A meta-analysis of dispersal in butterflies

Biological Reviews

Volumn 85, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 625-642

  Stevens, Virginie M ^a,b   Turlure, Camille ^a   Baguette, Michel ^a  

^a MUSÉUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

butterfly; dispersal; genetic structure; Lepidoptera; mark release recapture; meta analysis; migration; mobility; vagrancy

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BUTTERFLY; DEMOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEM; META ANALYSIS; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION MIGRATION; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

ANIMAL MIGRATION; ANIMALS; BUTTERFLIES; DEMOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEM; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

LEPIDOPTERA; PAPILIONOIDEA;

EID: 77954582015     PISSN: 14647931     EISSN: 1469185X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00119.x     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. Anton, C., Zeisset, I., Musche, M., Durka, W., Boomsma, J. J. & Settele, J. (2007). Population structure of a large blue butterfly and its specialist parasitoid in a fragmented landscape. Molecular Ecology 16, 3828 3838.
2. Aviron, S., Kindlmann, P. & Burel, F. (2007). Conservation of butterfly populations in dynamic landscapes: The role of farming practices and landscape mosaic. Ecological Modelling 205, 135 145.
3. Baguette, M. (2003). Long distance dispersal and landscape occupancy in a metapopulation of the cranberry fritillary butterfly. Ecography 26, 153 160.
4. Baguette, M. (2004). The classical metapopulation theory and the real, natural world: a critical appraisal. Basic and Applied Ecology 5, 213 224.
5. Baguette, M. & Mennechez, G. (2004). Resource and habitat patches, landscape ecology and metapopulation biology: a consensual viewpoint. Oikos 106, 399 403.
6. Baguette, M., Petit, S. & Quéva, F. (2000). Population spatial structure and migration of three butterfly species within the same habitat network: consequences for conservation. Journal of Applied Ecology 37, 100 108.
7. Baguette, M. & Van Dyck, H. (2007). Landscape connectivity and animal behavior: functional grain as a key determinant for dispersal. Landscape Ecology 22, 117 129.
8. Baguette, M., Vansteenwegen, C., Convi, I. & Neve, G. (1998). Sex-biased density-dependent migration in a metapopulation of the butterfly Proclossiana eunomia. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology 19, 17 24.
9. Begon, M., Townsend, C. R. & Harper, J. L. (2006). Ecology. From individuals to ecosystems. Blackwell Publishing
10. Bergman, K. O. & Landin, J. (2001). Distribution of occupied and vacant sites and migration in Lopinga achine (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) in a fragmented landscape. Biological Conservation 102, 183 190.
11. Bergman, K. O. & Landin, J. (2002). Population structure and movements of a threatened butterfly (Lopinga achine) in a fragmented landscape in Sweden. Biological Conservation 108, 361 369.
12. Berry, O., Tocher, M. D. & Sarre, S. D. (2004). Can assignment tests measure dispersal? Molecular Ecology 13, 551 561.
13. Besold, J., Huck, S. & Schmitt, T. (2008a). Allozyme polymorphisms in the small heath, Coenonympha pamphilus: recent ecological selection or old biogeographical signal? Annales Zoologici Fennici 45, 217 228.
14. Besold, J., Schmitt, T., Tammaru, T. & Cassel-Lundhagen, A. (2008b). Strong genetic impoverishment from the centre of distribution in southern Europe to peripheral Baltic and isolated Scandinavian populations of the pearly heath butterfly. Journal of Biogeography 35, 2090 2101.
15. Bink, F. A. (1992). Ecologische atlas van de dagvlinders of Noordwest-Europa. Schuyt and CO
16. Binzenhofer, B., Biedermann, R., Settele, J. & Schroder, B. (2008). Connectivity compensates for low habitat quality and small patch size in the butterfly Cupido minimus. Ecological Research 23, 259 269.
17. Binzenhofer, B., Schroder, B., Strauss, B., Biedermann, R. & Settele, J. (2005). Habitat models and habitat connectivity analysis for butterflies and burnet moths - The example of Zygaena carniolica and Coenonympha arcania. Biological Conservation 126, 247 259.
18. Boggs, C. L. (2009). Understanding insect life histories and senescence through a resource allocation lens. Functional Ecology 23, 27 37.
19. Bonte, D., De Clercq, N. & Zwertvaegher, I. (2009). Repeatability of dispersal behaviour in a common dwarf spider: evidence for different mechanisms behind short- and long-distance dispersal. Ecological entomology 34, 271 276.
20. Bowler, D. E. & Benton, T. G. (2005). Causes and consequences of animal dispersal strategies: relating individual behaviour to spatial dynamics. Biological Reviews 80, 205 225.
