CXC Chemokines in Cancer Angiogenesis and Metastases

Advances in Cancer Research

Volumn 106, Issue , 2010, Pages 91-111

  Keeley, Ellen C ^a   Mehrad, Borna ^a   Strieter, Robert M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA CHEMOKINE;

ANIMAL; HUMAN; METABOLISM; METASTASIS; NEOPLASM; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CHEMOKINES, CXC; HUMANS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 77954642877     PISSN: 0065230X     EISSN: 21625557     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-230X(10)06003-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (119)

1. Addison, C.L., Daniel, T.O., Burdick, M.D., Liu, H., Ehlert, J.E., Xue, Y.Y., Buechi, L., Walz, A., Richmond, A., Strieter, R.M., The CXC chemokine receptor 2, CXCR2, is the putative receptor for ELR+ CXC chemokine-induced angiogenic activity. J. Immunol. 165:9 (2000), 5269–5277.
2. Addison, C.L., Belperio, J.A., Burdick, M.D., Strieter, R.M., Overexpression of the duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) by NSCLC tumor cells results in increased tumor necrosis. BMC Cancer, 4, 2004, 28.
3. Akishima-Fukasawa, Y., Nakanishi, Y., Ino, Y., Moriya, Y., Kanai, Y., Hirohashi, S., Prognostic significance of CXCL12 expression in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 132:2 (2009), 202–210 quiz 307.
4. Arenberg, D., J. Investg. Med., 43(Suppl. 3), 1995, 479A.
5. Arenberg, D.A., Keane, M.P., DiGiovine, B., Kunkel, S.L., Morris, S.B., Xue, Y.Y., Burdick, M.D., Glass, M.C., Iannettoni, M.D., Strieter, R.M., Epithelial-neutrophil activating peptide (ENA-78) is an important angiogenic factor in non-small cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Invest. 102:3 (1998), 465–472.
6. Bachelder, R.E., Wendt, M.A., Mercurio, A.M., Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes breast carcinoma invasion in an autocrine manner by regulating the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Cancer Res. 62:24 (2002), 7203–7206.
7. Balabanian, K., Lagane, B., Infantino, S., Chow, K.Y., Harriague, J., Moepps, B., Arenzana-Seisdedos, F., Thelen, M., Bachelerie, F., The chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12 binds to and signals through the orphan receptor RDC1 in T lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 280:42 (2005), 35760–35766.
8. Balestrieri, M.L., Balestrieri, A., Mancini, F.P., Napoli, C., Understanding the immunoangiostatic CXC chemokine network. Cardiovasc. Res. 78:2 (2008), 250–256.
9. Belperio, J.A., Phillips, R.J., Burdick, M.D., Lutz, M., Keane, M., Strieter, R., The SDF-1/CXCL 12/CXCR4 biological axis in non-small cell lung cancer metastases. Chest, 125(Suppl. 5), 2004, 156S.
10. Ben-Baruch, A., Site-specific metastasis formation: Chemokines as regulators of tumor cell adhesion, motility and invasion. Cell Adh. Migr. 3:4 (2009), 328–333.
11. Bikfalvi, A., Gimenez-Gallego, G., The control of angiogenesis and tumor invasion by platelet factor-4 and platelet factor-4-derived molecules. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 30:1 (2004), 137–144.
12. Burger, M., Burger, J.A., Hoch, R.C., Oades, Z., Takamori, H., Schraufstatter, I.U., Point mutation causing constitutive signaling of CXCR2 leads to transforming activity similar to Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus-G protein-coupled receptor. J. Immunol. 163:4 (1999), 2017–2022.
13. Burns, J.M., Summers, B.C., Wang, Y., Melikian, A., Berahovich, R., Miao, Z., Penfold, M.E., Sunshine, M.J., Littman, D.R., Kuo, C.J., Wei, K., McMaster, B.E., et al. A novel chemokine receptor for SDF-1 and I-TAC involved in cell survival, cell adhesion, and tumor development. J. Exp. Med. 203:9 (2006), 2201–2213.
14. Chambers, A.F., Groom, A.C., MacDonald, I.C., Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2:8 (2002), 563–572.
