Autotrophic carbon fixation in archaea

Nature Reviews Microbiology

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 447-460

  Berg, Ivan A ^a   Kockelkorn, Daniel ^a   Ramos Vera, W Hugo ^a   Say, Rafael F ^a   Zarzycki, Jan ^a   Hügler, Michael ^a,b   Alber, Birgit E ^a,c   Fuchs, Georg ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^b DVGW Technologiezentrum Wasser   (Germany)

^c OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYL COENZYME A; CARBON DIOXIDE; DICARBOXYLIC ACID; FERREDOXIN; FLAVINE ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE; HYDRACRYLIC ACID; HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE; PYRUVIC ACID; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE;

ARCHAEBACTERIUM; AUTOTROPHY; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION; CARBON FIXATION; CITRIC ACID CYCLE; CRENARCHAEOTA; DECARBOXYLATION; ECOLOGICAL NICHE; ENERGY METABOLISM; EURYARCHAEOTA; GENOMICS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLYCOLYSIS; HALOBACTERIUM; METHANOGENIC ARCHAEON; MICROBIAL METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ACETYL COENZYME A; ARCHAEA; AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES; CARBON; DICARBOXYLIC ACID TRANSPORTERS; ECOSYSTEM; GLUCOSE; HYDROXYBUTYRATES; METABOLIC NETWORKS AND PATHWAYS; PHYLOGENY;

ARCHAEA;

EID: 77952888917     PISSN: 17401526     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2365     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Garrity G. M. Holt J. G. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2nd ed. vol. 1 (eds Boone, D. R., Castenholz, R. W. & Garrity, G. M.). 119-166 (Springer, New York, 2001).
2. Stetter, K. O. History of discovery of the first hyperthermophiles. Extremophiles 10, 357-362 (2006).
3. Sapra, R., Bagramyan, K. & Adams, M. W. A simple energy-conserving system: proton reduction coupled to proton translocation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 7545-7550 (2003).
4. 2 activation. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 10, 92-104 (2005).
5. Thauer, R. K., Kaster, A.-K., Seedorf, H., Buckel, W. & Hedderich, R. Methanogenic archaea: ecologically relevant differences in energy conservation. Nature Rev, Microbiol. 6, 579-591 (2008).
6. Taylor, G. T., Kelly, D. P. & Pirt, S. J. in Microbial Production and Utilization of Gases (eds Schlegel, H. G., Gottschalk, G. & Pfennig, N.) 173-180 (E. Goltze K. G., Göttingen, 1976). Ljungdahl, L. G. The autotrophic pathway of acetate synthesis in acetogenic bacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 40, 415-450 (1986).
7. 2 as a source of carbon and energy. FASEB J. 5, 156-163 (1991).
8. Drake, H. L., Göner, A. S. & Daniel, S. L. Old acetogens, new light. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1125, 100-128 (2008).
9. Ragsdale, S. W. Enzymology of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of acetogenesis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1125, 129-136 (2008).
10. 2 fixation in Archaeoglobus lithotrophicus and the lack of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase in the heterotrophic A. profundus. Arch. Microbiol. 163, 112-118 (1995).
11. 2O in Ferroglobus placidus. Arch. Microbiol. 167, 19-23 (1997).
12. Huber, H. et al. A dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate autotrophic carbon assimilation cycle in the hyperthermophilic archaeum Ignicoccus hospitalis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 7851-7856 (2008).
13. Ramos-Vera, W. H., Berg, I. A. & Fuchs, G. Autotrophic carbon dioxide assimilation in Thermoproteales revisited. J. Bacteriol. 191, 4286-4297 (2009).
14. 2 fixation cycles in Crenarchaeota. Microbiology 156, 256-269 (2010).
15. Huber, H., Huber, R. & Stetter, K. O. in The Prokaryotes, 3rd ed., vol.3 (eds Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, K.-H. & Stackebrandt, E.), 10-22 (Springer, New York, 2006).
16. Huber, H. & Stetter, K. O. in The Prokaryotes, 3rd ed., vol.3 (eds. Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, K.-H. & Stackebrandt, E.), 52-68 (Springer, New York, 2006).
17. Patel, H. M., Kraszewski, J. L. & Mukhopadhyay, B. The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus has a novel structure. J. Bacteriol. 186, 5129-5137 (2004).
18. Ettema, T. J. G. et al. Identification and functional verification of archaeal-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, a missing link in archaeal central carbohydrate metabolism. J. Bacteriol. 186, 7754-7762 (2004).
19. 2 fixation pathways in the sulphur-reducing archaebacterium Thermoproteus neutrophilus and in the phototrophic eubacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Eur. J. Biochem. 205, 853-866 (1992).
