. Tamura, H., Nakamura, Y., Korkmaz, A., Manchester, L. C., Tan, D. X., Sugino, N., et al. (2009). Melatonin and the ovary: Physiological and pathophysiological implications. Fertility and Sterility, 92(1), 328-343.
143. Tamura, H., Nakamura, Y., Terron, M. P., Flores, L. J., Manchester, L. C., Tan, D. X., et al. (2008). Melatonin and pregnancy in the human. Reproductive Toxicology, 25(3), 291-303.
144. Tan, D. X., Chen, L. D., Poeggeler, B., Manchester, L. C., & Reiter, R. J. (1993). Melatonin: A potent, endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger. Endocrine Journal, 1(1), 57-60.
145. Tan, D. X., Manchester, L. C., Reiter, R. J., Plummer, B. F., Hardies, L. J., Weintraub, S. T., et al. (1998). A novel melatonin metabolic, cyclic 3-hydroxy-melatonin, and biomarker of in vivo hydroxyl radical generation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 253(3), 614-620.
146. Tan, D. X., Manchester, L. C., Reiter, R. J., Plummer, B. F., Limson, J., Weintraub, S. T., et al. (2000). Melatonin directly scavenges hydrogen peroxide: A potentially new metabolic pathway of melatonin biotransformation. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 29, 1177-1185.
147. Tan, D. X., Manchester, L. C., Reiter, R. J., Qi, W., Hanes, M. A., & Farley, N. J. (1999). High physiological levels of melatonin in the bile of mammals. Life Sciences, 65(23), 2523-2529.
148. Tan, D. X., Reiter, R. J., Manchester, L. C., Yan, M. T., El-Sawi, M., Sainz, R. M., et al. (2002). Chemical and physical properties and potential mechanisms: Melatonin as a broad spectrum antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2(2), 181-198.
149. Tomas-Zapico, C. & Coto-Montes, A. (2005). A proposed mechanism to explain the stimulatory effect of melatonin on antioxidative enzymes. Journal of Pineal Research, 39 (2), 99-104.
150. Turek, F. W., Josh, U. C., Kohsaka, A., Lin, E., Ivanova, G., McDearmon, E., et al. (2005). Obesity and metabolic syndrome in circadian clock mutant mice. Science, 308(5724), 1043-1045.
151. Ursing, C., von Bohr, C., Brismar, K., & Rojdmark, S. (2005). Influence of cigarette smoking on melatonin levels in man. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 61(3), 197-201.
152. Vijayalaxmi, T., Jr., C. R., Reiter, R. J., & Herman, T. S. (2002). Melatonin: From basic research to cancer treatment clinics. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20(10), 2575-2601.
153. von Gall, C., Garabette, M. L., Kell, C. A., Frenzel, S., Dehghani, F., Schumm-Draeyer, P. M., et al. (2002). Rhythmic gene expression in pituitary depends on heterologous sensitization by the neurohormone melatonin. Nature Neuroscience, 5(3), 234-238.
154. von Gall, C., Weaver, D. R., Kock, M., Korf, H. W., & Stehle, J. H. (2000). Melatonin limits transcriptional impact of phosphoCREB in mouse SCN via the Mel1a receptor. NeuroReport, 11(9), 1803-1807.
155. Wang, X. (2009). The antiapoptatic activity of melatonin in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 15(4), 345-357.
156. Wang, X., Zhu, S., Pei, Z., Drozda, M., Stavroskoya, J. G., Del Signore, S. J., et al. (2008). Inhibitors of cytochrome c release with therapeutic potential for huntington's disease. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(38), 9473-9485.
157. Wasdell, M. B., Jan, J. E., Bomben, M. M., Freeman, R. D., Reitveld, W. J., Tai, J., et al. (2008). A randomized placebocontrolled trial of controlled release melatonin treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome and impaired sleep maintenance in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Journal of Pineal Research, 44(1), 57-64.
158. Witt-Enderby, P., MacKenzie, R. S., McKeon, R. M., Carroll, E. A., Bordt, S. L., & Melan, M. A. (2000). Melatonin induction of filamentous structures in non-neuronal cells that is dependent on expression of the human mt1 melatonin receptor. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton, 46(1), 28-42.
159. Witt-Enderby, P. A., Radio, N. M., Doctor, J. S., & Davis, V. L. (2006). Therapeutic treatments potentially mediated by melatonin receptors: Potential clinical uses in the prevention of osteoporosis, cancer and as an adjuvant therapy. Journal of Pineal Research, 41(4), 297-305.
160. Wittkowski, W., Bockmann, J., Kreutz, M. R., & Bockers, T. M. (1999). Cell and molecular biology of the pars tuberalis of the pituitary. International Review of Cytology, 185, 157-194.
161. Yu, H. S., Yee, R. W., Hawes, K. A., & Reiter, R. J. (1990). Diurnal rhythms of immunoreactive melatonin in the aqueous humor and serum of male pigmented rabbits. Neuroscience Letters, 116(3), 309-314.
162. Zawilska, J. B., Skene, D. J., & Arendt, J. (2009). Physiology and pharmacology of melatonin in relation to biological rhythms. Pharmacological Reports, 61(3), 363-410.
163. Zhou, J., Zhang, S., Zhao, X., & Wei, T. (2008). Melatonin impairs NADPH oxidase assembly and decreases superoxide anion production in microglia exposed to amyloid-b1-42. Journal of Pineal Research, 45(2), 157-165.