Lipid nanoparticles: Effect on bioavailability and pharmacokinetic changes

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

Volumn 197, Issue , 2010, Pages 115-141

  Souto, Eliana B ^a   Müller, Rainer H ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDADE FERNANDO PESSOA   (Portugal)

^b NONE

Author keywords

API release; Bioavailability; Brain delivery; Dermalics; Lipid nanoparticles; Lipid polymorphism; Orals; Parenterals; Pharmacokinetics; Pulmonary delivery

Indexed keywords

ACYLGLYCEROL; CALCITONIN; CAMPTOTHECIN; COSURFACTANT; CYCLOSPORIN; CYCLOSPORIN A; DRUG CARRIER; ETOPOSIDE; FENOFIBRATE; GONADORELIN; INDOMETACIN; INSULIN; KETOPROFEN; LIPOSOME; NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIER; NITRENDIPINE; PACLITAXEL; POLYSORBATE 80; PROPYLENE GLYCOL; SALCATONIN; SANDIMMUN OPTORAL; SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE; SPIRONOLACTONE; SURFACTANT; TOBRAMYCIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TRIDECANOIN; TRILAURIN; TRISTEARIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINBLASTINE; DRUG; LIPID; NANOPARTICLE;

AREA UNDER THE CURVE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; COLLOID; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG DOSAGE FORM; DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPARISON; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG SOLUBILITY; ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE; EMULSION; GRAFT REJECTION; HUMAN; HYDROPHILICITY; LIPOPHILICITY; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MICROEMULSION; NANOENCAPSULATION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PARTICLE SIZE; PHOTON CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM; RADIATION SCATTERING; REVIEW; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; TIME TO MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ANIMAL; BIOAVAILABILITY; CHEMISTRY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; PHARMACEUTICS;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY; DRUG CARRIERS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; LIPIDS; NANOPARTICLES; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; TECHNOLOGY, PHARMACEUTICAL;

EID: 77953283407     PISSN: 01712004     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00477-3_4     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. Abu-Dahab R, Schäfer UF, Lehr CM (2001) Lectin-functionalized liposomes for pulmonary drug delivery: effect of nebulization on stability and bioadhesion. Eur J Pharm Sci 14:37-46
2. Almeida AJ, Runge S, Müller RH (1997) Peptide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): influence of production parameters. Int J Pharm 149:255-265
3. Almeida AJ, Souto E (2007) Solid lipid nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for peptides and proteins. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:478-490
4. Andrysek T (2003) Impact of physical properties of formulations on bioavailability of active substance: current and novel drugs with cyclosporine. Mol Immunol 39:1061-1065
5. Andrysek T (2006) Excipients and their role in absorption: Influencing bioavailability of cyclosporine by triglycerides and polyglycerol esters. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 150:227-233
6. Anton N, Benoit JP, Saulnier P (2008) Design and production of nanoparticles formulated from nano-emulsion templates-a review. J Control Release 128:185-199
7. Anton N, Gayet P, Benoit JP, Saulnier P (2007) Nano-emulsions and nanocapsules by the PIT method: an investigation on the role of the temperature cycling on the emulsion phase inversion. Int J Pharm 344:44-52
8. Badruddoja MA, Black KL (2006) Improving the delivery of therapeutic agents to CNS neoplasms: a clinical review. Front Biosci 11:1466-1478
9. Bargoni A, Cavalli R, Caputo O, Fundaro A, Gasco MR, Zara GP (1998) Solid lipid nanoparticles in lymph and plasma after duodenal administration to rats. Pharm Res 15:745-750
10. Bargoni A, Cavalli R, Zara GP, Fundaro A, Caputo O, Gasco MR (2001) Transmucosal transport of tobramycin incorporated in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) after duodenal administration to rats. Part II-tissue distribution. Pharmacol Res 43:497-502
