Mediators leading to fibrosis-how to measure and control them in tissue engineering

Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 110-118

  Mu, Xiaodong ^a,b   Bellayr, Ian H ^a,b   Walters, Thomas J ^c   Li, Yong ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c US ARMY INSTITUTE OF SURGICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Collagens; Extracellular matrix; Fibrosis; Mediator; TGF 1

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; BIOMATERIAL; CHEMOKINE; COLLAGEN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR; CYTOKINE; DECORIN; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 21; LOSARTAN; RELAXIN; SMAD3 PROTEIN; SOMATOMEDIN C; SURAMIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1;

ARTICLE; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIOPSY; BLOOD VESSEL INJURY; CELL INTERACTION; CELL TRANSDIFFERENTIATION; DRUG MECHANISM; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FIBROSIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; INFLAMMATION; MECHANICAL STRESS; MYOFIBROBLAST; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE REGENERATION;

EID: 77953352008     PISSN: 10486666     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.oto.2009.10.003     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Luttikhuizen D.T., Harmsen M.C., Van Luyn M.J. Cellular and molecular dynamics in the foreign body reaction. Tissue Eng 2006, 12:1955-1970.
2. Jones K.S. Effects of biomaterial-induced inflammation on fibrosis and rejection. Semin Immunol 2008, 20:130-136.
3. Kalluri R., Sukhatme V.P. Fibrosis and angiogenesis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2000, 9:413-418.
4. Junker J.P., Kratz C., Tollback A., et al. Mechanical tension stimulates the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts in human burn scars. Burns 2008, 34:942-946.
5. Sanders Y.Y., Kumbla P., Hagood J.S. Enhanced myofibroblastic differentiation and survival in Thy-1(-) lung fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007, 36:226-235.
6. Badid C., Vincent M., Fouque D., et al. Myofibroblast: A prognostic marker and target cell in progressive renal disease. Ren Fail 2001, 23:543-549.
7. Badid C., Mournier N., Costa A.M., et al. Role of myofibroblasts during normal tissue repair and excessive scarring: Interest of their assessment in nephropathies. Histol Histopathol 2000, 15:269-280.
8. Phan S.H. Biology of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008, 5:334-337.
9. Darby I.A., Hewitson T.D. Fibroblast differentiation in wound healing and fibrosis. Int Rev Cytol 2007, 257:143-179.
10. Li Y., Huard J. Differentiation of muscle-derived cells into myofibroblasts in injured skeletal muscle. Am J Pathol 2002, 161:895-907.
11. Li Y., Foster W., Deasy B.M., et al. Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces the differentiation of myogenic cells into fibrotic cells in injured skeletal muscle: A key event in muscle fibrogenesis. Am J Pathol 2004, 164:1007-1019.
12. Radisky D.C., Kenny P.A., Bissell M.J. Fibrosis and cancer: Do myofibroblasts come also from epithelial cells via EMT?. J Cell Biochem 2007, 101:830-839.
13. Ng Y.Y., Huang T.P., Yang W.C., et al. Tubular epithelial-myofibroblast transdifferentiation in progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Kidney Int 1998, 54:864-876.
14. Zavadil J., Biltzer M., Liang D., et al. Genetic programs of epithelial cell plasticity directed by transforming growth factor-beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:6686-6691.
15. Guarino M., Tosoni A., Nebuloni M. Direct contribution of epithelium to organ fibrosis: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Hum Pathol 2009, 40:1365-1376.
16. Kalluri R., Neilson E.G. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its implications for fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2003, 112:1776-1784.
17. Zeisberg E.M., Tarnavski O., Zeisberg M., et al. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to cardiac fibrosis. Nat Med 2007, 13:952-961.
18. Arciniegas E., Frid M.G., Douglas I.S., et al. Perspectives on endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition: Potential contribution to vascular remodeling in chronic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007, 293:L1-L8.
19. Broekema M., Harmsen M.C., van Luyn M.J., et al. Bone marrow-derived myofibroblasts contribute to the renal interstitial myofibroblast population and produce procollagen I after ischemia/reperfusion in rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007, 18:165-175.