15. Charo, I.F., Ransohoff, R.M., The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. 354:6 (2006), 610–621.
16. Chen, Z., Malhotra, P.S., Thomas, G.R., Ondrey, F.G., Duffey, D.C., Smith, C.W., Enamorado, I., Yeh, N.T., Kroog, G.S., Rudy, S., McCullagh, L., Mousa, S., et al. Expression of proinflammatory and proangiogenic cytokines in patients with head and neck cancer [In Process Citation]. Clin. Cancer Res. 5:6 (1999), 1369–1379.
17. Chen, J.J., Yao, P.L., Yuan, A., Hong, T.M., Shun, C.T., Kuo, M.L., Lee, Y.C., Yang, P.C., Up-regulation of tumor interleukin-8 expression by infiltrating macrophages: Its correlation with tumor angiogenesis and patient survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 9:2 (2003), 729–737.
18. Chu, C.Y., Cha, S.T., Chang, C.C., Hsiao, C.H., Tan, C.T., Lu, Y.C., Jee, S.H., Kuo, M.L., Involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in stromal-cell-derived factor 1 alpha-directed invasion of human basal cell carcinoma cells. Oncogene 26:17 (2007), 2491–2501.
19. Cohen, R.F., Contrino, J., Spiro, J.D., Mann, E.A., Chen, L.L., Kreutzer, D.L., Interleukin-8 expression by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 121:2 (1995), 202–209.
20. Du, J., Luan, J., Liu, H., Daniel, T.O., Peiper, S., Chen, T.S., Yu, Y., Horton, L.W., Nanney, L.B., Strieter, R.M., Richmond, A., Potential role for Duffy antigen chemokine-binding protein in angiogenesis and maintenance of homeostasis in response to stress. J. Leukoc. Biol. 71:1 (2002), 141–153.
21. Dudek, A.Z., Nesmelova, I., Mayo, K., Verfaillie, C.M., Pitchford, S., Slungaard, A., Platelet factor 4 promotes adhesion of hematopoietic progenitor cells and binds IL-8: Novel mechanisms for modulation of hematopoiesis. Blood 101:12 (2003), 4687–4694.
22. Ehlert, J.E., Addison, C.A., Burdick, M.D., Kunkel, S.L., Strieter, R.M., Identification and partial characterization of a variant of human CXCR3 generated by posttranscriptional exon skipping. J. Immunol. 173:10 (2004), 6234–6240.
23. Frederick, M.J., Henderson, Y., Xu, X., Deavers, M.T., Sahin, A.A., Wu, H., Lewis, D.E., El-Naggar, A.K., Clayman, G.L., In vivo expression of the novel CXC chemokine BRAK in normal and cancerous human tissue. Am. J. Pathol. 156:6 (2000), 1937–1950.
24. Garkavtsev, I., Kozin, S.V., Chernova, O., Xu, L., Winkler, F., Brown, E., Barnett, G.H., Jain, R.K., The candidate tumour suppressor protein ING4 regulates brain tumour growth and angiogenesis. Nature 428:6980 (2004), 328–332.
25. Gawrychowski, K., Skopinska-Rozewska, E., Barcz, E., Sommer, E., Szaniawska, B., Roszkowska-Purska, K., Janik, P., Zielinski, J., Angiogenic activity and interleukin-8 content of human ovarian cancer ascites. Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 19:3 (1998), 262–264.
26. Geiger, T.R., Peeper, D.S., Metastasis mechanisms. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1796:2 (2009), 293–308.
27. Geminder, H., Sagi-Assif, O., Goldberg, L., Meshel, T., Rechavi, G., Witz, I.P., Ben-Baruch, A., A possible role for CXCR4 and its ligand, the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1, in the development of bone marrow metastases in neuroblastoma. J. Immunol. 167:8 (2001), 4747–4757.
28. Gerber, P.A., Hippe, A., Buhren, B.A., Muller, A., Homey, B., Chemokines in tumor-associated angiogenesis. Biol. Chem. 390 (2009), 1213–1223.
29. Gijsbers, K., Gouwy, M., Struyf, S., Wuyts, A., Proost, P., Opdenakker, G., Penninckx, F., Ectors, N., Geboes, K., Van Damme, J., GCP-2/CXCL6 synergizes with other endothelial cell-derived chemokines in neutrophil mobilization and is associated with angiogenesis in gastrointestinal tumors. Exp. Cell Res. 303:2 (2005), 331–342.
30. Hattori, K., Heissig, B., Tashiro, K., Honjo, T., Tateno, M., Shieh, J.H., Hackett, N.R., Quitoriano, M.S., Crystal, R.G., Rafii, S., Moore, M.A., Plasma elevation of stromal cell-derived factor-1 induces mobilization of mature and immature hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells. Blood 97:11 (2001), 3354–3360.
