Laboratory findings in respiratory fluids of the poorly-performing horse

Veterinary Journal

Volumn 185, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 115-122

  Richard, Eric A ^a,b   Fortier, Guillaume D ^c   Lekeux, Pierre M ^b   Erck, Emmanuelle Van ^b  

^a ECOLE NATIONALE VÉTÉRINAIRE D ALFORT   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

^c Frank Duncombe Laboratory   (France)

Author keywords

Bronchoalveolar lavage; Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage; Horse; Inflammatory airway disease; Performance; Tracheal wash

Indexed keywords

BACTERIOLOGY; COUGHING; CYTOLOGY; EXERCISE; HORSE; LABORATORY TEST; LUNG EXAMINATION; LUNG EXTRAVASCULAR FLUID; LUNG FUNCTION; LUNG HEMORRHAGE; LUNG LAVAGE; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; NONHUMAN; PARASITOLOGY; PNEUMONIA; PRESERVATION; REVIEW; STAINING; TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TOILET; VIROLOGY; ANIMAL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; HORSE DISEASES; MICROBIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES; TRACHEA; VETERINARY;

ANIMALS; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID; HORSE DISEASES; HORSES; PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, ANIMAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES; TRACHEA;

EQUIDAE;

EID: 77954027375     PISSN: 10900233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.05.003     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Allen K.J., Tremaine W.H., Franklin S.H. Prevalence of inflammatory airway disease in National Hunt horses referred for investigation of poor athletic performance. Equine Veterinary Journal 2006, 36:529-534.
2. Art T., Tack S., Kirschvinck N., Busoni V., Votion D., Freeman K., Lekeux P. Effect of instillation into lung of autologous blood on pulmonary function and tracheobronchial wash cytology. Equine Veterinary Journal 2002, 442-446.
3. Art T., Franck T., Lekeux P., de Moffarts B., Couetil L., Becker M., Kohnen S., Deby-Dupont G., Serteyn D. Myeloperoxidase concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from healthy horses and those with recurrent airway obstruction. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006, 70:291-296.
4. Bedenice D., Mazan M.R., Hoffman A.M. Association between cough and cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and pulmonary function in horses diagnosed with inflammatory airway disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2008, 22:1022-1028.
5. Bell S.A., Balasuriya U.B., Gardner I.A., Barry P.A., Wilson W.D., Ferraro G.L., MacLachlan N.J. Temporal detection of equine herpesvirus infections of a cohort of mares and their foals. Veterinary Microbiology 2006, 116:249-257.
6. Burrell M.H., Wood J.L., Whitwell K.E., Chanter N., Mackintosh M.E., Mumford J.A. Respiratory disease in thoroughbred horses in training: the relationships between disease and viruses, bacteria and environment. Veterinary Record 1996, 139:308-313.
7. Chapman P.S., Green C., Main J.P., Taylor P.M., Cunningham F.M., Cook A.J., Marr C.M. Retrospective study of the relationships between age, inflammation and the isolation of bacteria from the lower respiratory tract of thoroughbred horses. Veterinary Record 2000, 146:91-95.
8. Christley R.M., Hodgson D.R., Rose R.J., Reid S.W., Hodgson J.L. Comparison of bacteriology and cytology of tracheal fluid samples collected by percutaneous transtracheal aspiration or via an endoscope using a plugged, guarded catheter. Equine Veterinary Journal 1999, 31:197-202.
9. Christley R.M., Hodgson D.R., Rose R.J., Hodgson J.L., Wood J.L., Reid S.W. Coughing in Thoroughbred racehorses: risk factors and tracheal endoscopic and cytological findings. Veterinary Record 2001, 148:99-104.
10. Christley R.M., Hodgson D.R., Rose R.J., Wood J.L., Reids S.W., Whitear K.G., Hodgson J.L. A case-control study of respiratory disease in Thoroughbred racehorses in Sydney, Australia. Equine Veterinary Journal 2001, 33:256-264.
11. Clark C.K., Lester G.D., Vetro T., Rice B. Bronchoalveolar lavage in horses: effect of exercise and repeated sampling on cytology. Australian Veterinary Journal 1995, 72:249-252.
12. Couëtil L.L., Denicola D.B. Blood gas, plasma lactate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology analyses in racehorses with respiratory disease. Equine Veterinary Journal 1999, 30:77-82.
13. Couëtil L.L., Rosenthal F.S., DeNicola D.B., Chilcoat C.D. Clinical signs, evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and assessment of pulmonary function in horses with inflammatory respiratory disease. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2001, 62:538-546.
14. Couëtil L.L., Hoffman A.M., Hodgson J., Buechner-Maxwell V., Viel L., Wood J.L., Lavoie J.P. Inflammatory airway disease of horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2007, 21:356-361.