20. Lin W.R., Brittan M., Alison M.R. The role of bone marrow-derived cells in fibrosis. Cells Tissues Organs 2008, 188:178-188.
21. Strieter R.M., Keeley E.C., Hughes M.A., et al. The role of circulating mesenchymal progenitor cells (fibrocytes) in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. J Leukoc Biol 2009, 86:1111-1118.
22. Urtasun R., Conde de la Rosa L., Nieto N. Oxidative and nitrosative stress and fibrogenic response. Clin Liver Dis 2008, 12:769-790. viii.
23. Tacke F. Monocytes and macrophages as cellular targets in Liver fibrosis. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 2009, 8:307-318.
24. Novo E., Marra F., Zamara E., et al. Overexpression of Bcl-2 by activated human hepatic stellate cells: Resistance to apoptosis as a mechanism of progressive hepatic fibrogenesis in humans. Gut 2006, 55:1174-1182.
25. Wynn T.A. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis. J Pathol 2008, 214:199-210.
26. Tidball J.G. Inflammatory processes in muscle injury and repair. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005, 288:R345-R353.
27. Strutz F., Neilson E.G. The role of lymphocytes in the progression of interstitial disease. Kidney Int Suppl 1994, 45:S106-S110.
28. Schulze P.C., Lee R.T. Macrophage-mediated cardiac fibrosis. Circ Res 2004, 95:552-553.
29. Hebda P.A., Collins M.A., Tharp M.D. Mast cell and myofibroblast in wound healing. Dermatol Clin 1993, 11:685-696.
30. de Caestecker M.P., Piek E., Roberts A.B. Role of transforming growth factor-beta signaling in cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000, 92:1388-1402.
31. Bonniaud P., Margetts P.J., Ask F., et al. TGF-beta and Smad3 signaling link inflammation to chronic fibrogenesis. J Immunol 2005, 175:5390-5395.
32. Wynn T.A. Common and unique mechanisms regulate fibrosis in various fibroproliferative diseases. J Clin Invest 2007, 117:524-529.
33. Wahl S.M. Transforming growth factor beta: The good, the bad, and the ugly. J Exp Med 1994, 180:1587-1590.
34. Letterio J.J., Roberts A.B. Regulation of immune responses by TGF-beta. Annu Rev Immunol 1998, 16:137-161.
35. Gauldie J., Bonniaud P., Sime P., et al. TGF-beta, Smad3 and the process of progressive fibrosis. Biochem Soc Trans 2007, 35:661-664.
36. Berk B.C., Fujiwara K., Lehoux S. ECM remodeling in hypertensive heart disease. J Clin Invest 2007, 117:568-575.
37. Sung L.Y., Chiu H.Y., Chen Y.L., et al. Baculovirus-mediated growth factor expression in dedifferentiated chondrocytes accelerates redifferentiation: Effects of combinational transduction. Tissue Eng Part A 2008, 15:1353-1356.
38. Chen M.M., Lam A., Abraham J.A., et al. CTGF expression is induced by TGF-beta in cardiac fibroblasts and cardiac myocytes: A potential role in heart fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2000, 32:1805-1819.
39. Tschumperlin D.J., Shively J.D., Kikuchu T., et al. Mechanical stress triggers selective release of fibrotic mediators from bronchial epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003, 28:142-149.
40. Zhang X., Chen X., Hong Q., et al. TIMP-1 promotes age-related renal fibrosis through upregulating ICAM-1 in human TIMP-1 transgenic mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006, 61:1130-1143.
41. Hemmann S., Graf J., Roderfeld M., et al. Expression of MMPs and TIMPs in liver fibrosis-A systematic review with special emphasis on anti-fibrotic strategies. J Hepatol 2007, 46:955-975.
42. Selman M., Ruiz V., Cabrera S., et al. TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A prevailing nondegradative lung microenvironment?. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000, 279:L562-L574.
43. Ruiz-Ortega M., Rodriguez-Vita J., Sanchez-Lopez E., et al. TGF-beta signaling in vascular fibrosis. Cardiovasc Res 2007, 74:196-206.