31. Heidemann, J., Ogawa, H., Dwinell, M.B., Rafiee, P., Maaser, C., Gockel, H.R., Otterson, M.F., Ota, D.M., Lugering, N., Domschke, W., Binion, D.G., Angiogenic effects of interleukin 8 (CXCL8) in human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells are mediated by CXCR2. J. Biol. Chem. 278:10 (2003), 8508–8515.
32. Hillinger, S., Yang, S.C., Zhu, L., Huang, M., Duckett, R., Atianzar, K., Batra, R.K., Strieter, R.M., Dubinett, S.M., Sharma, S., EBV-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine (ELC/CCL19) promotes IFN-gamma-dependent antitumor responses in a lung cancer model. J. Immunol. 171:12 (2003), 6457–6465.
33. Hromas, R., Broxmeyer, H.E., Kim, C., Nakshatri, H., Christopherson, K. 2nd, Azam, M., Hou, Y.H., Cloning of BRAK, a novel divergent CXC chemokine preferentially expressed in normal versus malignant cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 255:3 (1999), 703–706.
34. Kaifi, J.T., Yekebas, E.F., Schurr, P., Obonyo, D., Wachowiak, R., Busch, P., Heinecke, A., Pantel, K., Izbicki, J.R., Tumor-cell homing to lymph nodes and bone marrow and CXCR4 expression in esophageal cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 97:24 (2005), 1840–1847.
35. Kamohara, H., Takahashi, M., Ishiko, T., Ogawa, M., Baba, H., Induction of interleukin-8 (CXCL-8) by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and leukemia inhibitory factor in pancreatic carcinoma cells: Impact of CXCL-8 as an autocrine growth factor. Int. J. Oncol. 31:3 (2007), 627–632.
36. Kato, M., Kitayama, J., Kazama, S., Nagawa, H., Expression pattern of CXC chemokine receptor-4 is correlated with lymph node metastasis in human invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res. 5:5 (2003), R144–150.
37. Keane, M.P., Belperio, J.A., Xue, Y.Y., Burdick, M.D., Strieter, R.M., Depletion of CXCR2 inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in a murine model of lung cancer. J. Immunol. 172:5 (2004), 2853–2860.
38. Keeley, E.C., Mehrad, B., Strieter, R.M., Chemokines as mediators of neovascularization. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28:11 (2008), 1928–1936.
39. Kerbel, R.S., Tumor angiogenesis. N. Engl. J. Med. 358:19 (2008), 2039–2049.
40. Kim, S.J., Uehara, H., Karashima, T., McCarty, M., Shih, N., Fidler, I.J., Expression of interleukin-8 correlates with angiogenesis, tumorigenicity, and metastasis of human prostate cancer cells implanted orthotopically in nude mice. Neoplasia 3:1 (2001), 33–42.
41. Kim, J., Takeuchi, H., Lam, S.T., Turner, R.R., Wang, H.J., Kuo, C., Foshag, L., Bilchik, A.J., Hoon, D.S., Chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression in colorectal cancer patients increases the risk for recurrence and for poor survival. J. Clin. Oncol. 23:12 (2005), 2744–2753.
42. Kitadai, Y., Haruma, K., Sumii, K., Yamamoto, S., Ue, T., Yokozaki, H., Yasui, W., Ohmoto, Y., Kajiyama, G., Fidler, I.J., Tahara, E., Expression of interleukin-8 correlates with vascularity in human gastric carcinomas. Am. J. Pathol. 152:1 (1998), 93–100.
43. Koizumi, K., Hojo, S., Akashi, T., Yasumoto, K., Saiki, I., Chemokine receptors in cancer metastasis and cancer cell-derived chemokines in host immune response. Cancer Sci. 98:11 (2007), 1652–1658.
44. Kruizinga, R.C., Bestebroer, J., Berghuis, P., de Haas, C.J., Links, T.P., de Vries, E.G., Walenkamp, A.M., Role of chemokines and their receptors in cancer. Curr. Pharm. Des. 15:29 (2009), 3396–3416.