21. Brommer, J. E. & Fred, M. S. (1999). Movement of the Apollo butterfly Parnassius apollo related to host plant and nectar plant patches. Ecological Entomology 24, 125 131.
22. Brommer, J. E. & Fred, M. S. (2007). Accounting for possible detectable distances in a comparison of dispersal: Apollo dispersal in different habitats. Ecological Modelling 209, 407 411.
23. Brunzel, S. (2002). Experimental density-related emigration in the cranberry fritillary Boloria aquilonaris. Journal of Insect Behavior 15, 739 750.
24. Bullock, J. M., Kenward, R. E. & Hails, R. S. (2002). Dispersal ecology. Blackwell
25. Cant, E. T., Smith, A. D., Reynolds, D. R. & Osborne, J. L. (2005). Tracking butterfly flight paths across the landscape with harmonic radar. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 272, 785 790.
26. Cassel, A. & Tammaru, T. (2003). Allozyme variability in central, peripheral and isolated populations of the scarce heath (Coenonympha hero: Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): Implications for conservation. Conservation Genetics 4, 83 93.
27. Cassel-Lundhagen, A. & Sjogren-Gulve, P. (2007). Limited dispersal by the rare scarce heath butterfly - potential consequences for population persistence. Journal of Insect Conservation 11, 113 121.
28. Chardon, J. P., Adriaensen, F. & Matthysen, E. (2003). Incorporating landscape elements into a connectivity measure: a case study for the Speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria L.). Landscape Ecology 18, 561 573.
29. Cizek, O. & Konvicka, M. (2005). What is a patch in a dynamic metapopulation? Mobility of an endangered woodland butterfly, Euphydryas maturna. Ecography 28, 791 800.
30. Cleary, D. F. R., Descimon, H. & Menken, S. B. J. (2002). Genetic and ecological differentiation between the butterfly sisterspecies Colias alfacariensis and Colias hyale. Contributions to Zoology 71, 131 139.
31. Clobert, J., Danchin, E., Dhondt, A. A. & Nichols, J. D. (2001). Dispersal. Oxford University Press
32. Clobert, J., Ims, R. A. & Rousset, F. (2004). Causes, mechanisms and consequences of dispersal. In: Ecology, genetics and evolution of metapopulation (eds I. Hanski and O. E. Gaggiotti) pp. 307 335. Academic Press
33. Clobert, J., Le Galliard, J. F., Cote, J., Meylan, S. & Massot, M. (2009). Informed dispersal, heterogeneity in animal dispersal syndromes and the dynamics of spatially structured populations. Ecology letters 12, 197 209.
34. Cook, L. M., Dennis, R. L. H. & Hardy, P. B. (2001). Butterfly-hostplant fidelity, vagrancy and measuring mobility from distribution maps. Ecography 24, 497 504.
35. Cowley, M. J. R., Thomas, C. D., Roy, D. B., Wilson, R. J., Léon-Cortés, J. L., Gutiérrez, D., Bulman, C. R., Quinn, R. M., Moss, D. & Gaston, K. J. (2001). Density-distribution relationships in British butterflies. I. The effect of mobility and spatial scale. Journal of Animal Ecology 70, 410 425.
36. Dennis, R. L. H. (1992). The ecology of butterflies in Britain. Oxford University Press
37. Dennis, R. L. H. (1998). The effects of island area, isolation and source population size on the presence of the grayling butterfly Hipparchia semele (L.) (Lepidoptera : Satyrinae) on British and Irish offshore islands. Biodiversity and Conservation 7, 765 776.
38. Dennis, R. L. H., Shreeve, T. G. & Van Dyck, H. (2003). Towards a functional resource-based concept for habitat: a butterfly biology viewpoint. Oikos 102, 417 426.
39. Descimon, H., Zimmermann, M., Cosson, E., Barascud, B. & Nève, G. (2001). Diversité génétique, variation géographique et flux géniques chez quelques lé pidoptères rhopalocères français. Génétique, Sélection, Evolution 33, S223 S249.
40. Dingle, H. (1996). Migration. The biology of life in the move. Oxford University Press
41. Dover, J. & Settele, J. (2009). The influences of landscape structure on butterfly distribution and movement: a review. Journal of Insect Conservation 13, 3 27.
42. Dover, J. W. (1997). Conservation headlands: Effects on butterfly distribution and behaviour. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 63, 31 49.
43. Dover, J. W. & Fry, G. L. A. (2001). Experimental simulation of some visual and physical components of a hedge and the effects on butterfly behaviour in an agricultural landscape. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 100, 221 223.
