Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Sampling Technique and Guidelines for Cytologic Preparation and Interpretation

Veterinary Clinics of North America - Equine Practice

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 423-435

  Hoffman, Andrew M ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; CHEMISTRY; CYTOLOGY; HORSE; HORSE DISEASE; INSTRUMENTATION; LUNG LAVAGE; METHODOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID; HORSE DISEASES; HORSES; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES;

EQUIDAE;

EID: 47349090614     PISSN: 07490739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.04.003     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Couetil L.L., Hoffman A.M., Hodgson J., et al. Inflammatory airway disease of horses. J Vet Intern Med 21 (2007) 356-361
2. Hoffman A. Newest Diagnostic Methods for Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD). American Association of Equine Practitioners Proceedings 48 (2002) 208-217
3. Hoffman A.M. Bronchoalveolar lavage technique and cytologic diagnosis of small airway inflammatory disease. Equine Veterinary Education 11 (1999) 330-336
4. Mazan M.R., Vin R., and Hoffman A.M. Radiographic scoring lacks predictive value in inflammatory airway disease. Equine Vet J 37 (2005) 541-545
5. Allen K.J., Tremaine W.H., and Franklin S.H. Prevalence of inflammatory airway disease in national hunt horses referred for investigation of poor athletic performance. Equine Vet J Suppl 36 (2006) 529-534
6. Couetil L.L., and Denicola D.B. Blood gas, plasma lactate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology analyses in racehorses with respiratory disease. Equine Vet J Suppl 30 (1999) 77-82
7. Couetil L.L., Rosenthal F.S., DeNicola D.B., et al. Clinical signs, evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and assessment of pulmonary function in horses with inflammatory respiratory disease. Am J Vet Res 62 (2001) 538-546
8. Sanchez A., Couetil L.L., Ward M.P., et al. Effect of airway disease on blood gas exchange in racehorses. J Vet Intern Med 19 (2005) 87-92
9. Art T., Franck T., Lekeux P., et al. Myeloperoxidase concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from healthy horses and those with recurrent airway obstruction. Can J Vet Res 70 (2006) 291-296
10. Berndt A., Derksen F.J., Venta P.J., et al. Elevated amount of Toll-like receptor 4 mRNA in bronchial epithelial cells is associated with airway inflammation in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 292 (2007) L936-L943
11. Cordeau M.E., Joubert P., Dewachi O., et al. IL-5 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression in pulmonary lymphocytes in equine heaves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 97 (2004) 87-96
12. Debrue M., Hamilton E., Joubert P., et al. Chronic exacerbation of equine heaves is associated with an increased expression of interleukin-17 mRNA in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 105 (2005) 25-31
13. Desjardins I., Theoret C., Joubert P., et al. Comparison of TGF-beta 1 concentrations in bronchoalveolar fluid of horses affected with heaves and of normal controls. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 101 (2004) 133-141
14. Dewachi O., Joubert P., Hamid Q., et al. Expression of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-9 receptors on neutrophils of horses with heaves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 109 (2006) 31-36
15. Giguere S., Viel L., Lee E., et al. Cytokine induction in pulmonary airways of horses with heaves and effect of therapy with inhaled fluticasone propionate. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 85 (2002) 147-158
16. Horohov D.W., Beadle R.E., Mouch S., et al. Temporal regulation of cytokine mRNA expression in equine recurrent airway obstruction. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 108 (2005) 237-245
17. Jackson K.A., Stott J.L., Horohov D.W., et al. IL-4 induced CD23 (FcepsilonRII) up-regulation in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 101 (2004) 243-250
18. Lavoie J.P., Maghni K., Desnoyers M., et al. Neutrophilic airway inflammation in horses with heaves is characterized by a Th2-type cytokine profile. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (2001) 1410-1413
19. Riihimaki M., Lilliehook I., Raine A., et al. Clinical alterations and mRNA levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar cells of horses with transient pulmonary eosinophilia. Res Vet Sci 85 (2008) 52-55
20. Hare J.E., Viel L., Conlon P.D., et al. Evaluation of an in vitro degranulation challenge procedure for equine pulmonary mast cells. Can J Vet Res 62 (1998) 133-139
21. Hare J.E., Viel L., Conlon P.D., et al. In vitro allergen-induced degranulation of pulmonary mast cells from horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Am J Vet Res 60 (1999) 841-847
22. Hoffman A, Lilly C, Umkauf L, et al. Elevated leukotriene C4 in BAL fluid from horses with cough and exercise intolerance. Proceedings of the Proc World Eq Airways Symp. Guelph Ontario (Canada): 1998. p. 25. [abstract].
23. Lavoie J.P., Pasloske K., Joubert P., et al. Lack of clinical efficacy of a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor for treatment of heaves in horses. J Vet Intern Med 20 (2006) 175-181
24. Leguillette R., Desevaux C., and Lavoie J.P. Effects of pentoxifylline on pulmonary function and results of cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res 63 (2002) 459-463
25. Courouce-Malblanc A., Fortier G., Pronost S., et al. Comparison of prednisolone and dexamethasone effects in the presence of environmental control in heaves-affected horses. Vet J 175 (2007) 227-233
26. Doucet M.Y., and Viel L. Clinical, radiographic, endoscopic, bronchoalveolar lavage and lung biopsy findings in horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Can Vet J 43 (2002) 195-202
27. Epp T.S., McDonough P., Padilla D.J., et al. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage during submaximal exercise. Equine Vet J 36 Suppl (2006) 502-507