11. Batrakova EV, Li S, Miller DW, Kabanov AV (1999) Pluronic P85 increases permeability of a broad spectrum of drugs in polarized BBMEC and Caco-2 cell monolayers. Pharm Res 16:1366-1372
12. Battaglia L, Trotta M, Gallarate M, Carlotti ME, Zara GP, Bargoni A (2007) Solid lipid nanoparticles formed by solvent-in-water emulsion-diffusion technique: development and influence on insulin stability. J Microencapsul 24:660-672
13. Bekerman T, Golenser J, Domb A (2004) Cyclosporin nanoparticulate lipospheres for oral administration. J Pharm Sci 93:1264-1270
14. Blasi P, Giovagnoli S, Schoubben A, Ricci M, Rossi C (2007) Solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted brain drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:454-477
15. Bondi ML, Azzolina A, Craparo EF, Lampiasi N, Capuano G, Giammona G, Cervello M (2007) Novel cationic solid-lipid nanoparticles as non-viral vectors for gene delivery. J Drug Target 15:295-301
16. Bondi ML, Fontana G, Carlisi B, Giammona G (2003) Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles containing cloricromene. Drug Deliv 10:245-250
17. Borm PJ, Robbins D, Haubold S, Kuhlbusch T, Fissan H, Donaldson K, Schins R, Stone V, Kreyling W, Lademann J, Krutmann J, Warheit D, Oberdörster E (2006) The potential risks of nanomaterials: a review carried out for ECETOC. Part Fibre Toxicol 3:11
18. Boyd B, Noymer P, Liu K, Okikawa J, Hasegawa D, Warren S, Taylor G, Ferguson E, Schuster J, Farr S, Gonda I (2004) Effect of gender and device mouthpiece shape on bolus insulin aerosol delivery using the AERx pulmonary delivery system. Pharm Res 21:1776-1782
19. Brioschi A, Zara GP, Calderoni S, Gasco MR, Mauro A (2008) Cholesterylbutyrate solid lipid nanoparticles as a butyric acid prodrug. Molecules 13:230-254
20. Bummer PM (2004) Physical chemical considerations of lipid-based oral drug delivery-solid lipid nanoparticles. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 21:1-20
21. Bunjes H, Koch MH, Westesen K (2003) Influence of emulsifiers on the crystallization of solid lipid nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 92:1509-1520
22. Bunjes H, Koch MHJ, Westesen K (2000) Effect of particle size on colloidal solid triglycerides. Langmuir 16:5234-5241
23. Bunjes H, Westesen K, Koch MHJ (1996) Crystallization tendency and polymorphic transitions in triglyceride nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 129:159-173
24. Castelli F, Puglia C, Sarpietro MG, Rizza L, Bonina F (2005) Characterization of indomethacinloaded lipid nanoparticles by differential scanning calorimetry. Int J Pharm 304:231-238
25. Cavalli R, Caputo O, Carlotti ME, Trotta M, Scarnecchia C, Gasco MR (1997) Sterilization and freeze-drying of drug-free and drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 148:47-54
26. Cavalli R, Caputo O, Gasco MR (2000a) Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanospheres containing paclitaxel. Eur J Pharm Sci 10:305-309
27. Cavalli R, Caputo O, Marengo E, Pattarino F, Gasco MR (1998) The effect of the components of microemulsions on both size and crystalline structure of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing a series of model molecules. Pharmazie 53:392-396
28. Cavalli R, Gasco MR, Barresi AA, Rovero G (2001) Evaporative drying of aqueous dispersions of solid lipid nanoparticles. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 27:919-924
29. Cavalli R, Zara GP, Caputo O, Bargoni A, Fundaro A, Gasco MR (2000b) Transmucosal transport of tobramycin incorporated in SLN after duodenal administration to rats. Part I - A pharmacokinetic study. Pharmacological Research 42:541-545
30. Chattopadhyay P, Shekunov BY, Yim D, Cipolla D, Boyd B, Farr S (2007) Production of solid lipid nanoparticle suspensions using supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions (SFEE) for pulmonary delivery using the AERx system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:444-453
31. Chen DB, Yang TZ, Lu WL, Zhang Q (2001) In vitro and in vivo study of two types of long-circulating solid lipid nanoparticles containing paclitaxel. Chem Pharm Bull 49:1444-1447
