The impact and in vitro to in vivo prediction of transporter-based drug-drug interactions in humans

Enzyme- and Transporter-Based Drug-Drug Interactions: Progress and Future Challenges

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 517-553

  Unadkat, Jashvant D ^a   Kirby, Brian J ^a   Endres, Christopher J ^a   Zolnerciks, Joseph K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955275564     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0840-7_21     Document Type: Chapter

References (139)

1. Abe T, Kakyo M, Tokui T, Nakagomi R, Nishio T, Nakai D, Nomura H, Unno M, Suzuki M, Naitoh T, Matsuno S and Yawo H (1999) Identification of a novel gene family encoding human liver-specific organic anion transporter LST-1. J Biol Chem 274:17159-17163.
2. Adibi SA (1997) The oligopeptide transporter (Pept-1) in human intestine: biology and function. Gastroenterology 113:332-340.
3. Allen JD, Brinkhuis RF, Wijnholds J and Schinkel AH (1999) The mouse Bcrp1/Mxr/Abcp gene: amplification and overexpression in cell lines selected for resistance to topotecan, mitoxantrone, or doxorubicin. Cancer Res 59:4237-4241.
4. Asberg A, Hartmann A, Fjeldsa E, Bergan S and Holdaas H (2001) Bilateral pharmacokinetic interaction between cyclosporine A and atorvastatin in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 1:382-386.
5. Atkinson DE, Greenwood SL, Sibley CP, Glazier JD and Fairbairn LJ (2003) Role of MDR1 and MRP1 in trophoblast cells, elucidated using retroviral gene transfer. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 285:C584-C591.
6. Backman JT, Kyrklund C, Kivisto KT, Wang JS and Neuvonen PJ (2000) Plasma concentrations of active simvastatin acid are increased by gemfibrozil. Clin Pharmacol Ther 68:122-129.
7. Backman JT, Kyrklund C, Neuvonen M and Neuvonen PJ (2002) Gemfibrozil greatly increases plasma concentrations of cerivastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 72:685-691.
8. Beringer PM, Kriengkauykiat J, Zhang X, Hidayat L, Liu S, Louie S, Synold T, Burckart GJ, Rao PA, Shapiro B and Gill M (2008) Lack of effect of P-glycoprotein inhibition on renal clearance of dicloxacillin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pharmacotherapy 28:883-894.
9. Bernacki J, Dobrowolska A, Nierwinska K and Malecki A (2008) Physiology and pharmacological role of the blood-brain barrier. Pharmacol Rep 60:600-622.
10. Boll M, Markovich D, Weber WM, Korte H, Daniel H and Murer H (1994) Expression cloning of a cDNA from rabbit small intestine related to proton-coupled transport of peptides, beta-lactam antibiotics and ACE-inhibitors. Pflugers Arch 429:146-149.
11. Brangi M, Litman T, Ciotti M, Nishiyama K, Kohlhagen G, Takimoto C, Robey R, Pommier Y, Fojo T and Bates SE (1999) Camptothecin resistance: role of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC), mitoxantrone-resistance half-transporter (MXR), and potential for glucuronidation in MXR-expressing cells. Cancer Res 59:5938-5946.
12. Choi MK and Song IS (2008) Organic cation transporters and their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 23:243-253.
13. Choudhuri S and Klaassen CD (2006) Structure, function, expression, genomic organization, and single nucleotide polymorphisms of human ABCB1(MDR1), ABCC (MRP), and ABCG2 (BCRP) efflux transporters. Int J Toxicol 25:231-259.
14. Chu XY, Suzuki H, Ueda K, Kato Y, Akiyama S and Sugiyama Y (1999) Active efflux of CPT-11 and its metabolites in human KB-derived cell lines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 288:735-741.
15. Cole SP (1990) Patterns of cross-resistance in a multidrug-resistant small-cell lung carcinoma cell line. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 26:250-256.
16. Cooper CL, Van Heeswijk RP, Gallicano K and Cameron DW (2003) A review of low-dose ritonavir in protease inhibitor combination therapy. Clin Infect Dis 36:1585-1592.