15. Couroucé-Malblanc A., Pronost S., Fortier G., Corde R., Rossignol F. Physiological measurements and upper and lower respiratory tract evaluation in French Standardbred Trotters during a standardised exercise test on the treadmill. Equine Veterinary Journal 2002, 402-407.
16. Davis M.S., Malayer J.R., Vandeventer L., Royer C.M., McKenzie E.C., Williamson K.K. Cold weather exercise and airway cytokine expression. Journal of Applied Physiology 2005, 98:2132-2136.
17. Davis M.S., Williams C.C., Meinkoth J.H., Malayer J.R., Royer C.M., Williamson K.K., McKenzie E.C. Influx of neutrophils and persistence of cytokine expression in airways of horses after performing exercise while breathing cold air. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2007, 68:185-189.
18. De Brauwer E.I., Jacobs J.A., Nieman F., Bruggeman C.A., Drent M. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid differential cell count. How many cells should be counted?. Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology 2002, 24:337-341.
19. Deaton C.M., Marlin D.J., Deaton L., Smith N.C., Harris P.A., Schroter R.C., Kelly F.J. Comparison of the antioxidant status in tracheal and bronchoalveolar epithelial lining fluids in recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Veterinary Journal 2006, 38:417-422.
20. Derksen F.J., Brown C.M., Sonea I., Darien B.J., Robinson N.E. Comparison of transtracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in 50 horses with chronic lung disease. Equine Veterinary Journal 1989, 21:23-26.
21. Dixon P.M., Railton D.I., McGorum B.C. Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 1: Examination techniques, diagnostic criteria and diagnoses. Equine Veterinary Journal 1995, 27:416-421.
22. Dixon P.M., Railton D.I., McGorum B.C. Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 3: Ancillary diagnostic findings. Equine Veterinary Journal 1995, 27:428-435.
23. Doucet M.Y., Viel L. Alveolar macrophage graded hemosiderin score from bronchoalveolar lavage in horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and controls. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2002, 16:281-286.
24. Fogarty U., Buckley T. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in horses with exercise intolerance. Equine Veterinary Journal 1991, 23:434-437.
25. Foord, A.J., Selleck, P., Colling, A., Klippel, J., Middleton, D., Heine, H.G., in press. Real-time RT-PCR for detection of equine influenza and evaluation using samples from horses infected with A/equine/Sydney/2007 (H3N8). Veterinary Microbiology. doi: doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.12.006.
26. Fortier G., Pronost S., Miszczak F., Fortier C., Leon A., Richard E., Van Erck E., Thiry E., Lekeux P. Identification of equid herpesvirus-5 in respiratory liquids: a retrospective study of 785 samples taken in 2006-2007. The Veterinary Journal 2009, 182:346-348.
27. Geor R.J., Ommundson L., Fenton G., Pagan J.D. Effects of an external nasal strip and frusemide on pulmonary haemorrhage in Thoroughbreds following high-intensity exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal 2001, 33:577-584.
28. Gerber V., Robinson N.E., Luethi S., Marti E., Wampfler B., Straub R. Airway inflammation and mucus in two age groups of asymptomatic well-performing sport horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 2003, 35:491-495.
29. Giguere S., Viel L., Lee E., MacKay R.J., Hernandez J., Franchini M. Cytokine induction in pulmonary airways of horses with heaves and effect of therapy with inhaled fluticasone propionate. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2002, 85:147-158.
30. Hare J.E., Viel L. Pulmonary eosinophilia associated with increased airway responsiveness in young racing horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1998, 12:163-170.
31. Hare J.E., Viel L., O'Byrne P.M., Conlon P.D. Effect of sodium cromoglycate on light racehorses with elevated metachromatic cell numbers on bronchoalveolar lavage and reduced exercise tolerance. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1994, 17:237-244.
32. Hewson, J., Viel, L., 2002. Sampling, microbiology and cytology of the respiratory tract. In: Lekeux, P.M. (Ed.), Equine Respiratory Diseases. (accessed 08.03.09.). http://www.ivis.org/special_books/Lekeux/viel/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1.
33. Hinchcliff K.W. Effects of furosemide on athletic performance and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1999, 215:630-635.
34. Hinchcliff K.W., Jackson M.A., Morley P.S., Brown J.A., Dredge A.E., O'Callaghan P.A., McCaffrey J.P., Slocombe R.E., Clarke A.F. Association between exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and performance in Thoroughbred racehorses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2005, 227:768-774.