32. Chen Y, Dalwadi G, Benson HA (2004) Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Curr Drug Deliv 1:361-376
33. Cornford EM, Hyman S (1999) Blood-brain barrier permeability to small and large molecules. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 36:145-163
34. Cortesi R, Esposito E, Luca G, Nastruzzi C (2002) Production of lipospheres as carriers for bioactive compounds. Biomaterials 23:2283-2294
35. Dailey LA, Schmehl T, Gessler T, Wittmar M, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Kissel T (2003) Nebulization of biodegradable nanoparticles: impact of nebulizer technology and nanoparticle characteristics on aerosol features. J Control Release 86:131-144
36. de Sousa ARS, Calderone M, Rodier E, Fages J, Duarte CMM (2006) Solubility of carbon dioxide in three lipid-based biocarriers. J Supercrit Fluids 39:13-19
37. de Sousa ARS, Simplicio AL, de Sousa HC, Duarte CMM (2007) Preparation of glyceryl mono stearate-based particles by PGSS1 - application to caffeine. J Supercrit Fluids 43:120-125
38. des Rieux A, Fievez V, Garinot M, Schneider Y-J, Preat V (2006) Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: a mechanistic approach. J Control Release 116:1-27
39. Desai MP, Labhasetwar V, Amidon GL, Levy RJ (1996) Gastrointestinal uptake of biodegradable microparticles: effect of particle size. Pharm Res 13:1838-1845
40. Desai MP, Labhasetwar V, Walter E, Levy RJ, Amidon GL (1997) The mechanism of uptake of biodegradable microparticles in Caco-2 cells is size dependent. Pharm Res 14:1568-1573
41. Dintaman JM, Silverman JA (1999) Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS). Pharm Res 16:1550-1556
42. Dressman JB, Reppas C (2000) In vitro-in vivo correlations for lipophilic, poorly water-soluble drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 11(Suppl 2):S73-S80
43. El-Harati AA, Charcosset C, Fessi H (2006) Influence of the formulation for solid lipid nanoparticles prepared with a membrane contactor. Pharm Dev Technol 11:153-157
44. Fahr A (1993) Cyclosporin clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 24:472-495
45. Fontana G, Maniscalco L, Schillaci D, Cavallaro G, Giammona G (2005) Solid lipid nanoparticles containing tamoxifen characterization and in vitro antitumoral activity. Drug Deliv 12:385-392
46. Freitas C, Müller RH (1998) Effect of light and temperature on zeta potential and physical stability in solid lipid nanoparticle (SLNTM) dispersions. Int J Pharm 168:221-229
47. Freitas C, Müller RH (1999a) Correlation between long-term stability of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNTM) and crystallinity of the lipid phase. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 47:125-132
48. Freitas C, Müller RH (1999b) Stability determination of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNTM) in aqueous dispersion after addition of electrolyte. J Microencapsul 16:59-71
49. Fundaro A, Cavalli R, Bargoni A, Vighetto D, Zara GP, Gasco MR (2000) Non-stealth and stealth solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) carrying doxorubicin: pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution after i.v. administration to rats. Pharmacol Res 42:337-343
50. Furumoto K, Nagayama S, Ogawara K, Takakura Y, Hashida M, Higaki K, Kimura T (2004) Hepatic uptake of negatively charged particles in rats: possible involvement of serum proteins in recognition by scavenger receptor. J Control Release 97:133-141
51. Gallarate M, Trotta M, Battaglia L, Chirio D (2008) Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles from W/O/W emulsions: Preliminary studies on insulin encapsulation. J Microencapsul 3:1-9
52. Garcia-Fuentes M, Torres D, Alonso MJ (2003) Design of lipid nanoparticles for the oral delivery of hydrophilic macromolecules. Colloids Surf B-Biointerfaces 27:159-168
53. Garcia-Garcia E, Andrieux K, Gil S, Couvreur P (2005) Colloidal carriers and blood-brain barrier (BBB) translocation: a way to deliver drugs to the brain? Int J Pharm 298:274-292
54. Gibson L (2007) Lipid-based excipients for oral drug delivery. In: Hauss DJ (ed) Oral lipid-based formulations: enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Informa Healthcare, Inc., New York, pp 43-51