17. Cordon-Cardo C, O'Brien JP, Casals D, Rittman-Grauer L, Biedler JL, Melamed MR and Bertino JR (1989) Multidrug-resistance gene (P-glycoprotein) is expressed by endothelial cells at blood-brain barrier sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86:695-698.
18. Cundy KC (1999) Clinical pharmacokinetics of the antiviral nucleotide analogues cidofovir and adefovir. Clin Pharmacokinet 36:127-143.
19. Dallas S, Miller DS and Bendayan R (2006) Multidrug resistance-associated proteins: expression and function in the central nervous system. Pharmacol Rev 58:140-161.
20. Davit-Spraul A, Gonzales E, Baussan C and Jacquemin E (2009) Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 4:1.
21. De Boer AG, Van Der Sandt ICJ and Gaillard PJ (2003) The role of drug transporters at the bloodbrain barrier. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 43:629-656.
22. Ding R, Tayrouz Y, Riedel KD, Burhenne J, Weiss J, Mikus G and Haefeli WE (2004) Substantial pharmacokinetic interaction between digoxin and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 76:73-84.
23. Drayer DE, Romankiewicz J, Lorenzo B and Reidenberg MM (1982) Age and renal clearance of cimetidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 31:45-50.
24. Durr D, Stieger B, Kullak-Ublick GA, Rentsch KM, Steinert HC, Meier PJ and Fattinger K (2000) St John's Wort induces intestinal P-glycoprotein/MDR1 and intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol Ther 68:598-604.
25. Eilers M, Roy U and Mondal D (2008) MRP (ABCC) transporters-mediated efflux of anti-HIV drugs, saquinavir and zidovudine, from human endothelial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 233:1149-1160.
26. Ekins S, Durst GL, Stratford RE, Thorner DA, Lewis R, Loncharich RJ and Wikel JH (2001) Three-dimensional quantitative structure-permeability relationship analysis for a series of inhibitors of rhinovirus replication. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 41:1578-1586.
27. Endres CJ, Hsiao P, Chung FS and Unadkat JD (2006) The role of transporters in drug interactions. Eur J Pharm Sci 27:501-517.
28. Eyal S, Hsiao P and Unadkat JD (2009) Drug interactions at the blood-brain barrier: fact or fantasy? Pharmacol Ther 123(1):80-104
29. Fattinger K, Funk C, Pantze M, Weber C, Reichen J, Stieger B and Meier PJ (2001) The endothelin antagonist bosentan inhibits the canalicular bile salt export pump: a potential mechanism for hepatic adverse reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69:223-231.
30. Feng B, Obach RS, Burstein AH, Clark DJ, De Morais SM and Faessel HM (2008) Effect of human renal cationic transporter inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of varenicline, a new therapy for smoking cessation: an in vitro-in vivo study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 83:567-576.
31. Fenner KS, Troutman MD, Kempshall S, Cook JA, Ware JA, Smith DA and Lee CA (2009) Drug-drug interactions mediated through P-glycoprotein: clinical relevance and in vitro-in vivo correlation using digoxin as a probe drug. Clin Pharmacol Ther 85:173-181.
32. Funk C, Ponelle C, Scheuermann G and Pantze M (2001) Cholestatic potential of troglitazone as a possible factor contributing to troglitazone-induced hepatotoxicity: in vivo and in vitro interaction at the canalicular bile salt export pump (Bsep) in the rat. Mol Pharmacol 59:627-635.
33. Geick A, Eichelbaum M and Burk O (2001) Nuclear receptor response elements mediate induction of intestinal MDR1 by rifampin. J Biol Chem 276:14581-14587.
34. Gerloff T, Stieger B, Hagenbuch B, Madon J, Landmann L, Roth J, Hofmann AF and Meier PJ (1998) The sister of P-glycoprotein represents the canalicular bile salt export pump of mammalian liver. J Biol Chem 273:10046-10050.