44. Ehrlich, P. R. & Hanski, I. (2004). On the wings of checkerspots. A model system for population biology. Oxford University Press
45. Enfjall, K. & Leimar, O. (2005). Density-dependent dispersal in the Glanville fritillary, Melitaea cinxia. Oikos 108, 465 472.
46. Finger, A., Zachos, F. E., Schmitt, T., Meyer, M., Assmann, T. & Habel, J. C. (2009). The genetic status of the Violet Copper Lycaena helle - a relict of the cold past in times of global warming. Ecography 32, 382 390.
47. Fischer, K., Beinlich, B. & Plachter, H. (1999). Population structure, mobility and habitat preferences of the violet copper Lycaena helle (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Western Germany: implications for conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation 3, 43 52.
48. Fred, M. S., O'Hara, R. B. & Brommer, J. E. (2006). Consequences of the spatial configuration of resources for the distribution and dynamics of the endangered Parnassius apollo butterfly. Biological Conservation 130, 183 192.
49. Fric, Z. & Konvicka, M. (2007). Dispersal kernels of butterflies: Power-law functions are invariant to marking frequency. Basic and Applied Ecology 8, 377 386.
50. Gonzalez, L. M., Oria, J., Margalida, A., Sanchez, R., Prada, L., Caldera, J., Aranda, A. & Molina, J. I. (2006). Effective natal dispersal and age of maturity in the threatened Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti: conservation implications. Bird Study 53, 285 293.
51. Gonzalez-Martinez, S. C., Burczyk, J., Nathan, R., Nanos, N., Gil, L. & Alia, R. (2006). Effective gene dispersal and female reproductive success in Mediterranean maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton). Molecular Ecology 15, 4577 4588.
52. Goulson, D. (1993). Allozyme Variation in the Butterfly, Maniola jurtina (Lepidoptera, Satyrinae) (L) - Evidence for Selection. Heredity 71, 386 393.
53. Grill, A., Schtickzelle, N., Cleary, D. F. R., Neve, G. & Menken, S. B. J. (2006). Ecological differentiation between the Sardinian endemic Maniola nurag and the pan-European M. jurtina. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 89, 561 574.
54. Gutierrez, D., Leon-Cortes, J. L., Menendez, R., Wilson, R. J., Cowley, M. J. R. & Thomas, C. D. (2001). Metapopulations of four lepidopteran herbivores on a single host plant, Lotus corniculatus. Ecology 82, 1371 1386.
55. Gutierrez, D., Thomas, C. D. & Leon-Cortes, J. L. (1999). Dispersal, distribution, patch network and metapopulation dynamics of the dingy skipper butterfly (Erynnis tages). Oecologia 121, 506 517.
56. Haag, C. R., Saastamoinen, M., Marden, J. H. & Hanski, I. (2005). A candidate locus for variation in dispersal rate in a butterfly metapopulation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 272, 2449 2456.
57. Habel, J. C., Finger, A., Meyer, M., Schmitt, T., Assmann, T. (2008). Polymorphic microsatellite loci in the endangered butterfly Lycaena helle (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae). European Journal of Entomology 105, 361 362.
58. Habel, J. C. & Schmitt, T. (2009). The genetic consequences of different dispersal behaviours in Lycaenid butterfly species. Bulletin of Entomological Research 99, 513 523.
59. Habel, J. C., Schmitt, T. & Muller, P. (2005). The fourth paradigm pattern of post-glacial range expansion of European terrestrial species: the phylogeography of the Marbled White butterfly (Satyrinae, Lepidoptera). Journal of Biogeography 32, 1489 1497.
60. Hanski, I. (1999). Metapopulation ecology. Oxford University Press
61. Hanski, I., Alho, J. & Moilanen, A. (2000). Estimating the parameters of survival and migration of individuals in metapopulations. Ecology 81, 239 251.
62. Hanski, I. & Kuussaari, M. (1995). Butterfly metapopulation dynamics. In: Population dynamics. New approaches and synthesis (eds N. Cappuccino and P. W. Price) pp. 149 171. Academic Press
63. Harper, G. L., Piyapattanakorn, S., Goulson, D., Maclean, N. (2000). The isolation of microsatellite markers from the Adonis blue butterfly (Lysandra bellargus). Molecular Ecology 9, 1948 1949.
64. Harper, G. L., Maclean, N. & Goulson, D. (2003). Microsatellite markers to assess the influence of population size, isolation and demographic change on the genetic structure of the UK butterfly Polyommatus bellargus. Molecular Ecology 12, 3349 3357.