55. Gohla SH, Dingler A (2001) Scaling up feasibility of the production of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNTM). Pharmazie 56:61-63
56. Göppert TM, Müller RH (2005) Polysorbate-stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles as colloidal carriers for intravenous targeting of drugs to the brain: comparison of plasma protein adsorption patterns. J Drug Target 13:179-187
57. Groom AC (1987) The Microcirculatory Society Eugene M. Landis award lecture. Microcirculation of the spleen: new concepts, new challenges. Microvasc Res 34:269-289
58. Hanafy A, Spahn-Langguth H, Vergnault G, Grenier P, Tubic Grozdanis M, Lenhardt T, Langguth P (2007) Pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral fenofibrate nanosuspensions and SLN in comparison to conventional suspensions of micronized drug. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:419-426
59. Harris JM, Chess RB (2003) Effect of pegylation on pharmaceuticals. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2:214-221
60. Hauss DJ (2007) Oral lipid-based formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:667-676
61. Hoet PH, Bruske-Hohlfeld I, Salata OV (2004) Nanoparticles - known and unknown health risks. J Nanobiotechnol 2:12
62. Hou D, Xie C, Huang K, Zhu C (2003) The production and characteristics of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Biomaterials 24:1781-1785
63. Hu FQ, Hong Y, Yuan H (2004a) Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles containing peptide. Int J Pharm 273:29-35
64. Hu FQ, Jiang SP, Du YZ, Yuan H, Ye YQ, Zeng S (2005) Preparation and characterization of stearic acid nanostructured lipid carriers by solvent diffusion method in an aqueous system. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 45:167-173
65. Hu FQ, Jiang SP, Du YZ, Yuan H, Ye YQ, Zeng S (2006) Preparation and characteristics of monostearin nanostructured lipid carriers. Int J Pharm 314:83-89
66. Hu FQ, Wu M, Yuan H, Zhang HH (2004b) A novel preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles with cyclosporin A for prolonged drug release. Pharmazie 59:683-685
67. Hu FQ, Yuan H, Zhang HH, FangM(2002) Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles with clobetasol propionate by a novel solvent diffusion method in aqueous system and physicochemical characterization. Int J Pharm 239:121-128
68. Hu FQ, Zhang Y, Du YZ, Yuan H (2008) Nimodipine loaded lipid nanospheres prepared by solvent diffusion method in a drug saturated aqueous system. Int J Pharm 348:146-152
69. Huang YY, Wang CH (2006) Pulmonary delivery of insulin by liposomal carriers. J Control Release 113:9-14
70. Hussain A, Arnold JJ, Khan MA, Ahsan F (2004) Absorption enhancers in pulmonary protein delivery. J Control Release 94:15-24
71. Israelachvili JN, Marcelja S, Horn RG (1980) Physical principles of membrane organization. Q Rev Biophys 13:121-200
72. Jayagopal A, Sussman EM, Shastri VP (2008) Functionalized solid lipid nanoparticles for transendothelial delivery. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 7:28-34
73. Jenning V, Gohla SH (2001) Encapsulation of retinoids in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). J Microencapsul 18:149-158
74. Jenning V, Schäfer-Korting M, Gohla S (2000) Vitamin A-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical use: drug release properties. J Control Release 66:115-126
75. Johanson CE, Duncan JA, Stopa EG, Baird A (2005) Enhanced prospects for drug delivery and brain targeting by the choroid plexus-CSF route. Pharm Res 22:1011-1037
76. Jores K, Haberland A, Wartewig S, Mäder K, Mehnert W (2005) Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and oil-loaded SLN studied by spectrofluorometry and Raman spectroscopy. Pharm Res 22:1887-1897
77. Jores K, Mehnert W, Drechsler M, Bunjes H, Johann C, Mäder K (2004) Investigations on the structure of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles by photon correlation spectroscopy, field-flow fractionation and transmission electron microscopy. J Control Release 95:217-227