35. Glaeser H, Bailey DG, Dresser GK, Gregor JC, Schwarz UI, McGrath JS, Jolicoeur E, Lee W, Leake BF, Tirona RG and Kim RB (2007) Intestinal drug transporter expression and the impact of grapefruit juice in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 81:362-370.
36. Govindarajan R (2002) Irinotecan/thalidomide in metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncology (Williston Park) 16:23-26.
37. Greiner B, Eichelbaum M, Fritz P, Kreichgauer HP, Von RO, Zundler J and Kroemer HK (1999) The role of intestinal P-glycoprotein in the interaction of digoxin and rifampin. J Clin Invest 104:147-153.
38. Hagenbuch B and Meier PJ (2004) Organic anion transporting polypeptides of the OATP/SLC21 family: phylogenetic classification as OATP/SLCO superfamily, new nomenclature and molecular/functional properties. Pflugers Arch 447:653-665.
39. Haimeur A, Conseil G, Deeley RG and Cole SP (2004) The MRP-related and BCRP/ABCG2 multidrug resistance proteins: biology, substrate specificity and regulation. Curr Drug Metab 5:21-53.
40. Hardamn JG, Limbird LE and Gilman AG (2001) Goodman and Gilman's The pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. McGraw-Hill.
41. He L and Liu GQ (2002) Interaction of multidrug resistance reversal agents with P-glycoprotein ATPase activity on blood-brain barrier. Acta Pharmacol Sin 23:423-429.
42. Hedman A, Angelin B, Arvidsson A, Beck O, Dahlqvist R, Nilsson B, Olsson M and Schenck-Gustafsson K (1991) Digoxin-verapamil interaction: reduction of biliary but not renal digoxin clearance in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 49:256-262.
43. Hedman A, Angelin B, Arvidsson A, Dahlqvist R and Nilsson B (1990) Interactions in the renal and biliary elimination of digoxin: stereoselective difference between quinine and quinidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 47:20-26.
44. Herrine SK and Choudhary C (1999) Severe hepatotoxicity associated with troglitazone. Ann Intern Med 130:163-164.
45. Hinderling PH and Hartmann D (1991) Pharmacokinetics of digoxin and main metabolites/derivatives in healthy humans. Ther Drug Monit 13:381-401.
46. Hirano H, Kurata A, Onishi Y, Sakurai A, Saito H, Nakagawa H, Nagakura M, Tarui S, Kanamori Y, Kitajima M and Ishikawa T (2006) High-speed screening and QSAR analysis of human ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCB11 (bile salt export pump) to predict drug-induced intrahepatic cholestasis. Mol Pharm 3:252-265.
47. Hirano M, Maeda K, Hayashi H, Kusuhara H and Sugiyama Y (2005) Bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) can transport a nonbile acid substrate, pravastatin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 314:876-882.
48. Horikawa M, Kato Y, Tyson CA and Sugiyama Y (2002) The potential for an interaction between MRP2 (ABCC2) and various therapeutic agents: probenecid as a candidate inhibitor of the biliary excretion of irinotecan metabolites. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 17:23-33.
49. Hsiang B, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Wu Y, Sasseville V, Yang WP and Kirchgessner TG (1999) A novel human hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP2). Identification of a liverspecific human organic anion transporting polypeptide and identification of rat and human hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor transporters. J Biol Chem 274:37161-37168.
50. Hsiao P, Bui T, Ho RJ and Unadkat JD (2008) In vitro-to-in vivo prediction of P-glycoprotein-based drug interactions at the human and rodent blood-brain barrier. Drug Metab Dispos 36:481-484.
51. Hsiao P, Sasongko L, Link JM, Mankoff DA, Muzi M, Collier AC and Unadkat JD (2006) Verapamil P-glycoprotein transport across the rat blood-brain barrier: cyclosporine, a concentration inhibition analysis, and comparison with human data. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 317:704-710.