65. Haubrich, K. & Schmitt, T. (2007). Cryptic differentiation in alpine-endemic, high-altitude butterflies reveals down-slope glacial refugia. Molecular Ecology 16, 3643 3658.
66. Heikkinen, R. K., Luoto, M., Kuussaari, M. & Poyry, J. (2005). New insights into butterfly-environment relationships using partitioning methods. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 272, 2203 2210.
67. Heino, M. & Hanski, I. (2001). Evolution of migration rate in a spatially realistic metapopulation model. American Naturalist 157, 495 511.
68. Henle, K., Davies, K. F., Kleyer, M., Margules, C., Settele, J. (2004). Predictors of species sensitivity to fragmentation. Biodiversity and Conservation 13, 207 251.
69. Hill, J. K., Thomas, C. D., Fox, R., Telfer, M. G., Willis, S. G., Asher, J. & Huntley, B. (2002). Responses of butterflies to twentieth century climate warming: implications for future ranges. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 269, 2163 2171.
70. Hill, J. K., Thomas, C. D. & Huntley, B. (1999). Climate and habitat availability determine 20th century changes in a butterfly's range margin. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 266, 1197 1206.
71. Hill, J. K., Thomas, C. D. & Lewis, O. T. (1996). Effects of habitat patch size and isolation on dispersal by Hesperia comma butterflies: Implications for metapopulation structure. Journal of Animal Ecology 65, 725 735.
72. Hovestadt, T. & Nieminen, M. (2009). Costs and benefits of dispersal in butterflies. In: The ecology of butterflies in Europe (eds J. Settele, T. G. Shreeve, M. Konvicka and H. Van Dyck) Cambridge University Press
73. Ims, R. A. & Yoccoz, N. (1997). Studying transfer processes in metapopulations: emigration, migration and colonization. In: Metapopulation biology. Ecology, Genetics, and evolution (eds I. Hanski and M. Gilpin) pp. 247 265. Academic Press
74. Johannesen, J., Schwing, U., Seufert, W., Seitz, A. & Veith, M. (1997). Analysis of gene flow and habitat patch network for Chazara briseis (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) in an agricultural landscape. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 25, 419 427.
75. Joyce, D. A. & Pullin, A. S. (2003). Conservation implications of the distribution of genetic diversity at different scales: a case study using the marsh fritillary butterfly (Euphydryas aurinia). Biological Conservation 114, 453 461.
76. Karlsson, B. & Johansson, A. (2008). Seasonal polyphenism and developmental trade-offs between flight ability and egg laying in a pierid butterfly. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 275, 2131 2136.
77. Keyghobadi, N., Roland, J. & Strobeck, C. (2005). Genetic differentiation and gene flow among populations of the alpine butterfly, Parnassius smintheus, vary with landscape connectivity. Molecular Ecology 14, 1897 1909.
78. Kokko, H. & Lopez-Sepulcre, A. (2006). From individual dispersal to species ranges: Perspectives for a changing world. Science 313, 789 791.
79. Komonen, A., Grapputo, A., Kaitala, V., Kotiaho, J. S. & Paivinen, J. (2004). The role of niche breadth, resource availability and range position on the life history of butterflies. Oikos 105, 41 54.
80. Konvicka, M., Cizek, O., Filipova, L., Fric, Z., Benes, J., Krupka, M., Zamecnik, J. & Dockalova, Z. (2005). For whom the bells toll: Demography of the last population of the butterfly Euphydryas maturna in the Czech Republic. Biologia 60, 551 557.
81. Konvicka, M. & Kuras, T. (1999). Population structure, behaviour and selection of oviposition sites of an endangered butterfly, Parnassius mnemosyne, in Litovelsk'e Pomorav′ý, Czech Republic. Journal of Insect Conservation 3, 211 223.
82. Krauss, J., Schmitt, T., Seitz, A., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Tscharntke, T. (2004). Effects of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of the monophagous butterfly Polyommatus coridon along its northern range margin. Molecular Ecology 13, 311 320.
83. Krauss, J., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Tscharntke, T. (2004). Landscape occupancy and local population size depends on host plant distribution in the butterfly Cupido minimus. Biological Conservation 120, 355 361.
84. Kuras, T., Benes, J., Fric, Z. & Konvicka, M. (2003). Dispersal patterns of endemic alpine butterflies with contrasting population structures: Erebia epiphron and E. sudetica. Population Ecology 45, 115 123.
85. Latch, E. K., Dharmarajan, G., Glaubitz, J. C. & Rhodes, O. E. (2006). Relative performance of Bayesian clustering software for inferring population substructure and individual assignment at low levels of population differentiation. Conservation Genetics 7, 295 302.