78. Jores K, Mehnert W, Mäder K (2003) Physicochemical investigations on solid lipid nanoparticles and on oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance study. Pharm Res 20:1274-1283
79. Joshi M, Patravale V (2008) Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) based gel of celecoxib. Int J Pharm 346:124-132
80. Karathanasis E, Ayyagari AL, Bhavane R, Bellamkonda RV, Annapragada AV (2005) Preparation of in vivo cleavable agglomerated liposomes suitable for modulated pulmonary drug delivery. J Control Release 103:159-175
81. Kaur IP, Bhandari R, Bhandari S, Kakkar V (2008) Potential of solid lipid nanoparticles in brain targeting. J Control Release 127:97-109
82. Kawashima Y, Yamamoto H, Takeuchi H, Fujioka S, Hino T (1999) Pulmonary delivery of insulin with nebulized DL-lactide/glycolide copolymer (PLGA) nanospheres to prolong hypoglycemic effect. J Control Release 62:279-287
83. Koziara JM, Lockman PR, Allen DD, Mumper RJ (2003) In situ blood-brain barrier transport of nanoparticles. Pharm Res 20:1772-1778
84. Koziara JM, Lockman PR, Allen DD, Mumper RJ (2006) The blood-brain barrier and brain drug delivery. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 6:2712-2735
85. Kreuter J (1994) Nanoparticles. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 219-342
86. Kreuter J (2001) Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 47:65-81
87. Kristl J, Volk B, Ahlin P, Gombac K, Sentjurc M (2003) Interactions of solid lipid nanoparticles with model membranes and leukocytes studied by EPR. Int J Pharm 256:133-140
88. Kuntsche J, Bunjes H (2007) Influence of preparation conditions and heat treatment on the properties of supercooled smectic cholesteryl myristate nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 67:612-620
89. Langguth P, Hanafy A, Frenzel D, Grenier P, Nhamias A, Ohlig T, Vergnault G, Spahn-Langguth H (2005) Nanosuspension formulations for low-soluble drugs: pharmacokinetic evaluation using spironolactone as model compound. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 31:319-329
90. Lippacher A, Müller RH, Mäder K (2000) Investigation on the viscoelastic properties of lipid based colloidal drug carriers. Int J Pharm 196:227-230
91. Lippacher A, Müller RH, Mäder K (2002) Semisolid SLNTM dispersions for topical application: influence of formulation and production parameters on viscoelastic properties. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 53:155-160
92. Liu J, Gong T, Fu H, Wang C, Wang X, Chen Q, Zhang Q, He Q, Zhang Z (2008) Solid lipid nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery of insulin. Int J Pharm 356:333-344
93. Liu J, Gong T, Wang C, Zhong Z, Zhang Z (2007) Solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with insulin by sodium cholate-phosphatidylcholine-based mixed micelles: preparation and characterization. Int J Pharm 340:153-162
94. Lockman PR, Oyewumi MO, Koziara JM, Roder KE, Mumper RJ, Allen DD (2003) Brain uptake of thiamine-coated nanoparticles. J Control Release 93:271-282
95. Lukowski G, Kasbohm J, Pflegel P, Illing A, Wulff H (2000) Crystallographic investigation of cetylpalmitate solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 196:201-205
96. Lukowski G, Werner U (1998) Investigation of surface and drug release of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with acyclovir. Intern Symp Control Rel Bioact Mater 25:425-428
97. Malik DK, Baboota S, Ahuja A, Hasan S, Ali J (2007) Recent advances in protein and peptide drug delivery systems. Curr Drug Deliv 4:141-151
98. Malzert-Freon A, Vrignaud S, Saulnier P, Lisowski V, Benoit JP, Rault S (2006) Formulation of sustained release nanoparticles loaded with a tripentone, a new anticancer agent. Int J Pharm 320:157-164
99. Mandawgade SD, Patravale VB (2008) Development of SLNs from natural lipids: application to topical delivery of tretinoin. Int J Pharm 363:132-138
100. Manjunath K, Reddy JS, Venkateswarlu V (2005) Solid lipid nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 27:127-144
101. Manjunath K, Venkateswarlu V (2006) Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and bioavailability of nitrendipine solid lipid nanoparticles after intravenous and intraduodenal administration. J Drug Target 14:632-645