52. Huang L (2009) Role of drug transporters in the disposition of statins. AAPS Workshop on Drug Transporters in ADME: From the Bench to the Bedside, Parsippany, NJ. 2005. Ref Type: Conference Proceeding
53. Iwanaga T, Nakakariya M, Yabuuchi H, Maeda T and Tamai I (2007) Involvement of bile salt export pump in flutamide-induced cholestatic hepatitis. Biol Pharm Bull 30:739-744.
54. Jalava KM, Partanen J and Neuvonen PJ (1997) Itraconazole decreases renal clearance of digoxin. Ther Drug Monit 19:609-613.
55. Jonker JW, Smit JW, Brinkhuis RF, Maliepaard M, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH and Schinkel AH (2000) Role of breast cancer resistance protein in the bioavailability and fetal penetration of topotecan. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1651-1656.
56. Juliano RL and Ling V (1976) A surface glycoprotein modulating drug permeability in Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants. Biochim Biophys Acta 455:152-162.
57. Kajosaari LI, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ and Backman JT (2005) Metabolism of repaglinide by CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in vitro: effect of fibrates and rifampicin. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 97:249-256.
58. Kruh GD and Belinsky MG (2003) The MRP family of drug efflux pumps. Oncogene 22:7537-7552.
59. Kruh GD, Zeng H, Rea PA, Liu G, Chen ZS, Lee K and Belinsky MG (2001) MRP subfamily transporters and resistance to anticancer agents. J Bioenerg Biomembr 33:493-501.
60. Kruijtzer CM, Beijnen JH, Rosing H, Ten Bokkel Huinink WW, Schot M, Jewell RC, Paul EM and Schellens JH (2002) Increased oral bioavailability of topotecan in combination with the breast cancer resistance protein and P-glycoprotein inhibitor GF120918. J Clin Oncol 20:2943-2950.
61. Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ and Hagenbuch B (2001) Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology 120:525-533.
62. Kusuhara H and Sugiyama Y (2009) In vitro-in vivo extrapolation of transporter-mediated clearance in the liver and kidney. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 24:37-52.
63. Kyrklund C, Backman JT, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen M, Laitila J and Neuvonen PJ (2001) Plasma concentrations of active lovastatin acid are markedly increased by gemfibrozil but not by bezafibrate. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69:340-345.
64. Lacarelle B, Rahmani R, De SG, Durand A, Placidi M and Cano JP (1991) Metabolism of digoxin, digoxigenin digitoxosides and digoxigenin in human hepatocytes and liver microsomes. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 5:567-582.
65. Lalezari JP, Drew WL, Glutzer E, James C, Miner D, Flaherty J, Fisher PE, Cundy K, Hannigan J and Martin JC (1995) (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonylmethoxy) propyl]cytosine (cidofovir): results of a phase I/II study of a novel antiviral nucleotide analogue. J Infect Dis 171:788-796.
66. Lalezari JP, Stagg RJ, Kuppermann BD, Holland GN, Kramer F, Ives DV, Youle M, Robinson MR, Drew WL and Jaffe HS (1997) Intravenous cidofovir for peripheral cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 126:257-263.
67. Lau YY, Huang Y, Frassetto L and Benet LZ (2007) Effect of OATP1B transporter inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 81:194-204.
68. Liang R, Fei YJ, Prasad PD, Ramamoorthy S, Han H, Yang-Feng TL, Hediger MA, Ganapathy V and Leibach FH (1995) Human intestinal H+/peptide cotransporter. Cloning, functional expression, and chromosomal localization. J Biol Chem 270:6456-6463.
69. Litman T, Brangi M, Hudson E, Fetsch P, Abati A, Ross DD, Miyake K, Resau JH and Bates SE (2000) The multidrug-resistant phenotype associated with overexpression of the new ABC half-transporter, MXR (ABCG2). J Cell Sci 113(Pt 11):2011-2021.
70. Loi CM, Young M, Randinitis E, Vassos A and Koup JR (1999) Clinical pharmacokinetics of troglitazone. Clin Pharmacokinet 37:91-104.