44. Rosenkranz S. TGF-beta1 and angiotensin networking in cardiac remodeling. Cardiovasc Res 2004, 63:423-432.
45. Uhal B.D., Kim J.K., Li X., et al. Angiotensin-TGF-beta 1 crosstalk in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Autocrine mechanisms in myofibroblasts and macrophages. Curr Pharm Des 2007, 13:1247-1256.
46. Seeland U., Haeuseler C., Hinrichs R., et al. Myocardial fibrosis in transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) transgenic mice is associated with inhibition of interstitial collagenase. Eur J Clin Invest 2002, 32:295-303.
47. Mozes M.M., Bottinger E.P., Jacot T.A., et al. Renal expression of fibrotic matrix proteins and of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) isoforms in TGF-beta transgenic mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999, 10:271-280.
48. Szardening-Kirchner C., Konrad L., Hauck E.W., et al. Upregulation of mRNA expression of MCP-1 by TGF-beta1 in fibroblast cells from Peyronie's disease. World J Urol 2009, 27:123-130.
49. Kaviratne M., Hesse M., Leusink M., et al. IL-13 activates a mechanism of tissue fibrosis that is completely TGF-beta independent. J Immunol 2004, 173:4020-4029.
50. Ma L.J., Yang H., Gaspert A., et al. Transforming growth factor-beta-dependent and -independent pathways of induction of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in beta6(-/-) mice. Am J Pathol 2003, 163:1261-1273.
51. Kang D.H., Johnson R.J. Vascular endothelial growth factor: A new player in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2003, 12:43-49.
52. Kisseleva T., Brenner D.A. Mechanisms of fibrogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008, 233:109-122.
53. Suematsu M., Suzuki H., Delano F.A., et al. The inflammatory aspect of the microcirculation in hypertension: Oxidative stress, leukocytes/endothelial interaction, apoptosis. Microcirculation 2002, 9:259-276.
54. Bataller R., Brenner D.A. Liver fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:209-218.
55. Piotrowski W.J., Marczak J. Cellular sources of oxidants in the lung. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2000, 13:369-385.
56. Kinnula V.L., Fattman C.L., Tan R.J., et al. Oxidative stress in pulmonary fibrosis: A possible role for redox modulatory therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 172:417-422.
57. Zhao W., Chen S.S., Chen Y., et al. Kidney fibrosis in hypertensive rats: Role of oxidative stress. Am J Nephrol 2008, 28:548-554.
58. Fu X., Kassim S.Y., Parks W.C., et al. Hypochlorous acid generated by myeloperoxidase modifies adjacent tryptophan and glycine residues in the catalytic domain of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (matrilysin): An oxidative mechanism for restraining proteolytic activity during inflammation. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:28403-28409.
59. Schuppan D., Ruehi M., Somasundaram R., et al. Matrix as a modulator of hepatic fibrogenesis. Semin Liver Dis 2001, 21:351-372.
60. Schultz G.S., Wysocki A. Interactions between extracellular matrix and growth factors in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2009, 17:153-162.
61. Eckes B., Zweers M.C., Zhang Z.G., et al. Mechanical tension and integrin alpha 2 beta 1 regulate fibroblast functions. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2006, 11:66-72.
62. Maher J.J., Bissell D.M. Cell-matrix interactions in liver. Semin Cell Biol 1993, 4:189-201.
63. Halliday N.L., Tomasek J.J. Mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix influence fibronectin fibril assembly in vitro. Exp Cell Res 1995, 217:109-117.
64. He Y., Grinnell F. Stress relaxation of fibroblasts activates a cyclic AMP signaling pathway. J Cell Biol 1994, 126:457-464.
65. Grinnell F. Fibroblast biology in three-dimensional collagen matrices. Trends Cell Biol 2003, 13:264-269.
66. Grinnell F., Zhu M., Carlson M.A., et al. Release of mechanical tension triggers apoptosis of human fibroblasts in a model of regressing granulation tissue. Exp Cell Res 1999, 248:608-619.