20. Buckel, W. & Golding, G. T. Radical enzymes in anaerobes. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 60, 27-49 (2006).
21. Martins, B. M., Dobbek, H., Cinkaya, I., Buckel, W. & Messerschmidt, A. Crystal structure of 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase: radical catalysis involving a [4Fe-4S] cluster and flavin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 15645-15649 (2004).
22. Ishii, M. et al. Autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation in Acidianus brierleyi. Arch. Microbiol. 166, 368-371 (1997).
23. Menendez, C. et al. Presence of acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase in autotrophic Crenarchaeota and indication for operation of a 3-hydroxypropionate cycle in autotrophic carbon fixation. J. Bacteriol. 181, 1088-1098 (1999).
24. Berg, I. A., Kockelkorn, D., Buckel, W. & Fuchs, G. A 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate autotrophic carbon dioxide assimilation pathway in Archaea. Science 318, 1782-1786 (2007).
25. Huber, H. & Prangishvili, D. in The Prokaryotes, 3rd ed., vol.3 (eds Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, K.-H. & Stackebrandt, E.), 23-51 (Springer, New York, 2006).
26. Auernik, K. S., Cooper, C. R. & Kelly, R. M. Life in hot acid: pathway analyses in extremely thermoacidophilic archaea. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 19, 445-453 (2008).
27. Hallam, S. J. et al. Pathways of carbon assimilation and ammonia oxidation suggested by environmental genomic analyses of marine Crenarchaeota. PLoS Biol. 4, e95 (2006).
28. Karner, M. B., DeLong, E. F. & Karl, D. M. Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the Pacific Ocean. Nature 409, 507-510 (2001).
29. Norris, P., Nixon, A. & Hart, A. Microbiology of Extreme Environments and its Potential for Biotechnology (eds Da Costa, M. S., Duarte, J. C. & Williams, R. A. D.) 24-43 (Elsevier, London, 1989).
30. Burton, N. P., Williams, T. D. & Norris, P. R. Carboxylase genes in Sulfolobus metallicus. Arch. Microbiol. 172, 349-353 (1999).
31. Hügler, M., Krieger, R. S., Jahn, M. & Fuchs, G. Characterization of acetyl-CoA/propionyl-CoA carboxylase in Metallosphaera sedula. Carboxylating enzyme in the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle for autotrophic carbon fixation. Eur. J. Biochem. 270, 736-744 (2003).
32. Chuakrut, S., Arai, H., Ishii, M. & Igarashi, Y. Characterization of a bifunctional archaeal acyl coenzyme A carboxylase. J. Bacteriol. 185, 938-947 (2003).
33. Alber, B. et al. Malonyl-coenzyme A reductase in the modified 3-hydroxypropionate cycle for autotrophic carbon fixation in archaeal Metallosphaera and Sulfolobus spp. J. Bacteriol. 188, 8551-8559 (2006).
34. Kockelkorn, D. & Fuchs, G. Malonic semialdehyde reductase, succinic semialdehyde reductase, and succinyl-coenzyme A reductase from Metallosphaera sedula: enzymes of the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle in Sulfolobales. J. Bacteriol. 191, 6352-6362 (2009).
35. 2 fixation. J. Bacteriol. 190, 1383-1389 (2008).
36. Teufel, R., Kung, J. W., Kockelkorn, D., Alber, B. E. & Fuchs, G. 3-Hydroxypropionyl-coenzyme A dehydratase and acryloyl-coenzyme A reductase, enzymes of the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle in Sulfolobales. J. Bacteriol. 191, 4572-4581 (2009).
37. 2 and acetate. Arch. Microbiol. 151, 252-256 (1989).
38. 2 fixation pathway in the phototrophic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus, the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle. Eur. J. Biochem. 215, 633-643 (1993).
39. 2 fixation pathway in Chloroflexus aurantiacus. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 20277-20283 (2002).
40. 2 fixation. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 12137-12143 (2002). (Pubitemid 34952778)
41. 2 fixation. J. Bacteriol. 184, 2404-2410 (2002). (Pubitemid 34311132)
42. 2 fixation cycle in Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 21317-21322 (2009).
43. Eyzaguirre, J., Jansen, K. & Fuchs, G. Phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Arch. Microbiol. 132, 67-74 (1982).
44. Tjaden, B., Plagens, A., Dörr, C., Siebers, B. & Hensel, R. Phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase and pyruvate, phosphate dikinase of Thermoproteus tenax: key pieces in the puzzle of archaeal carbohydrate metabolism. Mol. Microbiol. 60, 287-298 (2006).