45. Lasagni, L., Francalanci, M., Annunziato, F., Lazzeri, E., Giannini, S., Cosmi, L., Sagrinati, C., Mazzinghi, B., Orlando, C., Maggi, E., Marra, F., Romagnani, S., et al. An alternatively spliced variant of CXCR3 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell growth induced by IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC, and acts as functional receptor for platelet factor 4. J. Exp. Med. 197:11 (2003), 1537–1549.
46. Leber, M.F., Efferth, T., Molecular principles of cancer invasion and metastasis (review). Int. J. Oncol. 34:4 (2009), 881–895.
47. Loetscher, M., Gerber, B., Loetscher, P., Jones, S.A., Piali, L., Clark-Lewis, I., Baggiolini, M., Moser, B., Chemokine receptor specific for IP10 and mig: Structure, function, and expression in activated T-lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 184:3 (1996), 963–969.
48. Loetscher, M., Loetscher, P., Brass, N., Meese, E., Moser, B., Lymphocyte-specific chemokine receptor CXCR3: Regulation, chemokine binding and gene localization. Eur. J. Immunol. 28:11 (1998), 3696–3705.
49. Luan, J., Shattuck-Brandt, R., Haghnegahdar, H., Owen, J.D., Strieter, R., Burdick, M., Nirodi, C., Beauchamp, D., Johnson, K.N., Richmond, A., Mechanism and biological significance of constitutive expression of MGSA/GRO chemokines in malignant melanoma tumor progression. J. Leukoc. Biol. 62:5 (1997), 588–597.
50. Luster, A.D., Chemokines—Chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. 338:7 (1998), 436–445.
51. Luster, A.D., Cardiff, R.D., MacLean, J.A., Crowe, K., Granstein, R.D., Delayed wound healing and disorganized neovascularization in transgenic mice expressing the IP-10 chemokine. Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians 110:3 (1998), 183–196.
52. Maione, T.E., Gray, G.S., Petro, J., Hunt, A.J., Donner, A.L., Bauer, S.I., Carson, H.F., Sharpe, R.J., Inhibition of angiogenesis by recombinant human platelet factor-4 and related peptides. Science 247:4938 (1990), 77–79.
53. Matsuo, Y., Raimondo, M., Woodward, T.A., Wallace, M.B., Gill, K.R., Tong, Z., Burdick, M.D., Yang, Z., Strieter, R.M., Hoffman, R.M., Guha, S., CXC-chemokine/CXCR2 biological axis promotes angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo in pancreatic cancer. Int. J. Cancer 125:5 (2009), 1027–1037.
54. Matsusue, R., Kubo, H., Hisamori, S., Okoshi, K., Takagi, H., Hida, K., Nakano, K., Itami, A., Kawada, K., Nagayama, S., Sakai, Y., Hepatic stellate cells promote liver metastasis of colon cancer cells by the action of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 16:9 (2009), 2645–2653.
55. Mehrad, B., Keane, M.P., Strieter, R.M., Chemokines as mediators of angiogenesis. Thromb. Haemost. 97:5 (2007), 755–762.
56. Mestas, J., Burdick, M.D., Reckamp, K., Pantuck, A., Figlin, R.A., Strieter, R.M., The role of CXCR2/CXCR2 ligand biological axis in renal cell carcinoma. J. Immunol. 175:8 (2005), 5351–5357.
57. Miao, Z., Luker, K.E., Summers, B.C., Berahovich, R., Bhojani, M.S., Rehemtulla, A., Kleer, C.G., Essner, J.J., Nasevicius, A., Luker, G.D., Howard, M.C., Schall, T.J., CXCR7 (RDC1) promotes breast and lung tumor growth in vivo and is expressed on tumor-associated vasculature. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:40 (2007), 15735–15740.
58. Miller, L.J., Kurtzman, S.H., Wang, Y., Anderson, K.H., Lindquist, R.R., Kreutzer, D.L., Expression of interleukin-8 receptors on tumor cells and vascular endothelial cells in human breast cancer tissue. Anticancer Res. 18:1A (1998), 77–81.
59. Miyazaki, H., Patel, V., Wang, H., Edmunds, R.K., Gutkind, J.S., Yeudall, W.A., Down-regulation of CXCL5 inhibits squamous carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 66:8 (2006), 4279–4284.
60. Mongan, J.P., Fadul, C.E., Cole, B.F., Zaki, B.I., Suriawinata, A.A., Ripple, G.H., Tosteson, T.D., Pipas, J.M., Brain metastases from colorectal cancer: Risk factors, incidence, and the possible role of chemokines. Clin. Colorectal Cancer 8:2 (2009), 100–105.