35. Hodgson, J.L., Hodgson, D.R., 2002. Inflammatory airway disease. In: Lekeux, P.M. (Ed.), Equine Respiratory Disorders. (accessed 08.03.09.). http://www.ivis.org/special_books/Lekeux/hodgson/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1.
36. Hoffman A.M. Bronchoalveolar lavage: sampling technique and guidelines for cytologic preparation and interpretation. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice 2008, 24:423-435. pp. vii-viii.
37. Hoffman A.M., Mazan M.R., Ellenberg S. Association between bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features and airway reactivity in horses with a history of exercise intolerance. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1998, 59:176-181.
38. Holcombe S.J., Jackson C., Gerber V., Jefcoat A., Berney C., Eberhardt S., Robinson N.E. Stabling is associated with airway inflammation in young Arabian horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 2001, 33:244-249.
39. Holcombe S.J., Robinson N.E., Derksen F.J., Bertold B., Genovese R., Miller R., de Feiter Rupp H., Carr E.A., Eberhart S.W., Boruta D., Kaneene J.B. Effect of tracheal mucus and tracheal cytology on racing performance in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Veterinary Journal 2006, 38:300-304.
40. Hughes K.J., Malikides N., Hodgson D.R., Hodgson J.L. Comparison of tracheal aspirates and bronchoalveolar lavage in racehorses. 1. Evaluation of cytological stains and the percentage of mast cells and eosinophils. Australian Veterinary Journal 2003, 81:681-684.
41. Kindig C.A., Ramsel C., McDonough P., Poole D.C., Erickson H.H. Inclined running increases pulmonary haemorrhage in the Thoroughbred horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 2003, 35:581-585.
42. Kleiber C., McGorum B.C., Horohov D.W., Pirie R.S., Zurbriggen A., Straub R. Cytokine profiles of peripheral blood and airway CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2005, 104:91-97.
43. Langsetmo I., Meyer M.R., Erickson H.H. Relationship of pulmonary arterial pressure to pulmonary haemorrhage in exercising horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 2000, 32:379-384.
44. Lavoie J.P., Maghni K., Desnoyers M., Taha R., Martin J.G., Hamid Q.A. Neutrophilic airway inflammation in horses with heaves is characterized by a Th2-type cytokine profile. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001, 164:1410-1413.
45. Leclere M., Desnoyers M., Beauchamp G., Lavoie J.P. Comparison of four staining methods for detection of mast cells in equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2006, 20:377-381.
46. Lester G., Clark C., Rice B., Steible-Hartless C., Vetro-Widenhouse T. Effect of timing and route of administration of furosemide on pulmonary hemorrhage and pulmonary arterial pressure in exercising thoroughbred racehorses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1999, 60:22-28.
47. Mair T.S., Stokes C.R., Bourne F.J. Cellular content of secretions obtained by lavage from different levels of the equine respiratory tract. Equine Veterinary Journal 1987, 19:458-462.
48. Malikides N., Hughes K.J., Hodgson D.R., Hodgson J.L. Comparison of tracheal aspirates and bronchoalveolar lavage in racehorses 2. Evaluation of the diagnostic significance of neutrophil percentage. Australian Veterinary Journal 2003, 81:685-687.
49. Malikides N., Hughes K.J., Hodgson J.L. Comparison of tracheal aspirates before and after high-speed treadmill exercise in racehorses. Australian Veterinary Journal 2007, 85:414-419.
50. Mansmann R.A., Knight H.D. Transtracheal aspiration in the horse. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1972, 160:1527-1529.
51. Martin B.J., Reef V.B., Parente E.J., Sage A.D. Causes of poor performance of horses during training, racing, or showing: 348 cases (1992-1996). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2000, 216:554-558.
52. Mazan M.R., Vin R., Hoffman A.M. Radiographic scoring lacks predictive value in inflammatory airway disease. Equine Veterinary Journal 2005, 37:541-545.
53. McGorum B.C., Dixon P.M., Halliwell R.E. Phenotypic analysis of peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytes in control and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affected horses, before and after 'natural (hay and straw) challenges'. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 1993, 36:207-222.
54. McGorum B.C., Dixon P.M., Halliwell R.E., Irving P. Comparison of cellular and molecular components of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid harvested from different segments of the equine lung. Research in Veterinary Science 1993, 55:57-59.
55. McGorum B.C., Dixon P.M., Halliwell R.E., Irving P. Evaluation of urea and albumen as endogenous markers of dilution of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Research in Veterinary Science 1993, 55:52-56.