71. Maliepaard M, Van Gastelen MA, De Jong LA, Pluim D, Van Waardenburg RC, Ruevekamp-Helmers MC, Floot BG and Schellens JH (1999) Overexpression of the BCRP/MXR/ABCP gene in a topotecan-selected ovarian tumor cell line. Cancer Res 59:4559-4563.
72. Marzolini C and Kim RB (2005) Placental transfer of antiretroviral drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 78:118-122.
73. Mathias AA, Hitti J and Unadkat JD (2005) P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein expression in human placentae of various gestational ages. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 289:R963-R969.
74. Matsushima S, Maeda K, Inoue K, Ohta KY, Yuasa H, Kondo T, Nakayama H, Horita S, Kusuhara H and Sugiyama Y (2009) The inhibition of human multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 is involved in the drug-drug interaction caused by cimetidine. Drug Metab Dispos 37:555-559.
75. McTaggart F, Buckett L, Davidson R, Holdgate G, McCormick A, Schneck D, Smith G and Warwick M (2001) Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of Rosuvastatin, a new 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor. Am J Cardiol 87:28B-32B.
76. Mikkaichi T, Suzuki T, Onogawa T, Tanemoto M, Mizutamari H, Okada M, Chaki T, Masuda S, Tokui T, Eto N, Abe M, Satoh F, Unno M, Hishinuma T, Inui K, Ito S, Goto J and Abe T (2004a) Isolation and characterization of a digoxin transporter and its rat homologue expressed in the kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:3569-3574.
77. Mikkaichi T, Suzuki T, Tanemoto M, Ito S and Abe T (2004b) The organic anion transporter (OATP) family. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 19:171-179.
78. Mirski SE, Gerlach JH and Cole SP (1987) Multidrug resistance in a human small cell lung cancer cell line selected in adriamycin. Cancer Res 47:2594-2598.
79. Mita S, Suzuki H, Akita H, Hayashi H, Onuki R, Hofmann AF and Sugiyama Y (2006) Inhibition of bile acid transport across Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (SLC10A1) and bile salt export pump (ABCB 11)-coexpressing LLC-PK1 cells by cholestasis-inducing drugs. Drug Metab Dispos 34:1575-1581.
80. Molsa M, Heikkinen T, Hakkola J, Hakala K, Wallerman O, Wadelius M, Wadelius C and Laine K (2005) Functional role of P-glycoprotein in the human blood-placental barrier. Clin Pharmacol Ther 78:123-131.
81. Nagashige M, Ushigome F, Koyabu N, Hirata K, Kawabuchi M, Hirakawa T, Satoh S, Tsukimori K, Nakano H, Uchiumi T, Kuwano M, Ohtani H and Sawada Y (2003) Basal membrane localization of MRP1 in human placental trophoblast. Placenta 24:951-958.
82. Niemi M, Backman JT, Fromm MF, Neuvonen PJ and Kivisto KT (2003) Pharmacokinetic interactions with rifampicin: clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacokinet 42:819-850.
83. Otsuka M, Matsumoto T, Morimoto R, Arioka S, Omote H and Moriyama Y (2005) A human transporter protein that mediates the final excretion step for toxic organic cations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:17923-17928.
84. Oude Elferink RP, Meijer DK, Kuipers F, Jansen PL, Groen AK and Groothuis GM (1995) Hepatobiliary secretion of organic compounds; molecular mechanisms of membrane transport. Biochim Biophys Acta 1241:215-268.
85. Park JW, Siekmeier R, Lattke P, Merz M, Mix C, Schuler S and Jaross W (2001) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fluvastatin in heart transplant recipients taking cyclosporine A. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 6:351-361.
86. Park S and Sinko PJ (2005) P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated proteins limit the brain uptake of saquinavir in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 312:1249-1256.
87. Paulusma CC, Kool M, Bosma PJ, Scheffer GL, Ter BF, Scheper RJ, Tytgat GN, Borst P, Baas F and Oude Elferink RP (1997) A mutation in the human canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter gene causes the Dubin-Johnson syndrome. Hepatology 25:1539-1542.