28. Goetz T.E., Manohar M., Hassan A.S., et al. Nasal strips do not affect pulmonary gas exchange, anaerobic metabolism, or EIPH in exercising Thoroughbreds. J Appl Physiol 90 (2001) 2378-2385
29. Kindig C.A., McDonough P., Fenton G., et al. Efficacy of nasal strip and furosemide in mitigating EIPH in Thoroughbred horses. J Appl Physiol 91 (2001) 1396-1400
30. Kindig C.A., Ramsel C., McDonough P., et al. Inclined running increases pulmonary haemorrhage in the Thoroughbred horse. Equine Vet J 35 (2003) 581-585
31. Padilla D.J., Epp T.S., McDonough P., et al. Effects of a specific endothelin-1A antagonist on exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 36 Suppl (2006) 198-203
32. Walker H.J., Evans D.L., Slocombe R.F., et al. Effect of corticosteroid and bronchodilator therapy on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology following intrapulmonary blood inoculation. Equine Vet J 36 Suppl (2006) 516-522
33. Zawadzkas X.A., Sides R.H., and Bayly W.M. Is improved high speed performance following frusemide administration due to diuresis-induced weight loss or reduced severity of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage?. Equine Vet J 36 Suppl (2006) 291-293
34. Hoffman A.M., Dhupa N., and Cimetti L. Airway reactivity measured by barometric whole-body plethysmography in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 60 (1999) 1487-1492
35. Hoffman A.M., Mazan M.R., and Ellenberg S. Association between bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features and airway reactivity in horses with a history of exercise intolerance. Am J Vet Res 59 (1998) 176-181
36. Clark C.K., Lester G.D., Vetro T., et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in horses: effect of exercise and repeated sampling on cytology. Aust Vet J 72 (1995) 249-252
37. Sweeney C.R., Rossier Y., Ziemer E.L., et al. Effect of prior lavage on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell population of lavaged and unlavaged lung segments in horses. Am J Vet Res 55 (1994) 1501-1504
38. Sweeney C.R., Rossier Y., Ziemer E.L., et al. Effects of lung site and fluid volume on results of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in horses. Am J Vet Res 53 (1992) 1376-1379
39. Leguillette R., and Lavoie J.P. Effects of the bronchoalveolar lavage procedure on lung function in horses with clinical exacerbation of recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res 67 (2006) 1929-1933
40. Westermann C.M., Laan T.T., van Nieuwstadt R.A., et al. Effects of antitussive agents administered before bronchoalveolar lavage in horses. Am J Vet Res 66 (2005) 1420-1424
41. Derksen F.J., Brown C.M., Sonea I., et al. Comparison of transtracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in 50 horses with chronic lung disease. Equine Vet J 21 (1989) 23-26
42. Hughes K.J., Malikides N., Hodgson D.R., et al. Comparison of tracheal aspirates and bronchoalveolar lavage in racehorses. 1. Evaluation of cytological stains and the percentage of mast cells and eosinophils. Aust Vet J 81 (2003) 681-684
43. Malikides N., Hughes K.J., Hodgson D.R., et al. Comparison of tracheal aspirates and bronchoalveolar lavage in racehorses. 2. Evaluation of the diagnostic significance of neutrophil percentage. Aust Vet J 81 (2003) 685-687
44. Pickles K., Pirie R.S., Rhind S., et al. Cytological analysis of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Part 1: Comparison of sequential and pooled aliquots. Equine Vet J 34 (2002) 288-291
45. Hoffman Am S.L., Bruns S., Kuehn H., et al. Effect tension on the saddle girth on respiratory mechanics in horses at rest and with hyperpnea induced with lobeline-HCl. Am J Vet Res 66 (2005) 1167-1174
46. Pickles K., Pirie R.S., Rhind S., et al. Cytological analysis of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Part 3: The effect of time, temperature and fixatives. Equine Vet J 34 (2002) 297-301
47. Pickles K., Pirie R.S., Rhind S., et al. Cytological analysis of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Part 2: Comparison of smear and cytocentrifuged preparations. Equine Vet J 34 (2002) 292-296
48. Leclere M., Desnoyers M., Beauchamp G., et al. Comparison of four staining methods for detection of mast cells in equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J Vet Intern Med 20 (2006) 377-381
49. Bedenice D, Mazan, MR, Hoffman, AM. Association between cough and cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and pulmonary function in horses diagnosed with inflammatory airway disease. J Vet Intern Med, in press.
50. Fogarty U. Evaluation of a bronchoalveolar lavage technique. Equine Vet J 22 (1990) 174-176
51. Fogarty U., and Buckley T. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in horses with exercise intolerance. Equine Vet J 23 (1991) 434-437
52. Freeman K.P., Roszel J.F., McClure J.M., et al. A review of cytological specimens from horses with and without clinical signs of respiratory disease. Equine Vet J 25 (1993) 523-526
53. Gallivan G.J., Viel L., and McDonell W.N. An evaluation of the multiple-breath nitrogen washout as a pulmonary function test in horses. Can J Vet Res 54 (1990) 99-105
54. Hare J.E., and Viel L. Pulmonary eosinophilia associated with increased airway responsiveness in young racing horses. J Vet Intern Med 12 (1998) 163-170
55. Hoffman A. The forced oscillatory mechanics approach to studying the association between baseline and stimulated airway geometries and airway inflammation in horses. Proceedings of the Proc Comp Resp Soc (1999) Vancouver, British Columbia (Canada): 1999
56. Moore B.R., Krakowka S., Cummins J.M., et al. Changes in airway inflammatory cell populations in standardbred racehorses after interferon-alpha administration. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 49 (1996) 347-358
57. Moore B.R., Krakowka S., Robertson J.T., et al. Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from standardbred racehorses with inflammatory airway disease. Am J Vet Res 56 (1995) 562-567
58. Viel L. Small airway disease as a vanguard for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13 (1997) 549-560