56. McKane S.A., Rose R.J. Effects of exercise intensity and training on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology. Equine Veterinary Journal 1995, 18:58-62.
57. McKane S.A., Canfield P.J., Rose R.J. Equine bronchoalveolar lavage cytology: survey of Thoroughbred racehorses in training. Australian Veterinary Journal 1993, 70:401-404.
58. Meyer T.S., Fedde M.R., Gaughan E.M., Langsetmo I., Erickson H.H. Quantification of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage with bronchoalveolar lavage. Equine Veterinary Journal 1998, 30:284-288.
59. Moore B.R., Krakowka S., Robertson J.T., Cummins J.M. Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from standardbred racehorses with inflammatory airway disease. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1995, 56:562-567.
60. Morley P.S., Townsend H.G., Bogdan J.R., Haines D.M. Efficacy of a commercial vaccine for preventing disease caused by influenza virus infection in horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1999, 215:61-66.
61. Nevalainen M., Raulo S.M., Brazil T.J., Pirie R.S., Sorsa T., McGorum B.C., Maisi P. Inhalation of organic dusts and lipopolysaccharide increases gelatinolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the lungs of heaves horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 2002, 34:150-155.
62. Newton J.R., Wood J.L. Evidence of an association between inflammatory airway disease and EIPH in young Thoroughbreds during training. Equine Veterinary Journal 2002, 34:417-424.
63. Newton J.R., Wood J.L., Chanter N. A case control study of factors and infections associated with clinically apparent respiratory disease in UK Thoroughbred racehorses. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2003, 60:107-132.
64. Olszewski M.A., Robinson N.E., Zhu F.X., Zhang X.Y., Tithof P.K. Mediators of anaphylaxis but not activated neutrophils augment cholinergic responses of equine small airways. American Journal of Physiology 1999, 276:L522-L529.
65. Pascoe J.R., Ferraro G.L., Cannon J.H., Arthur R.M., Wheat J.D. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing thoroughbreds: a preliminary study. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1981, 42:703-707.
66. Perkins G.A., Goodman L.B., Dubovi E.J., Kim S.G., Osterrieder N. Detection of equine herpesvirus-1 in nasal swabs of horses by quantitative real-time PCR. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2008, 22:1234-1238.
67. Pickles K., Pirie R.S., Rhind S., Dixon P.M., McGorum B.C. Cytological analysis of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Part 2: Comparison of smear and cytocentrifuged preparations. Equine Veterinary Journal 2002, 34:292-296.
68. Pickles K., Pirie R.S., Rhind S., Dixon P.M., McGorum B.C. Cytological analysis of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Part 3: The effect of time, temperature and fixatives. Equine Veterinary Journal 2002, 34:297-301.
69. Pusterla N., Leutenegger C.M., Wilson W.D., Watson J.L., Ferraro G.L., Madigan J.E. Equine herpesvirus-4 kinetics in peripheral blood leukocytes and nasopharyngeal secretions in foals using quantitative real-time TaqMan PCR. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 2005, 17:578-581.
70. Pusterla N., Mapes S., Wilson W.D. Use of viral loads in blood and nasopharyngeal secretions for the diagnosis of EHV-1 infection in field cases. The Veterinary Record 2008, 162:728-729.
71. Raphel C.F., Soma L.R. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbreds after racing and breezing. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1982, 43:1123-1127.
72. Raulo S.M., Sorsa T., Tervahartiala T., Pirila E., Maisi P. MMP-9 as a marker of inflammation in tracheal epithelial lining fluid (TELF) and in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) of COPD horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 2001, 33:128-136.
73. Raulo S.M., Sorsa T.A., Kiili M.T., Maisi P.S. Evaluation of collagenase activity, matrix metalloproteinase-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2001, 62:1142-1148.
74. Richard, E.A., Fortier, G.D., Denoix, J.M., Lekeux, P.M., Van Erck, E., 2008. Relevance of exercise tests for the detection of sub-clinically respiratory diseases in trained French Standardbred Trotters. In: Tenth International Congress of World Equine Veterinary Association, Moscow, Russia, pp. 462-464.
75. Richard E.A., Fortier G.D., Denoix J.M., Art T., Lekeux P.M., Van Erck E. Influence of subclinical inflammatory airway disease on equine respiratory function evaluated by impulse oscillometry. Equine Veterinary Journal 2009, 41:384-389.