61. Moore, B.B., Arenberg, D.A., Stoy, K., Morgan, T., Addison, C.L., Morris, S.B., Glass, M., Wilke, C., Xue, Y.Y., Sitterding, S., Kunkel, S.L., Burdick, M.D., et al. Distinct CXC chemokines mediate tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cells. Am. J. Pathol. 154:5 (1999), 1503–1512.
62. Muller, A., Homey, B., Soto, H., Ge, N., Catron, D., Buchanan, M.E., McClanahan, T., Murphy, E., Yuan, W., Wagner, S.N., Barrera, J.L., Mohar, A., et al. Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature 410:6824 (2001), 50–56.
63. Murakami, T., Cardones, A.R., Hwang, S.T., Chemokine receptors and melanoma metastasis. J. Dermatol. Sci. 36:2 (2004), 71–78.
64. Murdoch, C., Monk, P.N., Finn, A., Cxc chemokine receptor expression on human endothelial cells. Cytokine 11:9 (1999), 704–712.
65. Oda, Y., Yamamoto, H., Tamiya, S., Matsuda, S., Tanaka, K., Yokoyama, R., Iwamoto, Y., Tsuneyoshi, M., CXCR4 and VEGF expression in the primary site and the metastatic site of human osteosarcoma: Analysis within a group of patients, all of whom developed lung metastasis. Mod. Pathol. 19:5 (2006), 738–745.
66. Oonakahara, K., Matsuyama, W., Higashimoto, I., Kawabata, M., Arimura, K., Osame, M., Stromal-derived factor-1alpha/CXCL12-CXCR 4 axis is involved in the dissemination of NSCLC cells into pleural space. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 30:5 (2004), 671–677.
67. Owen, J.D., Strieter, R., Burdick, M., Haghnegahdar, H., Nanney, L., Shattuck-Brandt, R., Richmond, A., Enhanced tumor-forming capacity for immortalized melanocytes expressing melanoma growth stimulatory activity/growth-regulated cytokine beta and gamma proteins. Int. J. Cancer 73:1 (1997), 94–103.
68. Pan, J., Mestas, J., Burdick, M.D., Phillips, R.J., Thomas, G.V., Reckamp, K., Belperio, J.A., Strieter, R.M., Stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) and CXCR4 in renal cell carcinoma metastasis. Mol. Cancer, 5, 2006, 56.
69. Pan, J., Burdick, M.D., Belperio, J.A., Xue, Y.Y., Gerard, C., Sharma, S., Dubinett, S.M., Strieter, R.M., CXCR3/CXCR3 ligand biological axis impairs RENCA tumor growth by a mechanism of immunoangiostasis. J. Immunol. 176:3 (2006), 1456–1464.
70. Park, J.Y., Park, K.H., Bang, S., Kim, M.H., Lee, J.E., Gang, J., Koh, S.S., Song, S.Y., CXCL5 overexpression is associated with late stage gastric cancer. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 133:11 (2007), 835–840.
71. Perollet, C., Han, Z.C., Savona, C., Caen, J.P., Bikfalvi, A., Platelet factor 4 modulates fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) activity and inhibits FGF-2 dimerization. Blood 91:9 (1998), 3289–3299.
72. Phillips, R.J., Burdick, M.D., Lutz, M., Belperio, J.A., Keane, M.P., Strieter, R.M., The stromal derived factor-1/CXCL12-CXC chemokine receptor 4 biological axis in non-small cell lung cancer metastases. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167:12 (2003), 1676–1686.
73. Qin, S., Rottman, J.B., Myers, P., Kassam, N., Weinblatt, M., Loetscher, M., Koch, A.E., Moser, B., Mackay, C.R., The chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 mark subsets of T cells associated with certain inflammatory reactions. J. Clin. Invest. 101:4 (1998), 746–754.
74. Rabin, R.L., Park, M.K., Liao, F., Swofford, R., Stephany, D., Farber, J.M., Chemokine receptor responses on T cells are achieved through regulation of both receptor expression and signaling. J. Immunol. 162:7 (1999), 3840–3850.
75. Richards, B.L., Eisma, R.J., Spiro, J.D., Lindquist, R.L., Kreutzer, D.L., Coexpression of interleukin-8 receptors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Am. J. Surg. 174:5 (1997), 507–512.