45. Fuchs, G., Winter, H., Steiner, I. & Stupperich, E. Enzymes of gluconeogenesis in the autotroph Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Arch. Microbiol. 136, 160-162 (1983).
46. 2 fixation pathway of the archaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis: comprehensive analysis of the central carbon metabolism. J. Bacteriol. 189, 4108-4119 (2007).
47. Schäfer, S., Barkowski, C. & Fuchs, G. Carbon assimilation by the autotrophic thermophilic archaebacterium Thermoproteus neutrophilus. Arch. Microbiol. 146, 301-308 (1986).
48. Lorentzen, E., Siebers, B., Hensel, R. & Pohl, E. Mechanism of the Schiff base forming fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase: structural analysis of reaction intermediates. Biochemistry 44, 4222-4229 (2005).
49. Rashid, N. et al. A novel candidate for the true fructose-1,6- bisphosphatase in archaea. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 30649-30655 (2002).
50. Say, R. S. & Fuchs, G. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase may be an ancestral gluconeogenic enzyme. Nature 464, 1077-1081 (2010)
51. Van der Oost, J. & Siebers, B. in Archaea: Evolution, Physiology and Molecular Biology (eds Garrett, R. A. & Klenk, H.-P.) 247-259 (Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts, 2007).
52. Siebers, B. & Schönheit, P. Unusual pathways and enzymes of central carbohydrate metabolism in Archaea. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 8, 695-705 (2005).
53. Ronimus, R. S. & Morgan, H. W. Distribution and phylogenies of enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway from archaea and hyperthermophilic bacteria support a gluconeogenic origin of metabolism. Archaea 1, 199-221 (2003).
54. Soderberg, T. Biosynthesis of ribose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4- phosphate in archaea: a phylogenetic analysis of archaeal genomes. Archaea 1, 347-352 (2005).
55. Grochowski, L. L., Xu, H. & White, R. H. Ribose-5-phosphate biosynthesis in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii occurs in the absence of a pentose-phosphate pathway. J. Bacteriol. 187, 7382-7389 (2005).
56. Orita, I. et al. The ribulose monophosphate pathway substitutes for the missing pentose phosphate pathway in the archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis. J. Bacteriol. 188, 4698-4704 (2006).
57. Kato, N., Yurimoto, H. & Thauer, R. K. The physiological role of the ribulose monophosphate pathway in bacteria and archaea. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 70, 10-21 (2006).
58. Grochowski, L. L. & White, R. H. Promiscuous anaerobes: new and unconvensional metabolism in methanogenic Archaea. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1125, 190-214 (2008).
59. Auernik, K. S., Maezato, Y., Blum, P. H. & Kelly, R. M. The genome sequence of the metal-mobilizing, extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon Metallosphaera sedula provides insights into bioleaching-associated metabolism. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 682-692 (2008).
60. Podar, M. et al. A genomic analysis of the archaeal system Ignicoccus hospitalis-Nanoarchaeum equitans. Genome Biol. 9, R158 (2008).
61. Auernik, K. S. & Kelly, R. M. Physiological versatility of the extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon Metallosphaera sedula supported by heterotrophy, autotrophy and mixotrophy transcriptomes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76, 2268-2672 (2010).
62. Zaparty, M. et al. DNA microarray analysis of central carbohydrate metabolism: glycolytic/gluconeogenic carbon switch in the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeum Thermoproteus tenax. J. Bacteriol. 190, 2231-2238 (2008).
63. Chong, P. K., Burja, A. M., Radianingtyas, H., Fazeli, A. & Wright, P. C. Proteome and transcriptional analysis of ethanol-grown Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 reveals ADH2, a potential alcohol dehydrogenase. J. Proteome Res. 6, 3985-3994 (2007).
64. DeLong, E. F. & Karl, D. M. Genomic perspectives in microbial oceanography. Nature 437, 336-342 (2005).
65. Rusch, D. B. et al. The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling expedition: northwest Atlantic through eastern tropical Pacific. PLoS Biol. 5, e77 (2007).
66. Schleper, C., Jurgens, G. & Jonuscheit, M. Genomic studies of uncultivated archaea. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 3, 479-488 (2005).
67. Allen, E. E. et al. Genome dynamics in a natural archaeal population. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 1883-1888 (2007).
68. Ferrer, M., Golyshina, O. V., Beloqui, A., Golyshin, P. N. & Timmis, K. N. The cellular machinery of Ferroplasma acidiphilum is iron-protein- dominated. Nature 445, 91-94 (2007).