102. Martins S, Silva AC, Ferreira DC, Souto EB (2009) Improving oral absorption of Salmon calcitonin by mucoadhesive solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). J Biomed Nanotech 5:76-83
103. Mayer C, Lukowski G (2000) Solid state NMR investigations on nanosized carrier systems. Pharm Res 17:486-489
104. Mead J, Alfin-Slater R, Howton D, Popjak G (1986) Peroxidation of fatty acids lipids: chemistry, biochemistry and nutrition. Plenum Press, New York, pp 83-99
105. Mehnert W, Mäder K (2001) Solid lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 47:165-196
106. Miglietta A, Cavalli R, Bocca C, Gabriel L, Gasco MR (2000) Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of solid lipid nanospheres (SLN) incorporating doxorubicin or paclitaxel. Int J Pharm 210:61-67
107. Miller DW, Batrakova EV, Kabanov AV (1999) Inhibition of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) functional activity with pluronic block copolymers. Pharm Res 16:396-401
108. Moghimi SM, Hedeman H, Muir IS, Illum L, Davis SS (1993) An investigation of the filtration capacity and the fate of large filtered sterically-stabilized microspheres in rat spleen. Biochim Biophys Acta 1157:233-240
109. Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Murray JC (2001) Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: theory to practice. Pharmacol Rev 53:283-318
110. Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Murray JC (2005) Nanomedicine: current status and future prospects. Faseb J 19:311-330
111. Moghimi SM, Porter CJ, Muir IS, Illum L, Davis SS (1991) Non-phagocytic uptake of intravenously injected microspheres in rat spleen: influence of particle size and hydrophilic coating. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 177:861-866
112. Müller RH, Keck CM (2004a) Challenges and solutions for the delivery of biotech drugs-a review of drug nanocrystal technology and lipid nanoparticles. J Biotechnol 113:151-170
113. Müller RH, Keck CM (2004b) Drug delivery to the brain-realization by novel drug carriers. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 4:471-483
114. Müller RH, Maassen S, Schwarz C, Mehnert W (1997a) Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as potential carrier for human use: interaction with human granulocytes. J Control Release 47:261-269
115. Müller RH, Mäder K, Gohla S (2000) Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery - a review of the state of the art. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 50:161-177
116. Müller RH, Radtke M, Wissing SA (2002) Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54 (Suppl 1):S131-S155
117. Müller RH, Rühl D, Runge S, SchulzeForster K, Mehnert W (1997b) Cytotoxicity of solid lipid nanoparticles as a function of the lipid matrix and the surfactant. Pharm Res 14:458-462
118. Müller RH, Runge S, Ravelli V, Mehnert W, Thünemann AF, Souto EB (2006) Oral bioavailability of cyclosporine: solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) versus drug nanocrystals. Int J Pharm 317:82-89
119. Müller RH, Runge SA, Ravelli V, Thünemann AF, Mehnert W, Souto EB (2008) Cyclosporineloaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): drug-lipid physicochemical interactions and characterization of drug incorporation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 68:535-544
120. Noble S, Markham A (1995) Cyclosporin. A review of the pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy and tolerability of a microemulsion-based formulation (Neoral). Drugs 50:924-941
121. Pandey R, Khuller GK (2005) Solid lipid particle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system against experimental tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 85:227-234
122. Pardridge WM (2003) Blood-brain barrier drug targeting: the future of brain drug development. Mol Interv 3(90-105):51
123. Pardridge WM (2005) The blood-brain barrier: bottleneck in brain drug development. NeuroRx 2:3-14
124. Pardridge WM (2007a) Blood-brain barrier delivery. Drug Discov Today 12:54-61