88. Pedersen KE, Christiansen BD, Klitgaard NA and Nielsen-Kudsk F (1983) Effect of quinidine on digoxin bioavailability. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 24:41-47.
89. Penzak SR, Shen JM, Alfaro RM, Remaley AT, Natarajan V and Falloon J (2004) Ritonavir decreases the nonrenal clearance of digoxin in healthy volunteers with known MDR1 genotypes. Ther Drug Monit 26:322-330.
90. Reidenberg MM, Camacho M, Kluger J and Drayer DE (1980) Aging and renal clearance of procainamide and acetylprocainamide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 28:732-735.
91. Roberts DH, Kendall MJ, Jack DB and Welling PG (1981) Pharmacokinetics of cephradine given intravenously with and without probenecid. Br J Clin Pharmacol 11:561-564.
92. Robey RW, Medina-Perez WY, Nishiyama K, Lahusen T, Miyake K, Litman T, Senderowicz AM, Ross DD and Bates SE (2001) Overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette half-transporter, ABCG2 (Mxr/BCrp/ABCP1), in flavopiridol-resistant human breast cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 7:145-152.
93. Russel FG, Masereeuw R and Van Aubel RA (2002) Molecular aspects of renal anionic drug transport. Annu Rev Physiol 64:563-594.
94. Sasaki M, Suzuki H, Ito K, Abe T and Sugiyama Y (2002) Transcellular transport of organic anions across a double-transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney II cell monolayer expressing both human organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP2/SLC21A6) and Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2). J Biol Chem 277:6497-6503.
95. Sasongko L, Link JM, Muzi M, Mankoff DA, Yang X, Collier AC, Shoner SC and Unadkat JD (2005) Imaging P-glycoprotein transport activity at the human blood-brain barrier with positron emission tomography. Clin Pharmacol Ther 77:503-514.
96. Schinkel AH, Mayer U, Wagenaar E, Mol CA, Van Deemter L, Smit JJ, Van Der Walk MA, Voordouw AC, Spits H, Van Tellingen O, Zijlmans JM, Fibbe WE and Borst P (1997) Normal viability and altered pharmacokinetics in mice lacking mdr1-type (drug-transporting) P-glycoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:4028-4033.
97. Schinkel AH, Mol CA, Wagenaar E, Van DL, Smit JJ and Borst P (1995) Multidrug resistance and the role of P-glycoprotein knockout mice. Eur J Cancer 31A:1295-1298.
98. Schinkel AH, Smit JJ, Van TO, Beijnen JH, Wagenaar E, Van DL, Mol CA, Van Der Valk MA, Robanus-Maandag EC, Teriele HP et al. (1994) Disruption of the mouse mdr1a P-glycoprotein gene leads to a deficiency in the blood-brain barrier and to increased sensitivity to drugs. Cell 77:491-502.
99. Schneck DW, Birmingham BK, Zalikowski JA, Mitchell PD, Wang Y, Martin PD, Lasseter KC, Brown CD, Windass AS and Raza A (2004) The effect of gemfibrozil on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 75:455-463.
100. Shikata E, Yamamoto R, Takane H, Shigemasa C, Ikeda T, Otsubo K and Ieiri I (2007) Human organic cation transporter (OCT1 and OCT2) gene polymorphisms and therapeutic effects of metformin. J Hum Genet 52:117-122.
101. Shu Y, Brown C, Castro RA, Shi RJ, Lin ET, Owen RP, Sheardown SA, Yue L, Burchard EG, Brett CM and Giacomini KM (2008) Effect of genetic variation in the organic cation transporter 1, OCT1, on metformin pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 83:273-280.
102. Shu Y, Sheardown SA, Brown C, Owen RP, Zhang S, Castro RA, Ianculescu AG, Yue L, Lo JC, Burchard EG, Brett CM and Giacomini KM (2007) Effect of genetic variation in the organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) on metformin action. J Clin Invest 117:1422-1431.