86. Lewis, O. T., Thomas, C. D., Hill, J. K., Brookes, M. I., Crane, T. P. R., Graneau, Y. A., Mallet, J. L. B. & Rose, O. C. (1997). Three ways of assessing metapopulation structure in the butterfly Plebejus argus. Ecological Entomology 22, 283 293.
87. Louy, D., Habel, J. C., Schmitt, T., Assmann, T., Meyer, M. & Muller, P. (2007). Strongly diverging population genetic patterns of three skipper species: the role of habitat fragmentation and dispersal ability. Conservation Genetics 8, 671 681.
88. Maes, D., Ghesquiere, A., Logie, M. & Bonte, D. (2006). Habitat use and mobility of two threatened coastal dune insects: implications for conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation 10, 105 115.
89. Meglecz, E., Neve, G., Pecsenye, K. & Varga, Z. (1999). Genetic variations in space and time in Parnassius mnemosyne (L.) (Lepidoptera) populations in north-east Hungary: implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 89, 251 259.
90. Meglecz, E., Pecsenye, K., Varga, Z. & Solignac, M. (1998). Comparison of differentiation pattern at allozyme and microsatellite loci in Parnassius mnemosyne (Lepidoptera) populations. Hereditas 128, 95 103.
91. Mennechez, G., Petit, S., Schtickzelle, N. & Baguette, M. (2004). Modelling mortality and dispersal: consequences of parameter generalisation on metapopulation dynamics. Oikos 106, 243 252.
92. Merckx, T. & Van Dyck, H. (2002). Interrelations among habitat use, behavior and flight-related morphology in two cooccurring satyrine butterflies, Maniola jurtina and Pyronia tithonus. Journal of Insect Behavior 15, 541 561.
93. Merckx, T. & Van Dyck, H. (2007). Habitat fragmentation affects habitat-finding ability of the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria L. Animal Behaviour 74, 1029 1037.
94. Merckx, T., Van Dyck, H., Karlsson, B. & Leimar, O. (2003). The evolution of movements and behaviour at boundaries in different landscapes: a common arena experiment with butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 270, 1815 1821.
95. Mousson, L., Nève, G. & Baguette, M. (1999). Metapopulation structure and conservation of the cranberry fritillary Boloria aquilonaris (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in Belgium. Biological Conservation 87, 285 293.
96. Munguira, M. L., Martin, J., GarciaBarros, E. & Viejo, J. L. (1997). Use of space and resources in a Mediterranean population of the butterfly Euphydryas aurinia. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology 18, 597 612.
97. Neve, G., Barascud, B., Descimon, H. & Baguette, M. (2008). Gene flow rise with habitat fragmentation in the bog fritillary butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Bmc Evolutionary Biology 8.
98. Neve, G. & Meglecz, E. (2000). Microsatellite frequencies in different taxa. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15, 376 377.
99. Nilsson, S. G., Franzen, M. & Jonsson, E. (2008). Long-term land-use changes and extinction of specialised butterflies. Insect Conservation and Diversity 1, 197 207.
100. Norberg, U., Enfjall, K. & Leimar, O. (2002). Habitat exploration in butterflies - an outdoor cage experiment. Evolutionary Ecology 16, 1 14.
101. Ockinger, E., Hammarstedt, O., Nilsson, S. G. & Smith, H. G. (2006). The relationship between local extinctions of grassland butterflies and increased soil nitrogen levels. Biological Conservation 128, 564 573.
102. Ockinger, E. & Smith, H. G. (2007). Asymmetric dispersal and survival indicate population sources for grassland butterflies in agricultural landscapes. Ecography 30, 288 298.
103. Ockinger, E. & Smith, H. G. (2008). Do corridors promote dispersal in grassland butterflies and other insects? Landscape Ecology 23, 27 40.
104. Olivieri, I. & Gouyon, P. H. (1997). Evolution of migration rate and other traits; the metapopulation effect. In: Metapopulation biology. Ecology, genetics, evolution (eds I. Hanski and M. Gilpin) pp. 293 324. Academic Press
105. Orsini, L., Corander, J., Alasentie, A. & Hanski, I. (2008). Genetic spatial structure in a butterfly metapopulation correlates better with past than present demographic structure. Molecular Ecology 17, 2629 2642.
106. Ouin, A., Martin, M. & Burel, F. (2008). Agricultural landscape connectivity for the meadow brown butterfly (Maniola jurtina). Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 124, 193 199.
107. Ovaskainen, O. (2004). Habitat-specific movement parameters estimated using mark-recapture data and a diffusion model. Ecology 85, 242 257.