125. Pardridge WM (2007b) Blood-brain barrier delivery of protein and non-viral gene therapeutics with molecular Trojan horses. J Control Release 122:345-348
126. Pardridge WM (2007c) Brain drug development and brain drug targeting. Pharm Res 24: 1729-1732
127. Pardridge WM (2007d) Drug targeting to the brain. Pharm Res 24:1733-1744
128. PardridgeWM(2007e) shRNA and siRNA delivery to the brain. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:141-152
129. Patton JS, Fishburn CS, Weers JG (2004) The lungs as a portal of entry for systemic drug delivery. Proc Am Thorac Soc 1:338-344
130. Pescovitz MD, Book BK, Pollard SG, Milgrom ML, Leapman SB, Filo RS (1992) An evaluation of the cyclosporine parent-compound-specific whole blood TDx assay. Clin Transplant 6: 43-47
131. Pople PV, Singh KK (2006) Development and evaluation of topical formulation containing solid lipid nanoparticles of vitamin A. AAPS PharmSciTech 7(4):91
132. Reddy JS, Venkateswarlu V (2004) Novel delivery systems for drug targeting to the brain. Drugs Future 29:63-83
133. Roche N, Huchon GJ (2000) Rationale for the choice of an aerosol delivery system. J Aerosol Med 13:393-404
134. Rudolph C, Schillinger U, Ortiz A, Tabatt K, Plank C, Müller RH, Rosenecker J (2004) Application of novel solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN)-gene vector formulations based on a dimeric HIV- 1 TAT-peptide in vitro and in vivo. Pharm Res 21:1662-1669
135. Salamat-Miller N, Johnston TP (2005) Current strategies used to enhance the paracellular transport of therapeutic polypeptides across the intestinal epithelium. Int J Pharm 294:201-216
136. Sarmento B, Martins S, Ferreira D, Souto EB (2007) Oral insulin delivery by means of solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2:743-749
137. Saupe A, Gordon KC, Rades T (2006) Structural investigations on nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers by cryo-field emission scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Int J Pharm 314:56-62
138. Schäfer-Korting M, Mehnert W, Korting HC (2007) Lipid nanoparticles for improved topical application of drugs for skin diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:427-443
139. Scheuch G, Kohlhaeufl MJ, Brand P, Siekmeier R (2006) Clinical perspectives on pulmonary systemic and macromolecular delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 58:996-1008
140. Schwarz C, Mehnert W (1999) Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery II. Drug incorporation and physicochemical characterization. J Microencapsul 16:205-213
141. Schwarz C, Mehnert W, Lucks JS, Müller RH (1994) Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug-delivery.1. Production, characterization and sterilization. J Control Release 30:83-96
142. Siekmann B, Westesen K (1994) Thermoanalysis of the recrystallization process of melt-homogenized glyceride nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 3:159-175
143. Souto EB, Almeida AJ, Mü ller RH (2007) Lipid nanoparticles (SLN (R), NLC (R)) for cutaneous drug delivery: structure, protection and skin effects. J Biomed Nanotechnol 3:317-331
144. Souto EB, Müller RH (2007) Lipid nanoparticles (SLN and NLC) for drug delivery. In: Domb AJ, Tabata Y, Ravi Kumar MNV, Farber S (eds) Nanoparticles for pharmaceutical applications, Chap. 5. American Scientific Publishers, Stevenson Ranch, CA, pp 103-122
145. Souto EB, Wissing SA, Barbosa CM, Müller RH (2004a) Comparative study between the viscoelastic behaviors of different lipid nanoparticle formulations. J Cosmet Sci 55:463-471
146. Souto EB, Wissing SA, Barbosa CM, Müller RH (2004b) Development of a controlled release formulation based on SLN and NLC for topical clotrimazole delivery. Int J Pharm 278:71-77
147. Stouch TR, Gudmundsson O (2002) Progress in understanding the structure-activity relationships of P-glycoprotein. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:315-328
148. Thole M, Nobmanna S, Huwyler J, Bartmann A, Fricker G (2002) Uptake of cationzied albumin coupled liposomes by cultured porcine brain microvessel endothelial cells and intact brain capillaries. J Drug Target 10:337-344