103. Simonson SG, Raza A, Martin PD, Mitchell PD, Jarcho JA, Brown CD, Windass AS and Schneck DW (2004) Rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics in heart transplant recipients administered an antirejection regimen including cyclosporine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 76:167-177.
104. Soldner A, Christians U, Susanto M, Wacher VJ, Silverman JA and Benet LZ (1999) Grapefruit juice activates P-glycoprotein-mediated drug transport. Pharm Res 16:478-485.
105. Somogyi A, McLean A and Heinzow B (1983) Cimetidine-procainamide pharmacokinetic interaction in man: evidence of competition for tubular secretion of basic drugs. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 25:339-345.
106. Somogyi A, Rohner HG and Gugler R (1980) Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cimetidine in gastric and duodenal ulcer patients. Clin Pharmacokinet 5:84-94.
107. Somogyi A, Stockley C, Keal J, Rolan P and Bochner F (1987) Reduction of metformin renal tubular secretion by cimetidine in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 23:545-551.
108. Song IS, Shin HJ, Shim EJ, Jung IS, Kim WY, Shon JH and Shin JG (2008a) Genetic variants of the organic cation transporter 2 influence the disposition of metformin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 84:559-562.
109. Song IS, Shin HJ and Shin JG (2008b) Genetic variants of organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) significantly reduce metformin uptake in oocytes. Xenobiotica 38:1252-1262.
110. Srimaroeng C, Perry JL and Pritchard JB (2008) Physiology, structure, and regulation of the cloned organic anion transporters. Xenobiotica 38:889-935.
111. Sugawara I, Kataoka I, Morishita Y, Hamada H, Tsuruo T, Itoyama S and Mori S (1988) Tissue distribution of P-glycoprotein encoded by a multidrug-resistant gene as revealed by a monoclonal antibody, MRK 16. Cancer Res 48:1926-1929.
112. Tamai I, Nezu J, Uchino H, Sai Y, Oku A, Shimane M and Tsuji A (2000) Molecular identification and characterization of novel members of the human organic anion transporter (OATP) family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 273:251-260.
113. Templeton IE, Thummel KE, Kharasch ED, Kunze KL, Hoffer C, Nelson WL and Isoherranen N (2008) Contribution of itraconazole metabolites to inhibition of CYP3A4 in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 83:77-85.
114. Terada T, Saito H and Inui K (1998) Interaction of beta-lactam antibiotics with histidine residue of rat H+/peptide cotransporters, PEPT1 and PEPT2. J Biol Chem 273:5582-5585.
115. Thiebaut F, Tsuruo T, Hamada H, Gottesman MM, Pastan I and Willingham MC (1987) Cellular localization of the multidrug-resistance gene product P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84:7735-7738.
116. Thiebaut F, Tsuruo T, Hamada H, Gottesman MM, Pastan I and Willingham MC (1989) Immunohistochemical localization in normal tissues of different epitopes in the multidrug transport protein P170: evidence for localization in brain capillaries and crossreactivity of one antibody with a muscle protein. J Histochem Cytochem 37:159-164.
117. Thummel KE, Shen DD, Soherranen N and Mith HE (2006) Design and optimization of dosage regimens; pharmacokinetic data, in Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Goodman LS, Gilman A, Brunton LL, Lazo JS and Parker KL eds) pp 1787-1887, McGraw-Hill, New York.
118. Tirona RG, Leake BF, Wolkoff AW and Kim RB (2003) Human organic anion transporting polypeptide-C (SLC21A6) is a major determinant of rifampin-mediated pregnane X receptor activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 304:223-228.
119. Treiber A, Schneiter R, Hausler S and Stieger B (2007) Bosentan is a substrate of human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3: inhibition of hepatic uptake as the common mechanism of its interactions with cyclosporin A, rifampicin, and sildenafil. Drug Metab Dispos 35:1400-1407.
120. Tsuda M, Terada T, Ueba M, Sato T, Masuda S, Katsura T and Inui K (2009) Involvement of human multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 in the drug interaction between cimetidine and metformin in renal epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 329:185-191.