76. Richmond, A., Thomas, H.G., Melanoma growth stimulatory activity: Isolation from human melanoma tumors and characterization of tissue distribution. J. Cell. Biochem. 36:2 (1988), 185–198.
77. Rollins, B.J., Chemokines. Blood 90:3 (1997), 909–928.
78. Russell, H.V., Hicks, J., Okcu, M.F., Nuchtern, J.G., CXCR4 expression in neuroblastoma primary tumors is associated with clinical presentation of bone and bone marrow metastases. J. Pediatr. Surg. 39:10 (2004), 1506–1511.
79. Salcedo, R., Wasserman, K., Young, H.A., Grimm, M.C., Howard, O.M., Anver, M.R., Kleinman, H.K., Murphy, W.J., Oppenheim, J.J., Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor induce expression of CXCR4 on human endothelial cells: In vivo neovascularization induced by stromal-derived factor-1alpha. Am. J. Pathol. 154:4 (1999), 1125–1135.
80. Sasaki, K., Natsugoe, S., Ishigami, S., Matsumoto, M., Okumura, H., Setoyama, T., Uchikado, Y., Kita, Y., Tamotsu, K., Hanazono, K., Owaki, T., Aikou, T., Expression of CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol. Rep. 21:1 (2009), 65–71.
81. Saur, D., Seidler, B., Schneider, G., Algul, H., Beck, R., Senekowitsch-Schmidtke, R., Schwaiger, M., Schmid, R.M., CXCR4 expression increases liver and lung metastasis in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 129:4 (2005), 1237–1250.
82. Scala, S., Ottaiano, A., Ascierto, P.A., Cavalli, M., Simeone, E., Giuliano, P., Napolitano, M., Franco, R., Botti, G., Castello, G., Expression of CXCR4 predicts poor prognosis in patients with malignant melanoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 11:5 (2005), 1835–1841.
83. Schioppa, T., Uranchimeg, B., Saccani, A., Biswas, S.K., Doni, A., Rapisarda, A., Bernasconi, S., Saccani, S., Nebuloni, M., Vago, L., Mantovani, A., Melillo, G., et al. Regulation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by hypoxia. J. Exp. Med. 198:9 (2003), 1391–1402.
84. Schutyser, E., Su, Y., Yu, Y., Gouwy, M., Zaja-Milatovic, S., Van Damme, J., Richmond, A., Hypoxia enhances CXCR4 expression in human microvascular endothelial cells and human melanoma cells. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 18:2 (2007), 59–70.
85. Schwarze, S.R., Luo, J., Isaacs, W.B., Jarrard, D.F., Modulation of CXCL14 (BRAK) expression in prostate cancer. Prostate 64:1 (2005), 67–74.
86. Scotton, C.J., Wilson, J.L., Scott, K., Stamp, G., Wilbanks, G.D., Fricker, S., Bridger, G., Balkwill, F.R., Multiple actions of the chemokine CXCL12 on epithelial tumor cells in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 62:20 (2002), 5930–5938.
87. Sharma, S., Stolina, M., Luo, J., Strieter, R.M., Burdick, M., Zhu, L.X., Batra, R.K., Dubinett, S.M., Secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine mediates T cell-dependent antitumor responses in vivo. J. Immunol. 164:9 (2000), 4558–4563.
88. Sharma, S., Yang, S.C., Hillinger, S., Zhu, L.X., Huang, M., Batra, R.K., Lin, J.F., Burdick, M.D., Strieter, R.M., Dubinett, S.M., SLC/CCL21-mediated anti-tumor responses require IFNgamma, MIG/CXCL9 and IP-10/CXCL10. Mol. Cancer, 2, 2003, 22.
89. Shellenberger, T.D., Wang, M., Gujrati, M., Jayakumar, A., Strieter, R.M., Burdick, M.D., Ioannides, C.G., Efferson, C.L., El-Naggar, A.K., Roberts, D., Clayman, G.L., Frederick, M.J., BRAK/CXCL14 is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and a chemotactic factor for immature dendritic cells. Cancer Res. 64:22 (2004), 8262–8270.
90. Shen, H., Schuster, R., Stringer, K.F., Waltz, S.E., Lentsch, A.B., The Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines (DARC) regulates prostate tumor growth. FASEB J. 20:1 (2006), 59–64.