69. Hallam, S. J. et al. Genomic analysis of the uncultivated marine crenarchaeote Cenarchaeum symbiosum. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 18296-18301 (2006).
70. Hu, Y. & Holden, J. F. Citric acid cycle in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum islandicum grown autotrophically, heterotrophically, and mixotrophically with acetate. J. Bacteriol. 188, 4350-4355 (2006).
71. Tabita, F. R. et al. Function, structure, and evolution of the RubisCO-like proteins and their RubisCO homologs. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 71, 576-599 (2008).
72. Ashida, H. et al. RuBisCO-like proteins as the enolase enzyme in the methionine salvage pathway: functional and evolutionary relationships between RuBisCO-like proteins and photosynthetic RuBisCO. J. Exp. Bot. 59, 1543-1554 (2008).
73. Imker, H. J., Singh, J., Warlick, B. P., Tabita, F. R. & Gerlt, J. A. Mechanistic diversity in the RuBisCO superfamily: a novel isomerization reaction catalyzed by the RuBisCO-like protein from Rhosdospirillum rubrum. Biochemistry 47, 11171-11173 (2008).
74. Maeda, N., Kanai, T., Atomi, H. & Imanaka, T. The unique pentagonal structure of an archaeal RuBisCO is essential for its high thermostability. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 31656-31662 (2002).
75. Finn, M. W. & Tabita, F. R. Synthesis of catalytically active form III ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in archaea. J. Bacteriol. 185, 3049-3059 (2003).
76. Finn, M. W. & Tabita, F. R. Modified pathway to synthesize ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate in methanogenic Archaea. J. Bacteriol. 186, 6360-6366 (2004).
77. 2 specificity. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 1341-1351 (2007).
78. Sato, T., Atomi, H. & Imanaka, T. Archaeal type III RuBisCOs function in a pathway for AMP metabolism. Science 315, 1003-1006 (2007).
79. Mueller-Cajar, O. & Badger, M. R. New roads lead to RuBisCO in Archaebacteria. BioEssays 29, 722-724 (2007).
80. Reysenbach, A, L. & Flores, G. E. Electron microscopy encounters with unusual thermophiles helps direct genomic analysis of Aciduliprofundum boonei. Geobiology 6, 331-336 (2008).
81. Klenk, H.P. et al. The complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic, sulphate-reducing archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Nature 390, 364-370 (1997).
82. Fuchs, G. in Biology of Autotrophic Bacteria (ed. Schlegel, H. G.) 365-382 (Science Tech., Madison, Wisconsin, 1989).
83. Wächtershäuser, G. Evolution of the first metabolic cycles. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 200-204 (1990).
84. Russell, M. J. & Martin, W. The rocky roots of the acetyl-CoA pathway. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29, 358-363 (2004).
85. Makarova, K. S., Sorokin, A. V., Novichkov, P. S., Wolf, Y. I. & Koonin, E. V. Clusters of orthologous genes for 41 archaeal genomes and implications for evolutionary genomics of archaea. Biol. Direct 2, 33 (2007).
86. Fuchs, G., Stupperich, E. & Thauer, R. K. Acetate assimilation and the synthesis of alanine, aspartate and glutamate in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Arch. Microbiol. 11 7, 61-66 (1978).
87. Ragsdale, S. W. Pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase and its radical intermediate. Chem. Rev. 103, 2333-2346 (2003).
88. Wächtershäuser, G. On the chemistry and evolution of the pioneer organism. Chem. Biodivers. 4, 584-602 (2007)
89. The last update of Wächtershäuser's iron-sulphur world' theory of the chemolithoautotrophic origin of life.
90. Wächtershäuser, G. Before enzymes and templates: theory of surface metabolism. Microbiol. Rev. 52, 452-484 (1988).
91. Martin, W., Baross, J., Kelley, D. & Russell, M. J. Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 6, 805-814 (2008).
92. Huber, C. & Wächtershäuser, G. Activated acetic acid by carbon fixation on (Fe, Ni)S under primordial conditions. Science 276, 245-247 (1997).
93. 12: experiments concerning the origin of its molecular structure. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 27, 5-39 (1988).
94. Schauder, R., Preu, A., Jetten, M. & Fuchs, G. Oxidative and reductive acetyl-CoA/carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway in Desulfobacterium autotrophicum. 2. Demonstration of the enzymes of the pathway and comparison of CO dehydrogenase. Arch. Microbiol. 151, 84-89 (1989).
95. Thauer, R. K., Möller-Zinkhan, D. & Spormann, A. M. Biochemistry of acetate catabolism in anaerobic chemotrophic bacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 43, 43-67 (1989).