108. Ovaskainen, O., Smith, A. D., Osborne, J. L., Reynolds, D. R., Carreck, N. L., Martin, A. P., Niitepold, K. & Hanski, I. (2008). Tracking butterfly movements with harmonic radar reveals an effect of population age on movement distance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, 19090 19095.
109. Paivinen, J., Grapputo, A., Kaitala, V., Komonen, A., Kotiaho, J. S., Saarinen, K. & Wahlberg, N. (2005). Negative density-distribution relationship in butterflies. Bmc Biology 3.
110. Parmesan, C., Ryrholm, N., Stefanescu, C., Hill, J. K., Thomas, C. D., Descimon, H., Huntley, B., Kaila, L., Kullberg, J., Tammaru, T., Tennent, W. J., Thomas, J. A. & Warren, M. (1999). Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature 399, 579 583.
111. Petenian, F., Meglecz, E., Genson, G., Rasplus, J. Y. & Faure, E. (2005). Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in Parnassius apollo and Euphydryas aurinia (Lepidoptera). Molecular Ecology Notes 5, 243 245.
112. Poyry, J., Luoto, M., Heikkinen, R. K., Kuussaari, M. & Saarinen, K. (2009). Species traits explain recent range shifts of Finnish butterflies. Global Change Biology 15, 732 743.
113. Ricklefs, R. E. & Miller, G. L. (1999). Ecology. Freeman and compagny
114. Ronce, O. (2007). How does it feel to be like a rolling stone? Ten questions about dispersal evolution. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 38, 231 253.
115. Rutowski, R. L. (2003). Visual ecology of adult butterflies. In: Butterflies - Ecology and evolution taking flight (eds C. L. Boggs, W. B. Watt and P. R. Ehrlich) pp. 9 26. University of Chicago Press
116. Saastamoinen, M. (2007). Life-history, genotypic, and environmental correlates of clutch size in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Ecological Entomology 32, 235 242.
117. Saastamoinen, M. (2008). Heritability of dispersal rate and other life history traits in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Heredity 100, 39 46.
118. Sarhan, A. (2006). Isolation and characterization of five microsatellite loci in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Molecular Ecology Notes 6, 163 164.
119. Schmitt, T., Cizek, D. & Konvicka, M. (2005a). Genetics of a butterfly relocation: large, small and introduced populations of the mountain endemic Erebia epiphron silesiana. Biological Conservation 123, 11 18.
120. Schmitt, T., Habel, J. C., Besold, J., Becker, T., Johnen, L., Knolle, M., Rzepecki, A., Schultze, J. & Zapp, A. (2006a). The Chalk-hill Blue Polyommatus coridon (Lycaenidae, Lepidoptera) in a highly fragmented landscape: How sedentary is a sedentary butterfly? Journal of Insect Conservation 10, 311 316.
121. Schmitt, T., Habel, J. C., Zimmermann, M. & Muller, P. (2006b). Genetic differentiation of the marbled white butterfly, Melanargia galathea, accounts for glacial distribution patterns and postglacial range expansion in southeastern Europe. Molecular Ecology 15, 1889 1901.
122. Schmitt, T. & Muller, P. (2007). Limited hybridization along a large contact zone between two genetic lineages of the butterfly Erebia medusa (Satyrinae, Lepidoptera) in Central Europe. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 45, 39 46.
123. Schmitt, T., Rakosy, L., Abadjiev, S. & Muller, P. (2007). Multiple differentiation centres of a non-Mediterranean butterfly species in south-eastern Europe. Journal of Biogeography 34, 939 950.
124. Schmitt, T., Rober, S. & Seitz, A. (2005b). Is the last glaciation the only relevant event for the present genetic population structure of the meadow brown butterfly Maniola jurtina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85, 419 431.
125. Schmitt, T. & Seitz, A. (2002). Influence of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of Polyommatus coridon (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 107, 291 297.
126. Schneider, C. (2003). The influence of spatial scale on quantifying insect dispersal: an analysis of butterfly data. Ecological Entomology 28, 252 256.
127. Schneider, C., Dover, J. & Fry, G. L. A. (2003). Movement of two grassland butterflies in the same habitat network: the role of adult resources and size of the study area. Ecological Entomology 28, 219 227.
128. Schtickzelle, N. & Baguette, M. (2009). (Meta)population viability analysis: a crystal ball for the conservation of endangered butterflies. In: The ecology of butterflies in Europe (eds J. Settele, T. G. Shreeve, M. Konvicka and H. Van Dyck) Cambridge University Press
129. Schtickzelle, N., Choutt, J., Goffart, P., Fichefet, V. & Baguette, M. (2005). Metapopulation dynamics and conservation of the marsh fritillary butterfly: Population viability analysis and management options for a critically endangered species in Western Europe. Biological Conservation 126, 569 581.