76. Richard E.A., Fortier G.D., Pitel P.H., Dupuis M.C., Valette J.P., Art T., Denoix J.M., Lekeux P.M., Van Erck E. Subclinical diseases affecting performance in Standardbred trotters: diagnostic methods and predictive parameters. The Veterinary Journal 2010, 184:282-289.
77. Robinson N.E. International Workshop on Equine Chronic Airway Disease. Michigan State University 16-18 June 2000. Equine Veterinary Journal 2001, 33:5-19.
78. Robinson N.E. Inflammatory airway disease: defining the syndrome. Conclusions of the Havemeyer workshop. Equine Veterinary Education 2003, 15:61-63.
79. Robinson, N.E., Derksen, F.J., 1998. COPD: newer concepts. In: World Equine Airways Symposium, Guelph ON, Canada, pp. 1-20.
80. Robinson N.E., Karmaus W., Holcombe S.J., Carr E.A., Derksen F.J. Airway inflammation in Michigan pleasure horses: prevalence and riskfactors. Equine Veterinary Journal 2006, 38:293-299.
81. Sánchez A., Couëtil L.L., Ward M.P., Clark S.P. Effect of airway disease on blood gas exchange in racehorses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2005, 19:87-92.
82. Simonen-Jokinen T., Pirie R.S., McGorum B., Maisi P. Dose responses to inhalation of endotoxin, hay dust suspension and Aspergillus fumigatus extract in horses as measured by levels and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Equine Veterinary Journal 2005, 37:155-160.
83. Smith K.C., Whitwell K.E., Mumford J.A., Hannant D., Blunden A.S., Tearle J.P. Virulence of the V592 isolate of equid herpesvirus-1 in ponies. Journal of Comparative Pathology 2000, 122:288-297.
84. Soma L.R., Birks E.K., Uboh C.E., May L., Teleis D., Martini J. The effects of frusemide on racing times of Standardbred pacers. Equine Veterinary Journal 2000, 32:334-340.
85. Sutton G.A., Viel L., Carman P.S., Boag B.L. Study of the duration and distribution of equine influenza virus subtype 2 (H3N8) antigens in experimentally infected ponies in vivo. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 1997, 61:113-120.
86. Sutton G.A., Viel L., Carman P.S., Boag B.L. Pathogenesis and clinical signs of equine herpesvirus-1 in experimentally infected ponies in vivo. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 1998, 62:49-55.
87. Sweeney C.R., Humber K.A., Roby K.A. Cytologic findings of tracheobronchial aspirates from 66 thoroughbred racehorses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1992, 53:1172-1175.
88. Sweeney C.R., Rossier Y., Ziemer E.L., Lindborg S. Effects of lung site and fluid volume on results of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1992, 53:1376-1379.
89. Sweeney C.R., Rossier Y., Ziemer E.L., Lindborg S.R. Effect of prior lavage on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell population of lavaged and unlavaged lung segments in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1994, 55:1501-1504.
90. Tyler R.D., Cowell R.L., McAllister C.G., Norton R.J., Caruso K.J. Introduction. Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Horse 2001, 1-18. Mosby, Saint-Louis MO, USA. R.L. Cowel, R.D. Tyler (Eds.).
91. Valdez S.C., Nieto J.E., Spier S.J., Owens S.D., Beldomenico P., Snyder J.R. Effect of an external nasal dilator strip on cytologic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in Thoroughbred racehorses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2004, 224:558-561.
92. Viel, L., 1980. Structural-functional correlations of the lung in the normal light horse. M.Sc., Thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada.
93. Watson J.L., Stott J.L., Blanchard M.T., Lavoie J.P., Wilson W.D., Gershwin L.J., Wilson D.W. Phenotypic characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in normal controls. Veterinary Pathology 1997, 34:108-116.
94. Williams K.J., Maes R., Del Piero F., Lim A., Wise A., Bolin D.C., Caswell J., Jackson C., Robinson N.E., Derksen F., Scott M.A., Uhal B.D., Li X., Youssef S.A., Bolin S.R. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis: a newly recognized herpesvirus-associated fibrotic lung disease. Veterinary Pathology 2007, 44:849-862.
95. Wilsher S., Allen W.R., Wood J.L. Factors associated with failure of thoroughbred horses to train and race. Equine Veterinary Journal 2006, 38:113-118.
96. Wong D.M., Belgrave R.L., Williams K.J., Del Piero F., Alcott C.J., Bolin S.R., Marr C.M., Nolen-Walston R., Myers R.K., Wilkins P.A. Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in five horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2008, 232:898-905.
97. Wood J.L., Newton J.R., Chanter N., Mumford J.A. Association between respiratory disease and bacterial and viral infections in British racehorses. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2005, 43:120-126.
98. Wood J.L., Newton J.R., Chanter N., Mumford J.A. Inflammatory airway disease, nasal discharge and respiratory infections in young British racehorses. Equine Veterinary Journal 2005, 37:236-242.