121. Unadkat JD, Dahlin A and Vijay S (2004) Placental drug transporters. Curr Drug Metab 5:125-131.
122. Uwai Y, Ida H, Tsuji Y, Katsura T and Inui K (2007) Renal transport of adefovir, cidofovir, and tenofovir by SLC22A family members (hOAT1, hOAT3, and hOCT2). Pharm Res 24:811-815.
123. Van Giersbergen PL, Halabi A and Dingemanse J (2002) Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of bosentan and its interaction with ketoconazole. Br J Clin Pharmacol 53:589-595.
124. Van Giersbergen PL, Popescu G, Bodin F and Dingemanse J (2003) Influence of mild liver impairment on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of bosentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist. J Clin Pharmacol 43:15-22.
125. Van Giersbergen PL, Treiber A, Schneiter R, Dietrich H and Dingemanse J (2007) Inhibitory and inductive effects of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of bosentan in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 81:414-419.
126. Wandel C, Kim RB, Kajiji S, Guengerich FP, Wilkinson GR and Wood AJ (1999) P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P-450 3A inhibition: dissociation of inhibitory potencies. Cancer Res 59:3944-3948.
127. Wang JS, Neuvonen M, Wen X, Backman JT and Neuvonen PJ (2002) Gemfibrozil inhibits CYP2C8-mediated cerivastatin metabolism in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 30:1352-1356.
128. Wang ZJ, Yin OQ, Tomlinson B and Chow MS (2008) OCT2 polymorphisms and in-vivo renal functional consequence: studies with metformin and cimetidine. Pharmacogenet Genom 18:637-645.
129. Weiner IM, Washington JA and Mudge GH (1960) On the mechanism of action of probenecid on renal tubular secretion. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 106:333-346.
130. Wen X, Wang JS, Backman JT, Kivisto KT and Neuvonen PJ (2001) Gemfibrozil is a potent inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 2C9. Drug Metab Dispos 29:1359-1361.
131. Westphal K, Weinbrenner A, Giessmann T, Stuhr M, Franke G, Zschiesche M, Oertel R, Terhaag B, Kroemer HK and Siegmund W (2000) Oral bioavailability of digoxin is enhanced by talinolol: evidence for involvement of intestinal P-glycoprotein. Clin Pharmacol Ther 68:6-12.
132. Woodland C, Ito S and Koren G (1998) A model for the prediction of digoxin-drug interactions at the renal tubular cell level. Ther Drug Monit 20:134-138.
133. Wright SH and Dantzler WH (2004) Molecular and cellular physiology of renal organic cation and anion transport. Physiol Rev 84:987-1049.
134. Yang H and Elmquist WF (1996) The binding of cyclosporin A to human plasma: an in vitro microdialysis study. Pharm Res 13:622-627.
135. Yang XX, Hu ZP, Chan SY, Duan W, Ho PC, Boelsterli UA, Ng KY, Chan E, Bian JS, Chen YZ, Huang M and Zhou SF (2006a) Pharmacokinetic mechanisms for reduced toxicity of irinotecan by coadministered thalidomide. Curr Drug Metab 7:431-455.
136. Yang XX, Hu ZP, Xu AL, Duan W, Zhu YZ, Huang M, Sheu FS, Zhang Q, Bian JS, Chan E, Li X, Wang JC and Zhou SF (2006b) A mechanistic study on reduced toxicity of irinotecan by coadministered thalidomide, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319:82-104.
137. Yasui-Furukori N, Uno T, Sugawara K and Tateishi T (2005) Different effects of three transporting inhibitors, verapamil, cimetidine, and probenecid, on fexofenadine pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 77:17-23.
138. Young LC, Campling BG, Voskoglou-Nomikos T, Cole SP, Deeley RG and Gerlach JH (1999) Expression of multidrug resistance protein-related genes in lung cancer: correlation with drug response. Clin Cancer Res 5:673-680.
139. Zhang L, Zhang YD, Strong JM, Reynolds KS and Huang SM (2008) A regulatory viewpoint on transporter-based drug interactions. Xenobiotica 38:709-724.