130. Schtickzelle, N., Mennechez, G. & Baguette, M. (2006). Dispersal depression with habitat fragmentation in the bog fritillary butterfly. Ecology 87, 1057 1065.
131. Schwarzwalder, B., Lortscher, M., Erhardt, A. & Zettel, J. (1997). Habitat utilisation by the heath Fritillary butterfly, Mellicta athalia ssp. celadussa (ROTT.) (Lepidoptera, Numphalidae) in montane grasslands of different management. Biological Conservation 82, 157 165.
132. Settele, J., Kudrna, O., Harpke, A., Kuhn, I., Van Swaay, C., Verovnik, R., Warren, M., Wiemers, M., Hanspach, J., Hickler, T., Kuhn, E., Van Halder, I., Veling, K., Vliegenthart, A., Wynhoff, I., Schweiger, O. (2008). Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies. Pensoft
133. Settele. J., Kuhn, E. (2009). Insect conservation. Science 325, 41 42.
134. Seymour, A.S., Gutierrez, D. & Jordano, D. (2003). Dispersal of the lycaenid Plebejus argus in response to patches of its mutualist ant Lasius niger. Oikos 103, 162 174.
135. Shreeve, T. G. (1981). Flight Patterns of Butterfly Species in Woodlands. Oecologia 2, 289 293.
136. Sigaard, P., Pertoldi, C., Madsen, A. B., Sogaard, B. & Loeschcke, V. (2008). Patterns of genetic variation in isolated Danish populations of the endangered butterfly Euphydryas aurinia. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 95, 677 687.
137. Sinervo, B., Calsbeek, R., Comendant, T., Both, C., Adamopoulou, C. & Clobert, J. (2006). Genetic and maternal determinants of effective dispersal: The effect of sire genotype and size at birth in side-blotched lizards. American Naturalist 168, 88 99.
138. Soderstrom, B. & Hedblom, M. (2007). Comparing movement of four butterfly species in experimental grassland strips. Journal of Insect Conservation 11, 333 342.
139. Stenseth, N. C. & Lidicker, W. Z. (1992). Animal dispersal. Chapman and Hall
140. Stevens, V. M., Verkenne, C., Vandewoestijne, S., Wesselingh, R. A. & Baguette, M. (2006). Gene flow and functional connectivity in the Natterjack toad. Molecular Ecology 15, 2333 2344.
141. Sutcliffe, O. L., Bakkestuen, V., Fry, G. & Stabbetorp, O. E. (2003). Modelling the benefits of farmland restoration: methodology and application to butterfly movement. Landscape and Urban Planning 63, 15 31.
142. Sutcliffe, O. L., Thomas, C. D. & Peggie, D. (1997). Area-dependent migration by ringlet butterflies generates a mixture of patchy population and metapopulation attributes. Oecologia 109, 229 234.
143. Suzuki, N. & Matsumoto, K. (1992). Lifetime mating success of males in a natural population of the Papilionid butterfly Atrophaneura alcinous (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Researches on Population Ecology 34, 397 407.
144. Takami, Y., Koshio, C., Ishii, M., Fujii, H., Hidaka, T. & Shimizu, I. (2004). Genetic diversity and structure of urban populations of Pieris butterflies assessed using amplified fragment length polymorphism. Molecular Ecology 13, 245 258.
145. Thomas, C. D. & Hanski, I. (1997). Butterfly metapopulations. In: Metapopulation biology (eds I. Hanski and M. Gilpin) pp. 359 386. Academic Press
146. Thomas, C. D., Thomas, J. A. & Warren, M. S. (1992). Distributions of occupied and vacant butterfly habitats in fragmented landscapes. Oecologia 92, 563 567.
147. Thomas, J. A. (1983). The ecology and conservation of Lysandra bellargus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology 20, 59 83.
148. Thomas, J. A. (1984). The conservation of butterflies in temperate countries: past efforts and lessons for the future. In: The biology of butterflies (eds R. I. Vane-Wright and P. R. Ackery) pp. 333 353. Academic Press
149. Thomas, J. A., Simcox, D. J., Clarke, R. T. (2009). Successful conservation of a threatened Maculinea butterfly. Science 325, 80 83.
150. Turlure, C., Van Dyck, H., Schtickzelle, N. & Baguette, M. (2009). Resource-based habitat definition, niche overlap and conservation of two sympatric glacial relict butterflies. Oikos 118, 950 960.