149. Tiwari SB, Amiji MM (2006) A review of nanocarrier-based CNS delivery systems. Curr Drug Deliv 3:219-232
150. Trickler WJ, Nagvekar AA, Dash AK (2008) A novel nanoparticle formulation for sustained paclitaxel delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 9:486-493
151. Ugazio E, Cavalli R, Gasco MR (2002) Incorporation of cyclosporin A in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Int J Pharm 241:341-344
152. Varia JK, Dodiya SS, Sawant KK (2008) Cyclosporine a loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: optimization of formulation, process variable and characterization. Curr Drug Deliv 5:64-69
153. VideiraMA, BotelhoMF, SantosAC,Gouveia LF, de Lima JJ, AlmeidaAJ (2002) Lymphatic uptake of pulmonary delivered radiolabelled solid lipid nanoparticles. J Drug Target 10:607-613
154. Vyas TK, Shahiwala A, Marathe S, Misra A (2005) Intranasal drug delivery for brain targeting. Curr Drug Deliv 2:165-175
155. Wang JX, Sun X, Zhang ZR (2002) Enhanced brain targeting by synthesis of 30, 50-dioctanoyl-5- fluoro-20-deoxyuridine and incorporation into solid lipid nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 54:285-290
156. Westesen K, Bunjes H (1995) Do nanoparticles prepared from lipids solid at room-temperature always possess a solid lipid matrix. Int J Pharm 115:129-131
157. Westesen K, Bunjes H, Koch MHJ (1997) Physicochemical characterization of lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of their drug loading capacity and sustained release potential. J Control Release 48:223-236
158. Westesen K, Siekmann B (1997) Investigation of the gel formation of phospholipid-stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 151:35-45
159. Westesen K, Siekmann B, Koch MHJ (1993) Investigations on the physical state of lipid nanoparticles by synchrotron-radiation X-ray-diffraction. Int J Pharm 93:189-199
160. Wissing SA, Kayser O, Mü ller RH (2004) Solid lipid nanoparticles for parenteral drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56:1257-1272
161. Wolburg H, Lippoldt A (2002) Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier: development, composition and regulation. Vascul Pharmacol 38:323-337
162. Wu CY, Benet LZ (2005) Predicting drug disposition via application of BCS: transport/absorption/ elimination interplay and development of a biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system. Pharm Res 22:11-23
163. Yang S, Zhu J, Lu Y, Liang B, Yang C (1999a) Body distribution of camptothecin solid lipid nanoparticles after oral administration. Pharm Res 16:751-757
164. Yang SC, Lu LF, Cai Y, Zhu JB, Liang BW, Yang CZ (1999b) Body distribution in mice of intravenously injected camptothecin solid lipid nanoparticles and targeting effect on brain. J Control Release 59:299-307
165. Yim D, Cipolla D, Shekunov BY, Chattopadhyay P, Boyd B (2005) Feasibility of pulmonary delivery of nano-suspension formulations using the AERx System. J Aerosol Med 18:101-102
166. Young TJ, Johnson KP, Pace GW, Mishra AK (2004) Phospholipid-stabilized nanoparticles of cyclosporine A by rapid expansion from supercritical to aqueous solution. AAPS PharmSci- Tech 5:E11
167. Zhang N, Ping Q, Huang G, Han X, Cheng Y, Xu W (2006a) Transport characteristics of wheat germ agglutinin-modified insulin-liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles in a perfused rat intestinal model. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 6:2959-2966
168. Zhang N, Ping Q, Huang G, Xu W, Cheng Y, Han X (2006b) Lectin-modified solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers for oral administration of insulin. Int J Pharm 327:153-159
169. Zhang Q, Shen Z, Nagai T (2001) Prolonged hypoglycemic effect of insulin-loaded polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles after pulmonary administration to normal rats. Int J Pharm 218:75-80
170. Zimmermann E, Souto EB, Müller RH (2005) Physicochemical investigations on the structure of drug-free and drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) by means of DSC and 1H NMR. Pharmazie 60:508-513
171. zur Mühlen A, zur Mühlen E, Niehus H, Mehnert W (1996) Atomic force microscopy studies of solid lipid nanoparticles. Pharm Res 13:1411-1416