91. Singh, R.K., Gutman, M., Radinsky, R., Bucana, C.D., Fidler, I.J., Expression of interleukin 8 correlates with the metastatic potential of human melanoma cells in nude mice. Cancer Res. 54:12 (1994), 3242–3247.
92. Sleeman, M.A., Fraser, J.K., Murison, J.G., Kelly, S.L., Prestidge, R.L., Palmer, D.J., Watson, J.D., Kumble, K.D., B cell- and monocyte-activating chemokine (BMAC), a novel non-ELR alpha-chemokine. Int. Immunol. 12:5 (2000), 677–689.
93. Smith, D.R., Polverini, P.J., Kunkel, S.L., Orringer, M.B., Whyte, R.I., Burdick, M.D., Wilke, C.A., Strieter, R.M., Inhibition of interleukin 8 attenuates angiogenesis in bronchogenic carcinoma. J. Exp. Med. 179:5 (1994), 1409–1415.
94. Smith, M.C., Luker, K.E., Garbow, J.R., Prior, J.L., Jackson, E., Piwnica-Worms, D., Luker, G.D., CXCR4 regulates growth of both primary and metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res. 64:23 (2004), 8604–8612.
95. Speetjens, F.M., Liefers, G.J., Korbee, C.J., Mesker, W.E., van de Velde, C.J., van Vlierberghe, R.L., Morreau, H., Tollenaar, R.A., Kuppen, P.J., Nuclear localization of CXCR4 determines prognosis for colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Microenviron. 2:1 (2009), 1–7.
96. Strieter, R.M., Polverini, P.J., Kunkel, S.L., Arenberg, D.A., Burdick, M.D., Kasper, J., Dzuiba, J., Van Damme, J., Walz, A., Marriott, D., et al. The functional role of the ELR motif in CXC chemokine-mediated angiogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 270:45 (1995), 27348–27357.
97. Strieter, R.M., Belperio, J.A., Burdick, M.D., Sharma, S., Dubinett, S.M., Keane, M.P., CXC chemokines: Angiogenesis, immunoangiostasis, and metastases in lung cancer. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1028 (2004), 351–360.
98. Struyf, S., Burdick, M.D., Proost, P., Van Damme, J., Strieter, R.M., Platelets release CXCL4L1, a nonallelic variant of the chemokine platelet factor-4/CXCL4 and potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Circ. Res. 95:9 (2004), 855–857.
99. Struyf, S., Burdick, M.D., Peeters, E., Van den Broeck, K., Dillen, C., Proost, P., Van Damme, J., Strieter, R.M., Platelet factor-4 variant chemokine CXCL4L1 inhibits melanoma and lung carcinoma growth and metastasis by preventing angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 67:12 (2007), 5940–5948.
100. Tachibana, K., Hirota, S., Iizasa, H., Yoshida, H., Kawabata, K., Kataoka, Y., Kitamura, Y., Matsushima, K., Yoshida, N., Nishikawa, S., Kishimoto, T., Nagasawa, T., The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract. Nature 393:6685 (1998), 591–594.
101. Taichman, R.S., Cooper, C., Keller, E.T., Pienta, K.J., Taichman, N.S., McCauley, L.K., Use of the stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCR4 pathway in prostate cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Res. 62:6 (2002), 1832–1837.
102. Takamori, H., Oades, Z.G., Hoch, O.C., Burger, M., Schraufstatter, I.U., Autocrine growth effect of IL-8 and GROalpha on a human pancreatic cancer cell line, Capan-1. Pancreas 21:1 (2000), 52–56.
103. Tannenbaum, C.S., Tubbs, R., Armstrong, D., Finke, J.H., Bukowski, R.M., Hamilton, T.A., The CXC chemokines IP-10 and Mig are necessary for IL-12-mediated regression of the mouse RENCA tumor. J. Immunol. 161:2 (1998), 927–932.
104. Vandercappellen, J., Van Damme, J., Struyf, S., The role of CXC chemokines and their receptors in cancer. Cancer Lett. 267:2 (2008), 226–244.
105. Varney, M.L., Johansson, S.L., Singh, R.K., Distinct expression of CXCL8 and its receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 and their association with vessel density and aggressiveness in malignant melanoma. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 125:2 (2006), 209–216.