151. Valimaki, P. & Itamies, J. (2003). Migration of the clouded Apollo butterfly Parnassius mnemosyne in a network of suitable habitats - effects of patch characteristics. Ecography 26, 679 691.
152. Vandewoestijne, S. & Baguette, M. (2002). The genetic structure of endangered populations in the Cranberry Fritillary, Boloria aquilonaris (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): RAPDs vs allozymes. Heredity 89, 439 445.
153. Vandewoestijne, S. & Baguette, M. (2004a). Demographic versus genetic dispersal measures. Population Ecology 46, 281 285.
154. Vandewoestijne, S. & Baguette, M. (2004b). Genetic population structure of the vulnerable bog fritillary butterfly. Hereditas 141, 199 206.
155. Vandewoestijne, S., Martin, T., Liegeois, S. & Baguette, M. (2004). Dispersal, landscape occupancy and population structure in the butterfly Melanargia galathea. Basic and Applied Ecology 5, 581 591.
156. Vandewoestijne, S., Nève, G. & Baguette, M. (1999). Spatial and temporal population genetic structure of the butterfly Aglais urticae L. (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Molecular Ecology 8, 1539 1543.
157. Vandewoestijne, S., Schtickzelle, N. & Baguette, M. (2008). Positive correlation between genetic diversity and fitness in a large, well-connected metapopulation. Bmc Biology 6.
158. Van Dyck, H. & Baguette, M. (2005). Dispersal behaviour in fragmented landscapes: Routine or special movements? Basic and Applied Ecology 6, 535 545.
159. Wahlberg, N., Klemetti, T. & Hanski, I. (2002a). Dynamic populations in a dynamic landscape: the metapopulation structure of the marsh fritillary butterfly. Ecography 25, 224 232.
160. Wahlberg, N., Klemetti, T., Selonen, V. & Hanski, I. (2002b). Metapopulation structure and movements in five species of checkerspot butterflies. Oecologia 130, 33 43.
161. Wang, R. J., Wang, Y. F., Chen, J. J., Lei, G. C. & Xu, R. M. (2004). Contrasting movement patterns in two species of chequerspot butterflies, Euphydryas aurinia and Melitaea phoebe, in the same patch network. Ecological Entomology 29, 367 374.
162. Wang, R. J., Wang, Y. F., Lei, G. C., Xu, R. M. & Painter, J. (2003). Genetic differentiation within metapopulations of Euphydryas aurinia and Melitaea phoebe in China. Biochemical Genetics 41, 107 118.
163. Warren, M. S. (1987). The ecology and conservation of the heath fritillary butterfly, Mellicta athalia. II. Adult population structure and
164. Watt, W. B. & Boggs, C. L. (2003). Synthesis: butterflies as model systems in ecology and evolution - present and future. In: Butterflies: ecology and evolution taking flight (eds C. L. Boggs, W. B. Watt and P. R. Ehrlich) pp. 603 613. The University of Chicago Press
165. Watt, W. B., Donohue, K. & Carter, P. A. (1996). Adaptation at specific loci.6. Divergence vs parallelism of polymorphic allozymes in molecular function and fitness-component effects among Colias species (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Molecular Biology and Evolution 13, 699 709.
166. Watts, P. C., Rousset, F., Saccheri, I. J., Leblois, R., Kemp, S. J. & Thompson, D. J. (2007). Compatible genetic and ecological estimates of dispersal rates in insect (Coenagrion mercuriale: Odonata: Zygoptera) populations: analysis of 'neighbourhood size' using a more precise estimator. Molecular Ecology 16, 737 751.
167. Wilson, G. A. & Rannala, B. (2003). Bayesian inference of recent migration rates using multilocus genotypes. Genetics 163, 1177 1191.
168. With, K. A., Cadaret, S. J. & Davis, C. (1999). Movement responses to patch structure in experimental fractal landscapes. Ecology 80, 1340 1353.
169. Wood, B. C. & Pullin, A. S. (2002). Persistence of species in a fragmented urban landscape: the importance of dispersal ability and habitat availability for grassland butterflies. Biodiversity and Conservation 11, 1451 1468.
170. Zeisset, I., Als, T. D., Settele, J., Boomsma, J. J. (2005). Microsatellite markers for the Large Blue butterflies Maculinea nausithous and M. alcon (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and their amplification in other Maculinea species. Molecular Ecology Notes 5, 165 168.
171. Zimmermann, K., Fric, Z., Filipova, L. & Konvicka, M. (2005). Adult demography, dispersal and behaviour of Brenthis ino (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): how to be a successful wetland butterfly. European Journal of Entomology 102, 699 706.