67. Hinz B., Mastrangelo D., Iselin C.E., et al. Mechanical tension controls granulation tissue contractile activity and myofibroblast differentiation. Am J Pathol 2001, 159:1009-1020.
68. Discher D.E., Mooney D.J., Zandstra P.W. Growth factors, matrices, and forces combine and control stem cells. Science 2009, 324:1673-1677.
69. Hinz B., Celetta G., Tomasek J.J., et al. Alpha-smooth muscle actin expression upregulates fibroblast contractile activity. Mol Biol Cell 2001, 12:2730-2741.
70. Wipff P.J., Rifkin D.B., Meister J.J., et al. Myofibroblast contraction activates latent TGF-beta1 from the extracellular matrix. J Cell Biol 2007, 179:1311-1323.
71. Follonier L., Schuab S., Meister J.J., et al. Myofibroblast communication is controlled by intercellular mechanical coupling. J Cell Sci 2008, 121:3305-3316.
72. Stocum D.L. Tissue restoration through regenerative biology and medicine. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 2004, 176:III-VIII. 1-101, [back cover].
73. Tabata Y. Biomaterial technology for tissue engineering applications. J R Soc Interface 2009, 6(suppl 3):S311-S324.
74. Nieponice A., Gilbert T.W., Badylak S.F. Reinforcement of esophageal anastomoses with an extracellular matrix scaffold in a canine model. Ann Thorac Surg 2006, 82:2050-2058.
75. Hamilton J.A. Nondisposable materials, chronic inflammation, and adjuvant action. J Leukoc Biol 2003, 73:702-712.
76. Robitaille R., Dusseault J., Henley N., et al. Inflammatory response to peritoneal implantation of alginate-poly-l-lysine microcapsules. Biomaterials 2005, 26:4119-4127.
77. Acharya C., Hinz B., Kundu S.C. The effect of lactose-conjugated silk biomaterials on the development of fibrogenic fibroblasts. Biomaterials 2008, 29:4665-4675.
78. Wells R.G. The role of matrix stiffness in hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005, 39(4 suppl 2):S158-S161.
79. Cushing M.C., Liao J.T., Jaeggli M.P., et al. Material-based regulation of the myofibroblast phenotype. Biomaterials 2007, 28:3378-3387.
80. Nakatsuji S., Yamate J., Sakuma S. Macrophages, myofibroblasts, and extracellular matrix accumulation in interstitial fibrosis of chronic progressive nephropathy in aged rats. Vet Pathol 1998, 35:352-360.
81. Holness C.L., Simmons D.L. Molecular cloning of CD68, a human macrophage marker related to lysosomal glycoproteins. Blood 1993, 81:1607-1613.
82. Hiraoka A., Horiike N., Akbar S.M., et al. Expression of CD163 in the liver of patients with viral hepatitis. Pathol Res Pract 2005, 201:379-384.
83. Kohalmi F., Strausz J., Egervary M., et al. [Expression of macrophage markers in childhood and adult Langerhans histiocytosis (LCH)]. Orv Hetil 1997, 138:1399-1402.
84. Arora P.D., McCulloch C.A. The deletion of transforming growth factor-beta-induced myofibroblasts depends on growth conditions and actin organization. Am J Pathol 1999, 155:2087-2099.
85. Ruhs S., Nass N., Somoza V., et al. Maillard reaction products enriched food extract reduce the expression of myofibroblast phenotype markers. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007, 51:488-495.
86. Kropf J., Schurek J.O., Wollner A., et al. Immunological measurement of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in blood; assay development and comparison. Clin Chem 1997, 43:1965-1974.
87. Snowden N., Coupes B., Herrick A., et al. Plasma TGF beta in systemic sclerosis: A cross-sectional study. Ann Rheum Dis 1994, 53:763-767.
88. Huang X.R., Chung A.C., Wang X.J., et al. Mice overexpressing latent TGF-beta1 are protected against renal fibrosis in obstructive kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008, 295:F118-F127.