106. Wagner, P.L., Hyjek, E., Vazquez, M.F., Meherally, D., Liu, Y.F., Chadwick, P.A., Rengifo, T., Sica, G.L., Port, J.L., Lee, P.C., Paul, S., Altorki, N.K., et al. CXCL12 and CXCR4 in adenocarcinoma of the lung: Association with metastasis and survival. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 137:3 (2009), 615–621.
107. Wang, J., Ou, Z.L., Hou, Y.F., Luo, J.M., Shen, Z.Z., Ding, J., Shao, Z.M., Enhanced expression of Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines by breast cancer cells attenuates growth and metastasis potential. Oncogene 25:54 (2006), 7201–7211.
108. Wang, D., Wang, H., Brown, J., Daikoku, T., Ning, W., Shi, Q., Richmond, A., Strieter, R., Dey, S.K., DuBois, R.N., CXCL1 induced by prostaglandin E2 promotes angiogenesis in colorectal cancer. J. Exp. Med. 203:4 (2006), 941–951.
109. Wang, J., Shiozawa, Y., Wang, Y., Jung, Y., Pienta, K.J., Mehra, R., Loberg, R., Taichman, R.S., The role of CXCR7/RDC1 as a chemokine receptor for CXCL12/SDF-1 in prostate cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 283:7 (2008), 4283–4294.
110. Wang, D.F., Lou, N., Zeng, C.G., Zhang, X., Chen, F.J., Expression of CXCL12/CXCR4 and its correlation to prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Chin. J. Cancer 28:2 (2009), 154–158.
111. Wente, M.N., Keane, M.P., Burdick, M.D., Friess, H., Buchler, M.W., Ceyhan, G.O., Reber, H.A., Strieter, R.M., Hines, O.J., Blockade of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 inhibits pancreatic cancer cell-induced angiogenesis. Cancer Lett. 241:2 (2006), 221–227.
112. White, E.S., Flaherty, K.R., Carskadon, S., Brant, A., Iannettoni, M.D., Yee, J., Orringer, M.B., Arenberg, D.A., Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CXC chemokine expression in non-small cell lung cancer: Role in angiogenesis and prognosis. Clin. Cancer Res. 9:2 (2003), 853–860.
113. Wislez, M., Fujimoto, N., Izzo, J.G., Hanna, A.E., Cody, D.D., Langley, R.R., Tang, H., Burdick, M.D., Sato, M., Minna, J.D., Mao, L., Wistuba, I., et al. High expression of ligands for chemokine receptor CXCR2 in alveolar epithelial neoplasia induced by oncogenic kras. Cancer Res. 66:8 (2006), 4198–4207.
114. Xiong, H.Q., Abbruzzese, J.L., Lin, E., Wang, L., Zheng, L., Xie, K., NF-kappaB activity blockade impairs the angiogenic potential of human pancreatic cancer cells. Int. J. Cancer 108:2 (2004), 181–188.
115. Yasumoto, K., Koizumi, K., Kawashima, A., Saitoh, Y., Arita, Y., Shinohara, K., Minami, T., Nakayama, T., Sakurai, H., Takahashi, Y., Yoshie, O., Saiki, I., Role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastric cancer. Cancer Res. 66:4 (2006), 2181–2187.
116. Yatsunami, J., Tsuruta, N., Ogata, K., Wakamatsu, K., Takayama, K., Kawasaki, M., Nakanishi, Y., Hara, N., Hayashi, S., Interleukin-8 participates in angiogenesis in non-small cell, but not small cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer Lett. 120:1 (1997), 101–108.
117. Yoneda, J., Kuniyasu, H., Crispens, M.A., Price, J.E., Bucana, C.D., Fidler, I.J., Expression of angiogenesis-related genes and progression of human ovarian carcinomas in nude mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90:6 (1998), 447–454.
118. Zabel, B.A., Wang, Y., Lewen, S., Berahovich, R.D., Penfold, M.E., Zhang, P., Powers, J., Summers, B.C., Miao, Z., Zhao, B., Jalili, A., Janowska-Wieczorek, A., et al. Elucidation of CXCR7-mediated signaling events and inhibition of CXCR4-mediated tumor cell transendothelial migration by CXCR7 ligands. J. Immunol. 183:5 (2009), 3204–3211.
119. Zipin-Roitman, A., Meshel, T., Sagi-Assif, O., Shalmon, B., Avivi, C., Pfeffer, R.M., Witz, I.P., Ben-Baruch, A., CXCL10 promotes invasion-related properties in human colorectal carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 67:7 (2007), 3396–3405.