96. Hattori, S., Galushko, A. S., Kamagata, Y. & Schink, B. Operation of the CO dehydrogenase/acetyl coenzyme A pathway in both acetate oxidation and acetate formation by the syntrophically acetate-oxidizing bacterium Thermacetogenium phaeum. J. Bacteriol. 187, 3471-3476 (2005).
97. 2O-(±FeS) -(±NiS). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65, 3557-3576 (2001).
98. Smith, E. & Morowitz, H. J. Universality in intermediary metabolism. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 13168-13173 (2004).
99. Eschenmoser, A. The search for the chemistry of life. Tetrahedron 63, 12821-12844 (2007).
100. Dagan, T., Artzy-Randrup, Y. & Martin, W. Modular networks and cumulative impact of lateral gene transfer in prokaryote genome evolution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 10039-10044 (2008).
101. Zhaxybayeva, O. et al. On the chimeric nature, thermophilic origin, and phylogenetic placement of the Thermotogales. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 5865-5870 (2009).
102. Bassham, J. A. & Calvin, M. The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1957).
103. Evans, M. C. W., Buchanan, B. B. & Arnon, D. I. A new ferredoxin-dependent carbon reduction cycle in a photosynthetic bacterium. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 55, 928-934 (1966).
104. Tcherkez, G. G., Farquhar, G. D. & Andrews, T. J. Despite slow catalysis and confused substrate specificity, all ribulose bisphosphate carboxylases may be nearly perfectly optimized. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 7246-7251 (2006).
105. Ellis, R. J. The most abundant protein on Earth. Trends Biochem. Sci. 4, 241-244 (1979).
106. 4 carbon-concentrationg mechanisms. Int. J. Plant Sci. 164, S55-S77 (2003).
107. Todd, J. D. et al. Molecular dissection of bacterial acrylate catabolism-unexpected links with dimethylsulfoniopropionate catabolism and dimethyl sulfide production. Environ. Microbiol. 12, 327-343 (2010)
108. Elkins, J. G. et al. A korarchaeal genome reveals insights into the evolution of the Archaea. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 8102-8107 (2008).
109. Brochier, C., Gribaldo, S., Zivanovic, Y., Confalonieri, F. & Forterre, P. Nanoarchaea: representatives of a novel archaeal phylum or a fast-evolving euryarchaeal lineage related to Thermococcales? Genome Biol. 6, R42 (2005).
110. Brochier-Armanet, C., Boussau, B., Gribaldo, S. & Forterre, P. Mesophilic Crenarchaea: proposal for a third archaeal phylum, the Thaumarchaeota. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 6, 245-252 (2008).
111. Robertson, C. E., Harris, J. K., Spear, J. R. & Pace, N. R. Phylogenetic diversity and ecology of environmental Archaea. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 8, 638-642 (2005).
112. Quandt, L., Gottschalk, G., Ziegler, H. & Stichler, W. Isotope discrimination by photosynthetic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1, 125-128 (1977).
113. McNevin, D. B. et al. Differences in carbon isotope discrimination of three variants of D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase reflect differences in their catalytic mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 36068-36076 (2007).
114. 2 fixation in bacterial photosynthesis studied by the carbon isotope fractionation technique. Arch. Microbiol. 11 2, 35-38 (1977).
115. 2 fixation pathways. Z. Naturforsch. 44c, 397-402 (1989).
116. House, C. H. et al. Carbon isotopic composition of individual Precambrian microfossils. Geology 28, 707-710 (2000).
117. 2 fixation in Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Arch. Microbiol. 145, 173-180 (1986).
118. Ivanovsky, R. N. et al. Evidence for the presence of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle in a filamentous anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium, Oscillochloris trichoides strain DG-6. Microbiology 145, 1743-1748 (1999).
119. van der Meer, M. T., Schouten, S., de Leeuw, J. W. & Ward, D. M. Autotrophy of green non-sulphur bacteria in hot spring microbial mats: biological explanations for isotopically heavy organic carbon in the geological record. Environ. Microbiol. 2, 428-435 (2000).
120. House, C. H., Schopf, J. W. & Stetter, K. O. Carbon isotopic fractionation by Archaeans and other thermophilic prokaryotes. Org. Geochem. 34, 345-356 (2003).
121. Aoshima, M., Ishii, M. & Igarashi, Y. A novel biotin protein required for reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate by isocitrate dehydrogenase in Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK-6. Mol. Microbiol. 51, 791-798 (2004).
122. Miura, A., Kameya, M., Arai, H., Ishii, M. & Igarashi, Y. A soluble NADH-dependent fumarate reductase in the reductive citric acid cycle of Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK-6. J. Bacteriol. 190, 7170-7177 (2008).