89. Neumann S., Kaup F.J., Beardi B. Plasma concentration of transforming growth factor-beta1 and hepatic fibrosis in dogs. Can J Vet Res 2008, 72:428-431.
90. Toomey D., Condron C., Wu Q.D., et al. TGF-beta1 is elevated in breast cancer tissue and regulates nitric oxide production from a number of cellular sources during hypoxia re-oxygenation injury. Br J Biomed Sci 2001, 58:177-183.
91. Hoying J.B., Yin M., Diebold R., et al. Transforming growth factor beta1 enhances platelet aggregation through a non-transcriptional effect on the fibrinogen receptor. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:31008-31013.
92. Kruse J.J., Bart C.I., Leer J.W., et al. Detection and quantitative measurement of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) gene expression using a semi-nested competitive PCR assay. Cytokines 1999, 11:179-185.
93. Ruperez M., Lorenzo O., Blanco-Colio L.M., et al. Connective tissue growth factor is a mediator of angiotensin II-induced fibrosis. Circulation 2003, 108:1499-1505.
94. Abreu J.G., Ketpura N.I., Reversade B., et al. Connective-tissue growth factor (CTGF) modulates cell signalling by BMP and TGF-beta. Nat Cell Biol 2002, 4:599-604.
95. Gressner A.M., Yagmur E., Lahme B., et al. Connective tissue growth factor in serum as a new candidate test for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Clin Chem 2006, 52:1815-1817.
96. Sato S., Nagaoka T., Hasegawa M., et al. Serum levels of connective tissue growth factor are elevated in patients with systemic sclerosis: Association with extent of skin sclerosis and severity of pulmonary fibrosis. J Rheumatol 2000, 27:149-154.
97. Dziadzio M., Usinger W., Leask A., et al. N-terminal connective tissue growth factor is a marker of the fibrotic phenotype in scleroderma. QJM 2005, 98:485-492.
98. Young-Min S.A., Beeton C., Laughton R., et al. Serum TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and MMP-1 in patients with systemic sclerosis, primary Raynaud's phenomenon, and in normal controls. Ann Rheum Dis 2001, 60:846-851.
99. Ko F.W., Diba C., Roth M., et al. A comparison of airway and serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity among normal subjects, asthmatic patients, and patients with asthmatic mucus hypersecretion. Chest 2005, 127:1919-1927.
100. Soker S., Machado M., Atala A. Systems for therapeutic angiogenesis in tissue engineering. World J Urol 2000, 18:10-18.
101. Suuronen E.J., Muzakare L., Doillon C.J., et al. Promotion of angiogenesis in tissue engineering: Developing multicellular matrices with multiple capacities. Int J Artif Organs 2006, 29:1148-1157.
102. Ueno T., Nakamura T., Torimura T., et al. Angiogenic cell therapy for hepatic fibrosis. Med Mol Morphol 2006, 39:16-21.
103. Di Raimondo F., Azzaro M.P., Palumbo G.A., et al. Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) serum levels in idiopathic myelofibrosis. Leukemia 2001, 15:976-980.
104. Simler N.R., Brenchley P.E., Horrocks A.W., et al. Angiogenic cytokines in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Thorax 2004, 59:581-585.
105. McColley S.A., Stellmach V., Boas S.R., et al. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor is elevated in cystic fibrosis and decreases with treatment of acute pulmonary exacerbation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 161:1877-1880.
106. Richter A.G., Maughan E.O., Perkins G.D., et al. VEGF levels in pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 2005, 60:171.
107. Sanvisens A., Serra I., Tural C., et al. Hyaluronic acid, transforming growth factor-beta1 and hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. J Viral Hepat 2009, 16:513-518.
108. Wong V.S., Hughes V., Trull A., et al. Serum hyaluronic acid is a useful marker of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat 1998, 5:187-192.
109. Huard J., Li Y., Fu F.H. Muscle injuries and repair: Current trends in research. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002, 84:822-832.
110. Sato K., Li Y., Foster W., et al. Improvement of muscle healing through enhancement of muscle regeneration and prevention of fibrosis. Muscle Nerve 2003, 28:365-372.
111. Stock U.A., Vacanti J.P. Tissue engineering: Current state and prospects. Annu Rev Med 2001, 52:443-451.
112. Bianco P., Robey P.G. Stem cells in tissue engineering. Nature 2001, 414:118-121.
113. Bellayr I.H., Li Y. Stem cells: It's good to have choices. Journal of the American College of Certified Wound Specialists 2009, 1:92-94.
114. Urish K.L., Vella J.B., Okada M., et al. Antioxidant levels represent a major determinant in the regenerative capacity of muscle stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 2009, 20:509-520.
115. Trounson A. New perspectives in human stem cell therapeutic research. BMC Med 2009, 7:29.
116. Quintero A.J., Wright VJ F.U.F.H., et al. Stem cells for the treatment of skeletal muscle injury. Clin Sports Med 2009, 28:1-11.
117. Mias C., Lairez O., Trouche E., et al. Mesenchymal stem cells promote matrix metalloproteinase secretion by cardiac fibroblasts and reduce cardiac ventricular fibrosis after myocardial infarction. Stem Cells 2009, 27:2734-2743.
118. Tenney R.M., Discher D.E. Stem cells, microenvironment mechanics, and growth factor activation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2009, 21:630-635.
119. Guilak F., Cohen D.M., Estes B.T., et al. Control of stem cell fate by physical interactions with the extracellular matrix. Cell Stem Cell 2009, 5:17-26.
120. Tiede S., Ernst N., Bayat A., et al. Basic fibroblast growth factor: A potential new therapeutic tool for the treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars. Ann Anat 2009, 191:33-44.
121. Nirmalanandhan V.S., Sittampalam G.S. Stem cells in drug discovery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine: Emerging opportunities and challenges. J Biomol Screen 2009, 14:755-768.
122. Alexakis C., Partridge T., Bou-Gharios G. Implication of the satellite cell in dystrophic muscle fibrosis: A self-perpetuating mechanism of collagen overproduction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007, 293:C661-C669.
123. Chan Y.S., Li Y., Foster W., et al. The use of suramin, an antifibrotic agent, to improve muscle recovery after strain injury. Am J Sports Med 2005, 33:43-51.
124. Nozaki M., Li Y., Zhu J., et al. Improved muscle healing after contusion injury by the inhibitory effect of suramin on myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth. Am J Sports Med 2008, 36:2354-2362.
125. Foster W., Li Y., Usas A., et al. Gamma interferon as an antifibrosis agent in skeletal muscle. J Orthop Res 2003, 21:798-804.
126. Li Y., Li J., Zhu J., et al. Decorin gene transfer promotes muscle cell differentiation and muscle regeneration. Mol Ther 2007, 15:1616-1622.
127. Bedair H.S., Karthikeyan T., Quintero A., et al. Angiotensin II receptor blockade administered after injury improves muscle regeneration and decreases fibrosis in normal skeletal muscle. Am J Sports Med 2008, 36:1548-1554.
128. Ruiz-Ortega M., Ruperez M., Esteban V., et al. Molecular mechanisms of angiotensin II-induced vascular injury. Curr Hypertens Rep 2003, 5:73-79.
129. Ruiz-Ortega M., Ruperez M., Esteban V., et al. Angiotensin II: A key factor in the inflammatory and fibrotic response in kidney diseases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006, 21:16-20.
130. Wang W., Pan H., Murray K., et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 promotes muscle cell migration and differentiation. Am J Pathol 2009, 174:541-549.
131. Bedair H., Liu T.T., Kaar J.L., et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 therapy improves muscle healing. J Appl Physiol 2007, 102:2338-2345.
132. Nishimura T., Nakamura K., Kishioka Y., et al. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases suppresses the migration of skeletal muscle cells. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2008.
133. Wipff P.J., Hinz B. Myofibroblasts work best under stress. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2009, 13:121-127. 29:37-44.
134. Hinz B. Tissue stiffness, latent TGF-beta1 activation, and mechanical signal transduction: Implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of fibrosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2009, 11:120-126.